沿海地区区域投资环境的综合评价

中国沿海地区经济持续高速的发展,很大程度上得益于外国投资。吸引外资、刺激经济增长的关键在于不断地改善局部投资环境。文章的宗旨是对中国沿海主要经济发展地区的投资环境进行对比研究。运用层次分析方法,作者得到了一些有益的结论。     

典型鼠疫疫源地环境-健康脆弱性评价

鼠疫是对人类危害最重的自然疫源性传染病,它的发生、传播与地理环境密切相关。由于目前还未完全弄清它的病因形成机理,因此研究鼠疫疫源地环境-健康脆弱性,对预防鼠疫流行很有必要。选择黄鼠鼠疫疫源地典型地区内蒙古自治区赤峰市,应用13个自然与人文指标,研究鼠疫疫源地环境-健康脆弱性,分析该地区环境变化的趋势和对鼠疫流行的影响。经聚类分析和矩阵运算,得出该地区环境-健康脆弱性指标阈值。在此基础上对不同环境-健康类型区的脆弱性进行综合评价。结果表明,森林覆盖增大或城市化的地区,原来黄鼠生存的环境改变为不适宜生存的环境,发生鼠疫流行的风险性小,环境-健康脆弱度低;自然环境条件恶劣、草场退化的地区,环境-健康脆弱度高,再次流行鼠疫的可能性大。从而揭示,改善生态环境,是改变鼠疫疫源地环境-健康脆弱性、预防鼠疫流行的根本途径     

中国不同区域小城镇发展水平综合评价分析

在构建小城镇发展水平综合评价指标体系的基础上,采用TOPSIS法对我国不同区域小城镇的发展水平进行综合评价分析。小城镇总体发展水平从高到低依次是东部地区、东北地区、中部地区、西部地区。从规模水平、经济水平、生活质量水平和发展潜力水平4个维度上看,东部地区在4个维度方面均好于其他3个地区,其他3个地区各有优势,中部地区集中在生活质量水平方面,西部地区集中在规模水平和经济水平方面,东北地区集中在发展潜力方面。提升居民生活质量水平是促进小城镇发展的重要途径。     

基于PS-DR-DP理论模型的区域资源环境承载力综合评价

资源环境承载力状态评价研究成果众多,研究视角多侧重于“压力—状态—响应”模型的传统途径。本文构建了区域资源环境承载力综合评价框架体系,通过建立“PS-DR-DP”正六边形相互作用力理论模型,将资源环境承载力分解为“压力—支撑力”“破坏力—恢复力”“退化力—提升力”三对相互作用力,分别对应资源支撑能力、环境容量和风险灾害抵御能力,根据不同作用力大小变化所引起的六边形的形状和面积的变化综合测度区域资源环境承载力状态的变化。基于上述理论模型,采用分类排列多边形图示法,研究了北京市2010-2015年资源环境承载力状态的变化。结果表明,2010-2015年北京市资源环境承载力趋于理想承载状态。2010年正向因子综合承载作用力与负向因子综合承载作用力的比值为1.0143,比值大于1,区域承载状态较好;而2015年该比值为1.1411。与2010年相比,2015年北京市资源环境承载状态相对更佳。2015年相比较于2010年,负向因子作用力均减弱,正向因子综合作用力增强。2015年人口规模为2171万,承载贡献均值为0.7025,进入最佳承载门槛,且仍具有进一步承载的空间。研究结论对北京市2020年人口规模控制在2300万以内提供了理论支撑。     

区域自然资源的PCA综合评价

自然资源的综合评价是制定区域开发方案的基础。选择科学的评价方法,是评价工作的重要一环。我们运用主分量分析法(PCA),对区域自然资源进行综合评价。 一、评价方法 传统的评价方法,多为定性的静态描述,多强调资源的自然属性,对其经济属性注意不够,缺乏全面科学的综合评价。评价结果难免失之偏颇,造成对区域优势的模糊认识,还会成为“资源—技术—市场”这种落后开发方式的依据,影响资源开发和经济发展。主分量综合评价有四个特点:(1)把区域自然资源作为一个开放系统来评价,以区域间的对比关系作为评价的基础;(2)选取多个评价指标,全面地刻划出资源的自然,经济属性,进行综合分析和评价;(3)通过计算,对各类资源给出一个清晰的量化概念,使其优劣程度一目了然;(4)具有一定的动态评价功能,可根据各种因素的变化趋势作出预测。     

福州环境政策综合评价

选取福州1996～2004年环境质量的数据,对福州环境质量指标和环境政策成本的动态演变信息进行综合分析,为评价福州的环境政策提供依据.     

