层析静校正在山区三维连片处理中的应用CSCD

折射静校正是基于层状介质假设,通过拾取单炮的折射波初至时间,来建立近地表速度模型,进而求出静校正量,解决了由于低速层速度、厚度及地表高程变化所带来的静校正问题。这里以山西某矿井多标段三维连片资料处理为例,通过单炮、最终叠加时间剖面折射法与层析法的对比处理,进一步说明了层析静校正方法在解决静校正问题突出的复杂山区连片处理中具有明显的优势,最终实现了各个标段的"无缝"对接。     

层析静校正在山区三维连片处理中的应用

折射静校正是基于层状介质假设,通过拾取单炮的折射波初至时间,来建立近地表速度模型,进而求出静校正量,解决了由于低速层速度、厚度及地表高程变化所带来的静校正问题.这里以山西某矿井多标段三维连片资料处理为例,通过单炮、最终叠加时间剖面折射法与层析法的对比处理,进一步说明了层析静校正方法在解决静校正问题突出的复杂山区连片处理中具有明显的优势,最终实现了各个标段的“无缝”对接.     

综合折射静校正方法在柴达木盆地的应用

在表层结构调查资料的约束下, 利用大炮初至折射静校正方法反演出精确、合理的表层结构模型, 进而求取炮点、检波点静校正量.选定柴达木盆地北极星工区04314测线进行地震模型数值模拟, 并对模型数据和野外地震资料进行多种静校正方法对比分析研究, 综合折射静校正方法的误差最小, 叠加效果最好.表明综合折射静校正方法结合了模型静校正和折射静校正的优点, 不仅较好地解决了影响剖面信噪比的短波长静校正问题, 同时也能解决产生虚假构造的长波长静校正问题.      

初至层析静校正在复杂山地三维地震勘探中的应用

随着地形高差增大、地貌单元多变、近地表模型复杂,目前被广泛应用的初至折射静校正的精度已无法满足精细勘探的要求。初至层析静校正技术,由给定的初始模型进行正演,用射线追踪方法得到初始模型的初至波,利用该初至波和实际拾取的初至波进行比较,计算地表模型的修正量,反复迭代求得准确的地表模型。山西省国阳新能股份有限公司二矿390水平九采扩区地表标高940～1100m,地貌单元复杂,在对该区资料处理时,利用初至层析折射静校正,经9次迭代计算后,真实地刻划出近地表模型。在二种静校正技术对比中,初至折射静校正不但近地表模型精度低于层析折射静校正,而且其叠加剖面精细程度也远低于层析静校正,如在初至折射静校正叠加剖面同相轴上呈现的凹凸形态,在层析静校正叠加剖面并无显示,且后者剖面的信噪比也比前者明显提高。     

准南高密度三维近地表速度模型反演的地震道优选

准南安集海背斜高密度三维具有炮道密度大、覆盖次数高、地震数据量大等特点,在进行层析法、折射法等初至波基准面静校正应用过程中带来了困难和挑战,主要表现在初至拾取量大,拾取效率和精度难以同时保证,模型反演运算时间长,达不到地震资料处理时效性要求。为此,针对初至波反演方法中数据量的约简、自动初至拾取精度量化统计方法进行了分析研究,从排列选择和高效初至拾取方法入手,通过大量试验及验证确定了安集海背斜高密度三维静校正方案,有效解决了高密度、大数据量静校正求解的难题,缩短了静校正的计算周期,为类似高密度三维区块的静校正计算提供了一种实用的工作思路和手段。     

塔里木盆地沙漠地区静校正技术方法的应用

在地震勘探中,尤其在复杂地表的地区,静校正问题一直是一个难题。通过全面系统地分析塔里木沙漠地区其静校正产生的原因、原始地震资料的特点及老资料处理存在的问题,对该区严重的静校正问题提出了3种静校正方法,即野外静校正方法、折射波静校正方法以及反射波自动剩余静校正方法联合使用的观点。通过在塔里木地区地震资料的处理应用,取得了一定效果。认为解决复杂地表地区静校正问题是一个综合的过程,它取决于对所在工区静校正问题的分析、有效的折射波初至拾取和静校正量的准确计算及应用。对实际地震资料的处理证明,在处理流程中所采用的静校正联合使用的方法在本工区是切实可行的,并在生产中得到了广泛应用。     