福州环境政策综合评价

选取福州1996~2004年环境质量的数据,对福州环境质量指标和环境政策成本的动态演变信息进行综合分析,为评价福州的环境政策提供依据。     

中国居民健康水平的区域差异:2003-2013

健康不公平作为影响人类发展的核心问题,已引起世界各国的广泛关注。基于变异系数、泰勒指数、空间自相关分析和空间面板计量模型,本文探讨了2003年以来中国居民健康水平的区域差异、时空变化及其关键影响因素,旨在为政府制定全民健康政策提供科学依据。结果发现：① 2003-2013年,中国居民健康水平提高26.98%,西部增幅高于东、中部,但始终保持着“东—中—西”阶梯式递减态势;② 中国居民健康水平的区域差异总体呈扩大趋势,其中地带间差异趋于缩小,地带内差异趋于扩大,西部地带内差异扩大尤为显著;③ 居民健康水平的空间分布转为明显的“T”字型格局,并呈“东—中—西”阶梯式及“北—中—南”对称式递减;④ 居民健康水平的空间集聚程度趋于减小,热点区与冷点区均呈收缩态势,且西部形成规模显著的稳定性冷点,东部沿海形成规模显著的稳定性热点;⑤ 人均GDP、人均公共医疗卫生支出、城市化水平及环境质量等因素对居民健康水平时空变化具有显著影响,随着人均GDP与人均公共医疗卫生支出的增加、城市化水平的提高及环境质量的改善,居民健康水平随之提高。未来,还需对居民健康水平的多时域、多尺度及多影响机制等问题开展深入研究。     

洞庭湖区湿地生态系统健康综合评价

湿地与海洋、森林并称为地球三大生态系统,湿地退化速度远大于其他生态系统,从而使得湿地健康评价与分析成为湿地领域研究的重点内容之一。本文以生态系统健康及压力-状态-响应模型为研究方法,综合利用遥感、野外实测和社会统计等多源数据,建立一套湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,集成利用遥感和地理信息技术建立湿地生态系统健康评价模型,实施湿地压力、状态、响应、健康分析,揭示了洞庭湖湿地生态系统健康状况的空间分布规律。研究结果表明:(1) 洞庭湖区31%的湿地面临人类干扰压力较大,19%的湿地状态较好,82%的湿地生态系统发生很大变化。(2) 湿地的总面积在人类活动的干预下逐渐缩小,湿地综合健康较差、一般和较好的区域分别占总面积的6%、75%和19%,缺乏健康状况最好及最差的区域。(3) 湘阴县、沅江县及岳阳县的湿地生态系统健康状况较好,益阳县较差,安乡县等12个县市一般。     

陕西省区域可持续发展水平的综合评价

从区域可持续发展的观点出发 ,针对陕西省区域特征 ,建立了可持续发展指标体系和评估方法 ,通过对区域十个地市可持续发展系统的综合评价 ,分析区域发展。     

Regional comprehensive assessment on environment-health of China

The aim of the study was to assess the environment-health development in different regions of China. 175 indicators, such as average life expectancy at birth, emission intensity of waste gas, GDP etc. were chosen to describe various aspects of the environment, health and development of China. Of all the indicators, life expectancy can sufficiently reflect health situation of population. Consequently, life expectancy was identified as key indicator, and 42 out of 175 indicators were selected for establishing the environment-health indicator framework with three grades of integrative indices to assess the development of environment-health of China. Based on the hierarchical relation between various grades of indices, the comprehensive environment-health index was calculated and contributed to classify the environment-health situation of 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China which were divided into five grades by four predefined limits. Comprehensive assessment indicates that the environment-health situation of the eastern and coastal areas is superior to that of inland which is the western regions with underdeveloped economy and rigorous natural condition. Especially, the Qinghai-Tibet and Yunnan-Guizhou plateaus in southwestern China are most vulnerable in the environment and population health. These fit in with the pattern of national socio-economic development, which fully shows that socio-economic context plays a dominant role in the improvement of environment-health in China.     

Regional comprehensive assessment on environment-health of China

The aim of the study was to assess the environment-health development in different regions of China. 175 indicators, such as average life expectancy at birth, emission intensity of waste gas, GDP etc. were chosen to describe various aspects of the environment, health and development of China. Of all the indicators, life expectancy can sufficiently reflect health situation of population. Consequently,life expectancy was identified as key indicator, and 42 out of 175 indicators were selected for establishing the environment-health indicator framework with three grades of integrative indices to assess the development of environment-health of China. Based on the hierarchical relation between various grades of indices, the comprehensive environment-health index was calculated and contributed to classify the environment-health situation of 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China which were divided into five grades by four predefined limits. Comprehensive assessment indicates that the environment-health situation of the eastern and coastal areas is superior to that of inland which is the western regions with underdeveloped economy and rigorous natural condition.Especially, the Qinghai-Tibet and Yunnan-Guizhou plateaus in southwestern China are most vulnerable in the environment and population health. These fit in with the pattern of national socio-economic development, which fully shows that socio-economic context plays a dominant role in the improvement of envirnment-health in China     