折射初至同相轴自动拾取

在折射波的处理、解释，以及地震反射波勘探的折射静校中，都是以折射初至的资料为基础的。因而折射初至的拾取方法和质量直接影响到最终的效果，而人工拾取需要大量的工作量，所以研究自动拾取方法是十分必要的。对实际资料进行试验后，我们发现，在某些地区波的初至特征有较大的变化，或干扰较严重，用目前所发表的自动拾取方法［１］，或常用的相关法，拾取的初至都不够准确。本文提出一种“同极性能量比值法”，取得了好的效果，该方法不但对初至波敏感，而且抗干扰能力较强，因而它能适应复杂地区的情况。本文最后给出了用该方法对某地区实际地震记录中相邻６炮的初至拾取结果的例子。     

山西黄土塬区静校正方法的研究与应用CSCD

山西黄土塬地区地表地质条件复杂、低降速带不稳、黄土厚度变化较大且高程变化剧烈,导致地震记录信噪比低,静校正问题突出。通过对地震数据静校正处理,总结出了层析静校正和折射波剩余静校正的结合,能够很好地解决区内不同波长的静校正问题。这两种方法的结合,在实际的生产中较好地改善了叠加剖面同相轴的连续性,提高了勘探精度以及整体效果。     

山西黄土塬区静校正方法的研究与应用

山西黄土塬地区地表地质条件复杂、低降速带不稳、黄土厚度变化较大且高程变化剧烈,导致地震记录信噪比低,静校正问题突出.通过对地震数据静校正处理,总结出了层析静校正和折射波剩余静校正的结合,能够很好地解决区内不同波长的静校正问题.这两种方法的结合,在实际的生产中较好地改善了叠加剖面同相轴的连续性,提高了勘探精度以及整体效果.     

模型反演折射静校正方法及软件技术

本文叙述了模型反演折射静校正的一般原理。首先介绍了折射初至波的自动拾取,其次介绍了最佳拟合旅行时反演。在软件实现中本文提出了几项技术包括提高初至拾取的准确率及初至结果的质量评价,如何使系统对不同地震数据格式具有通用性;静校效果的初步评估。本文的方法和技术在实际生产应用中广泛使用。     

Basement configuration of the Jhagadia–Rajpipla profile in the western part of Deccan syneclise,India from travel-time inversion of seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection data

2-D velocity structure up to the basement is derived by travel-time inversion of the first arrival seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection data along the SW–NE trending Jhagadia–Rajpipla profile, located on the western part of Deccan syneclise in the Narmada–Tapti region. The study region is mostly covered by alluvium. Inversion of refraction and wide-angle reflection data reveals four layered velocity structure above the basement. The first two layers with P-wave velocities of 1.95–2.3 km s^?1 and 2.7–3.05 km s^?1 represent the Recent and Quaternary sediments respectively. The thickness of these sediments varies from 0.15 km to 3.4 km. The third layer with a P-wave velocity of 4.8–5.1 km s^?1 corresponds to the Deccan volcanics, whose thickness varies from 0.5 km to 1.0 km. Presence of a low velocity zone (LVZ) below the high velocity volcanic rocks in the study area is inferred from the travel-time ‘skip’ and amplitude decay of the first arrival refraction data and the wide-angle reflection from top of the LVZ present immediately after the first arrival refraction from Deccan Trap layer. The thickness of the low velocity Mesozoic sediments varies from 0.3 km to 1.7 km. The basement with a P-wave velocity of 5.9–6.15 km s^?1 lies at a depth of 4.9 km near Jhagadia and shallows to 1.2 km towards northeast near Rajpipla. The results indicate presence of low velocity Mesozoic sediments hidden below the Deccan Trap layer in the western part of the Deccan syneclise.     