A comprehensive assessment of urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation in China

The urban vulnerability poses a serious challenge to achieving sustainable development. With the concentration of the population and the economy, cities must manage the higher frequencies and risks of various hazards and are becoming more vulnerable. Research on the assessment and regulatory control of urban vulnerability is of great significance for both urbanization quality improvement and sustainable development in China or other countries in the world. Because of the complexity of cities and vulnerability concepts, existing studies have focused on different aspects of urban vulnerability. And the research content of urban vulnerability is scattered and relatively independent, leading to a lack of comparability among the research data and resulting in tremendous difficulties in summarizing the conclusions through comparison of independent research data. Therefore the goal of this study was to construct urban vulnerability index (UVI) from the perspective of sustainable development that could assess urban vulnerability comprehensively. In this study, we selected 10 subindexes involving 36 specific parameters from four aspects (resources, eco-environmental systems, economics, and social development) to construct a comprehensive index system. We also established the standard values of measurements. Then we take 288 prefecture-level cities in China as a study area and evaluate its overall urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation. Results indicate that urban vulnerability of China has a remarkable spatial differentiation of both “gradient distribution” and “clustered distribution”; the extent of urban vulnerability corresponds to city size, the bigger the city, the lower its vulnerability; resource-based cities are more vulnerable than comprehensive cities; a city’s economic growth rate does not reflect the extent of its urban vulnerability. Further, we offer a few suggestions to cope with urban vulnerability in China.     

中国城市韧性综合评估及其时空分异特征

城市韧性对城市健康发展具有显著影响。本文从经济、社会、生态、基础设施等4个系统构建城市韧性综合测度指标体系,对我国地级以上城市韧性进行定量评估,揭示其时空分异特征,并对典型样带区进行影响因素探讨。结果表明：城市韧性子系统间逐步趋于均衡,但经济、生态、基础设施、社会子系统发展趋势存在显著差异,经济子系统占据主导地位,其他子系统位序转换加剧;城市韧性水平集聚趋势减弱,各子系统空间发展格局多样化;城市韧性发展空间异质性显著,中低、低韧性水平城市居于主导地位,东部地区整体高于中西部地区;城市韧性“集群化”空间分异特征显现,城市群地区的韧性高于其他地区;东部沿海样带受城市活力影响显著、在南北方向上变化相对缓慢,长江沿岸样带在经济大发展背景下呈现出明显的东西分异特征,而胡焕庸线沿线样带无明显差异、但其整体受城市扩张因素影响最为显著。     

自然疫源性疾病的风险评价--以黄鼠鼠疫为例

以内蒙古自治区赤峰市为黄鼠鼠疫疫源地黄型地区，选择12个自然与人文指标，分析该地区环境变化的趋势和对鼠疫流行的影响。经聚类分析和矩阵运算，得出该地区环境-健康风险指数。在此基础上对不同环境-健康类型区的风险性进行综合评价。结果表明，城市化的地区，或者植被覆盖增大的地区，环境-健康风险均较低，发生鼠疫流行的可能性小，；环境基本保持原自然状态的地区，环境-健康风险性较高，环境恶化的地区，环境-健康风险性最高，再次流行鼠疫的可能性大。这提示我们，改善生态环境，是降低鼠疫疫源地环境-健康风险，预防鼠疫流行的根本途径。     

模糊综合评价法在新疆农业主导功能定位中的应用

 新疆区域农业主导功能具有空间和组合上的复合性特征,探讨建立一种适用于区域农业主导功能为复合功能,并对复合型农业主导功能的主要功能和辅助功能进行明确定位的综合评价方法,对保证新疆农业功能区划的科学性、合理性和可操作性具有十分重要的意义。在研究构建新疆农业功能综合评价指标体系的基础上,应用模糊综合评价方法,构建综合评价模型,对全疆88 个涉农县（市、区）的农业功能进行综合评价。在综合测评结果基础上,对各县（市、区）的农业功能重要性进行纵向比较和横向比较,以确定各区划单元四大农业功能的主辅地位以及优势主导功能。根据模糊综合评价的测评排序结果,结合问卷调查和专家咨询结果,提出了新疆区域农业主导功能定位及布局方案。应用模糊综合评价方法对新疆农业功能进行综合测评和主导功能定位,同时结合定性方法对评价结果进行比对和修正,得出的研究方案符合新疆实际,表明该方法是对复合型农业主导功能区进行农业功能定位及区划的有效方法之一,同时为新疆农业主导功能区制定不同的发展对策和战略措施,优化新疆农业产业结构和布局提供了科学依据。     