基于能量变化率法自动拾取场地剪切波速

提出了一种提高单孔法剪切波速测量精度的新方法--能量变化率的自回归曲线法。首先把剪切波的时程曲线变换为能量变化率时程曲线;然后对能量变化率时程曲线进行长短平均处理,拾取各测点P波和S波的大致初至;最后提出采用一种二次方自回归模型对初至附近的能量变化率曲线进行二次方自回归处理,精确拾取出各测点P波和S波的精确到时。采用此方法、互相关函数法和人工拾取法对某场地的剪切波速进行了对比分析。分析结果表明：此方法相比互相关函数法,具有更好的噪声抑制能力,不仅能精确地自动拾取出各测点的S波的到时差,也能更准确地自动拾取出各测点的P波的到时差。以人工拾取结果为参考,此方法在实际测试中具有很高的准确率和稳定性。此方法丰富了场地剪切波速分析方法。基于此方法、互相关函数法和人工拾取法,设计了一套剪切波波速的测试系统,此系统能自动分析出各测点的剪切波速和形成完整的报告。     

中间层性质的判定与交点法求速度的误差

本文以水平三局介质为模型,着重研究初至折射波法中经常遇到的隐伏层和速度侧转层的形成条件及其对反演解释精度的影响。文章列举的葛洲坝和深圳机场的应用研究实例,论证了利用测区的层速度和厚度进行理论计算,有助于定量判断用交点法求有效速度的可行性和反演解释成果的可靠性。     

Characterization of Sabkha Jayb Uwayyid, eastern Saudi Arabia using seismic refraction profiling

Sabkhas are dominant geomorphic features in eastern Saudi Arabia and are of geologic and economic significance. Seismic refraction method was used in the inland sabkha of Jayb Uwayyid to depict its general stratigraphy and determine velocities and thicknesses of the sabkha’s uppermost layers and the water table depth. Data were acquired using a reversed-refraction profile consisting of 48 receivers spaced at 5 m. Data processing included amplitude gain, band-pass filtering, and manual picking of first and second arrivals. Interpretation of the data shows three main layers. The first layer is a sandy layer having an average velocity and thickness of 600 m/s and 15 m, respectively. The second layer has an average velocity and thickness of 2,300 m/s and 113 m, respectively. The third layer has an average velocity of 3,850 m/s. The topmost part of the first layer is composed of a dry to partially saturated clean sand underlain by fully saturated clean sand. However, arrivals from the interface between the partially saturated and fully saturated sands were not recognizable in any shot record, which might be due to the gradual increase of saturation with depth. Arrivals from the second layer were always recognizable on all shot records as first arrivals. On the other hand, arrivals from the third layer were not recognizable on any shot record as first arrivals probably due to the limited extent of the profile relative to the depth of the third layer. Therefore, the velocity of the third layer was calculated by manually picking the second head wave arrival.     

浅海海底表层速度建模技术及其应用研究

浅海海底起伏和速度变化对OBC资料成像质量产生较大影响。建立浅海海底表层速度模型不仅能够解决OBC资料的静校正问题,也可用于海底反射系数计算、双检资料合并、多次波压制等,但是,目前针对浅海海底表层速度建模的研究还不多。文中提出了针对浅海地区OBC资料的海底表层速度建模的三维初至走时反演技术,主要包括:(1)震源位置校正技术。根据地震波在海水中传播特征,把在海水中激发的震源位置校正至海底,使震源和接收点都位于海底,利于初至走时反演计算;(2)快速三维初至走时反演方法。利用回折波走时和射线方程,形成了高效率初至走时反演方法。将该技术应用于胜利油田莱州湾浅海区海底OBC资料的处理中,建立了三维海底表层速度模型,用此速度模型进行静校正,取得了良好的应用效果。     

VRANCEA99—the crustal structure beneath the southeastern Carpathians and the Moesian Platform from a seismic refraction profile in Romania

The VRANCEA99 seismic refraction experiment is part of an international and multidisciplinary project to study the intermediate depth earthquakes of the Eastern Carpathians in Romania. As part of the seismic experiment, a 300-km-long refraction profile was recorded between the cities of Bacau and Bucharest, traversing the Vrancea epicentral region in NNE–SSW direction.