中国农业地域分异与现代农业区划方案

农业是自然再生产与经济再生产过程的统一,农业地域格局取决于自然、经济、社会和技术等要素的综合影响,而且伴随着这些要素的长期变化而产生时空演化和区域分异,由此奠定了综合农业区划的科学基础。本文探讨了中国工业化、城镇化、信息化和农业现代化协调发展新战略,剖析了现代农业发展环境的时空转变及其动态特征,建立了农业自然要素与农业地域功能耦合测度指标体系,应用聚类分析和定性评判综合手段提出了新时期中国现代农业区划原则和方法,制定了全国现代农业区划方案。该方案包括15个农业一级区、53个农业二级区,并与1981年农业综合区划方案进行比较分析,深入揭示了快速工业化、城镇化、信息化进程中中国农业生产结构、地域功能、格局动态和发展趋向,为新时期加快各地区现代农业战略性结构调整,促进农业现代化发展奠定了重要基础,为创新发展现代农业与乡村地理学,促进地理学综合研究服务国家战略需求提供了重要参考。     

中国城市脆弱性的综合测度与空间分异特征

城市脆弱性是指城市在发展过程中抵抗资源、生态环境、经济、社会发展等内外部自然要素和人为要素干扰的应对能力。当这种抗干扰的应对能力低于某一临界阈值时,城市即进入脆弱状态。城市脆弱性是城市资源脆弱性、生态环境脆弱性、经济脆弱性和社会脆弱性的综合体现。城市脆弱性的评价与调控研究对提升中国城镇化质量、实现可持续发展具有重要意义。采用系统分析方法和综合指数评价法,从资源、生态环境、经济和社会4个方面确定10项分指数、选取36个具体指标,构建了中国城市脆弱性综合测度指标体系,并确定测度标准值,对中国地级以上城市脆弱性及其空间分异做了总体评价。研究表明,中国城市脆弱性呈现明显的"级差化"分异特征,总体处于中度脆弱状态。按照这种差异,将中国城市脆弱程度划分为低度脆弱、较低脆弱、中度脆弱、较高脆弱和高度脆弱5个级别。城市脆弱性呈现显著的"梯度化"和"集群化"空间分异,东部地区城市脆弱性明显低于中西部地区,城市群地区脆弱性低于其它地区。城市脆弱性与城市规模存在一定的对应关系,规模越大的城市脆弱性相对越小。资源型城市脆弱性明显高于综合性城市,职能综合性强的城市脆弱性相对较低。城市经济增长的快慢不能反映城市脆弱性的高低,经济高速增长并不意味着城市脆弱性就低。如何科学测度城市综合脆弱性,如何应对和降低城市脆弱性,是本研究试图回答的问题。该研究为丰富城市脆弱性与城市可持续发展理论,为解决快速城市化、工业化进程中的城市资源枯竭、生态环境破坏、经济增长方式的转变及系列社会问题等提供科学依据。     

The sustainable development of innovative cities in China: Comprehensive assessment and future configuration

Innovative cities not only constitute an important basis for innovation activities, but also play a strategically critical role in constructing an innovative country, producing new forms of urban development, and fostering urban sustainable development. Currently, China is marching toward the goal of establishing an innovative country by 2020, but in the start-up phase of this process of innovative city construction, the fundamental transition from factor-driven development to innovation-driven development is not being realized. As a result,a wide gap currently exists between China＇s innovative cities and the advanced innovative cities in developed countries. This paper argues that this necessary transition is being constrained by a series of bottlenecks in investment, income, techniques, contributions, and talents. The article takes 287 prefecture-level cities as its object of comprehensive assessment, developing a comprehensive assessment system for innovative cities and devising innovative monitoring system software in order to evaluate the current situation in China＇s innovative city construction. The analysis addresses four key aspects – namely,independent innovation, industrial innovation, living environmental innovation, and institutional innovation – as well as the spatial heterogeneity of the innovative city construction process. The results demonstrate that the level of innovation in Chinese cities is low, and the paper warns that building an innovation-oriented country will, as a consequence,be difficult. Some 87.8% of the cities studied maintained comprehensive levels of innovation that were lower than the national average. The level of comprehensive innovation in a city was found to have close and positive correlation with economic development. The level of the eastern region of China was, in particular, found to be significantly higher than that of the central and western regions. The levels of urban independent innovation, industrial innovation,environmental innovation, and institutional in