The results deduced using forward and inverse ray trace modelling indicate a multi-layered crust. The sedimentary succession comprises two to four seismic layers of variable thickness and with velocities ranging from 2.0 to 5.8 km/s. The seismic basement coincides with a velocity step up to 5.9 km/s. Velocities in the upper crystalline crust are 5.9–6.2 km/s. An intra-crustal discontinuity at 18–31 km divides the crust into an upper and a lower layer. Velocities within the lower crust are 6.7–7.0 km/s. Strong wide-angle PmP reflections indicate the existence of a first-order Moho at a depth of 30 km near the southern end of the line and 41 km near the centre. Constraints on upper mantle seismic velocities (7.9 km/s) are provided by Pn arrival times from two shot points only. Within the upper mantle a low velocity zone is interpreted. Travel times of a PLP reflection define the bottom of this low velocity layer at a depth of 55 km. The velocity beneath this interface must be at least 8.5 km/s.

Geologic interpretation of the seismic data suggests that the Neogene tectonic convergence of the Eastern Carpathians resulted in thin-skinned shortening of the sedimentary cover and in thick-skinned shortening in the crystalline crust. On the autochthonous cover of the Moesian platform several blocks can be recognised which are characterised by different lithological compositions. This could indicate a pre-structuring of the platform at Mesozoic and/or Palaeozoic times with a probable active involvement of the Intramoesian and the Capidava–Ovidiu faults. Especially the Intramoesian fault is clearly recognisable on the refraction line. No clear indications of the important Trotus fault in the north of the profile could be found. In the central part of the seismic line a thinned lower crust and the low velocity zone in the uppermost mantle point to the possibility of crustal delamination and partial melting in the upper mantle.     

射线层析静校正

在地形起伏剧烈和表层速度横向变化较大的地区,做好野外静校正是取得高质量叠加剖面的重要一步,而确定表层低速带速度是做好静校正的关键。常规的方法在复杂近地表条件下很难求得正确的低速带速度和静校正量。国内外现在都利用层析成像技术由初至波的到达时反演表层低速带速度并求得静校正量。作者在查阅相关的资料后对层析静校正中确定表层低速带速度结构环节中的射线追踪分类作一总结。     

VSP初至逐层递推反演层速度

介绍了根据VSP资料逐层递推反演地层速度的一种方法,其主要特点是将直达波射线的传播路径分为直线传播和折线传播,利用VSP资料从上到下反演出各个地层的层速度。通过matlab程序设计五层水平介质模型,然后运用射线追踪法分别对三种井源距（300、1500、3 000 m）合成VSP记录。将两种方法的反演结果与模型数据比较,发现直线法适用于小井源距,折线法适用于小、中、大各种井源距;同时折线法的运行时间相比直线法长,但折线法受初至拾取误差影响较小,抗干扰能力强。     

基于分形盒维算法的天然地震波初至拾取方法研究

基于分形理论,提出了一种地震波初至的拾取方法,根据地震初至波到达前后时间序列的分形特征,采用适当的时间窗口,可以定量地确定初至波的到达时间。数值计算表明,当窗口大小为0.6 s时,计算速度合适,可以保证地震波波至时间的拾取精度,并且在广西地区的宽频带地震流动台网记录的地震数据处理中进行了应用。     

Three-dimensional supervirtual seismic refraction interferometry

Improved supervirtual interferometry (SVI) method that enhance the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of noisy seismic refraction data is presented. This 3D supervirtual algorithm is helpful in removal of side lobes caused by convolution in the conventional 3D SVI method. In this study, we extend the supervirtual seismic refraction interferometry method to 3D geometries commonly used in active seismic exploration. To achieve this objective, synthetic 3D seismic refraction data were created using single patch orthogonal geometry. Simple two-layers velocity model was used. A zero phase wavelet was convolved with the refraction travel time to create the seismic wiggle trace. The refraction arrival is computed using the equation for horizontal refractor case and is not adapted for dipping refractor. Noise of Gaussian distribution with zero mean and 0.25 standard deviation was added to simulate a case of moderate ambient noise. The supervirtual algorithm, consisting of crosscorrelation, alignment, summation, and first arrival calculation is performed. By aligning and summation of all the correlogram, the stationary position of source-receiver pairs as required in the 2D supervirtual method are eliminated in this case. Synthetic data presented in this study shows accurate first arrivals after the application of the 3D SVI and traces with much better SNR than the actual traces.