HUMAN GEOGRAPHY OF THE AMERICAN TROPICS: A FORTY-YEAR REVIEW

For a decade or so after World War II, human geographers working in the American tropics found socio-political conditions and resultant research topics little changed from those before the war. This was in contrast to the Old World tropics where decolonization processes and the demands of economic development and new nation building produced divergent research currents, For the first half of the period under review, the American tropics continued to be the province largely of geographers with culturalhistorical questions grounded in natural historical bases. The legacy is Humboldt's; the practitioners most notably students of Carl Sauer or German counterparts such as Carl Troll. French and British regionalist approaches, strong in the region before World War II, survived less successfully. By the 1980s, however, broad pan-tropical currents of geographic discourse and debate had become established. New practices and theories were formulated and tested as North Atlantic geographers borrowed from antipodean innovators and others working in the Asian and African tropics. Since the 1980s, there have been greater efforts at dialogue and collaboration with host country colleagues. As might be expected in this era of ‘globalization’, national research styles and agendas have become less evident. This paper offers a highly selective map of research nodes within tropical Americanist geography since the early 1950s. The selection of examples includes qualitative criteria, but more importantly, research that signify stasis or intensification as well as turning points and departures in the overall development of this literature. The contours of this history suggest some highly evolved, even idiosyncratic enterprises, but in the main, it is an unfolding that suggests broad congruencies with human geographic work elsewhere in the tropics.     

The Struggle to be Temperate: Climate and "Moral Masculinity" in Mid-Nineteenth Century Ceylon

This paper examines a particular type of imperial literature, the writing of the plantation in mid-nineteenth century Ceylon. These writings, by and for the male planting community, were written to recruit, instruct and entertain, and drew upon discourses of tropicality and moral masculinity. But discourses are constrained by the material conditions under which they are put into practice. Consequently, writings about a place such as highland Ceylon recognised the divergence of this place from the archetypal tropics. Accounts, nevertheless, remained within the conceptual grid that Livingstone (1991) has termed the "morality of climate." These texts were also pervaded by the discourse of moral masculinity. More particularly, the narrative structure of these writings was inflected by the masculinist adventure novel, which was cross-cut by concerns of race, class, religion and nationality. The tropical highlands were represented as an adversary that presented a moral test of the planters' manhood, race and class.     

地表温度“源—汇”景观贡献度的影响因素分析

在中国快速城市化进程中,城市热岛是严重的环境问题之一。探究城市热岛的影响因素,建立与自然因子、社会经济因子、景观形态因子的关联,对解决中国“城市病”,实现可持续发展具有重要的意义。本文首先在全国尺度上基于地表温度“源—汇”景观指数识别地表温度的“源”景观/“汇”景观,在此基础上计算“源—汇”景观贡献度及其效应,分析其时空演变规律;其次,基于空间杜宾模型分析自然因子、社会经济因子和景观形态因子对“源—汇”景观贡献度的影响,结果发现：① 2005—2015年间,可缓解热岛效应的省份冬季较夏季多,冬季“强”和“较弱”景观贡献度比值区域集中分布在中国北部和南部;夏季“强”的“汇”与“源”景观贡献度比值区域集中分布在中国北部地区。② 对于本地因子,景观形态对“源”或“汇”景观贡献度的影响较大,缓解热岛效应将附近小“汇”斑块结合来降低地表温度“汇”景观的离散度;其次,夏季适当在“源”景观里增加相对湿度、并增加其植被覆盖率,严格控制“源”景观和“汇”景观的建筑密度及建筑高度,可达到最佳降温效果。③ 邻域因子中相对湿度和建筑密度的影响更大,景观形态中增加“源”景观的离散度及其边缘密度,或增加“汇”景观集聚度,简化其形状均有利于缓解邻域的热岛效应。     

Determinants and identification of the northern boundary of China’s tropical zone

The influence of monsoon climatic characteristics makes the tropics of China different from those of other parts of the world. Therefore, the location of the northern boundary of China’s tropical zone has been one of the most controversial issues in the study of comprehensive physical regionalisation in China. This paper introduces developments in the study of the northern boundary of China’s tropical zone, in which different scholars delimit the boundary with great differences based on different regionalisation objectives, indexes, and methods. The main divergence of opinion is found in different understandings of zonal vegetation, agricultural vegetation type, cropping systems, tropical soil type and tropical characteristics. In this study, we applied the GeoDetector model, which measures the spatial stratified heterogeneity, to validate the northern boundaries of the tropical zone delimited by six principal scholars. The results show that the mean q-statistic value of the higher latitude boundary delimited by Ren Mei’e is the largest (q=0.37), suggesting that, of the rival views, it best reflects the regional differences between China’s tropical and subtropical zones, but it is not necessarily suitable for guiding the development of tropical agriculture. The mean values of the q-statistics of Zheng Du’s line and Yu Xianfang’s line around the Leizhou Peninsula at a lower latitude were smaller, at 0.10 and 0.08 respectively, indicating that the regional differences were smaller than those of Ren Mei’e’s boundary. Against the background of global climate change, the climate itself is changing in fluctuation. It is, thus, worth our further research whether the northern boundary of the tropical zone should not be a fixed line but rather should fluctuate within a certain scope to reflect these changes.     

THE TROPICS: ENVIRONMENTS AND HUMAN IMPACTS UNDERSTOOD AND REINTERPRETED

In the 1950s, few people had travelled widely through different parts of the tropics and interpretations on tropical landforms, soils, vegetation and climate largely rested on impressions gained from residence or long sojourns in particular tropical countries. Most academic geography on the tropics was then written by expatriates and lacked the perspective gained from long experience of tropical regions. Particular problems of understanding arose as people attempted to extrapolate from one part of the tropics to another. Since then, understanding has advanced enormously, largely through the efforts of tropical scientists working in their own institutions and through the greater technological ability to study tropical lands both remotely and through easier field access. The establishment of a number of field stations, aimed primarily at the biological sciences, but also facilitating the work of geographers, has been a major stimulus to this effort. Concerns over practical issues, particularly local development and global climatic change have prompted new avenues of research, many of which have been assisted by the great increase in data collection in tropical countries. For the future, South-South dialogue between tropical physical geographers is needed to improve their ability to ask meaningful questions so that they can contribute to teach the rest of their discipline more about serious applied and applicable geography.     

中部地区经济发展总体水平"塌陷"特征研究

2000年是我国中部地区与东部地区、西部地区之间经济发展格局发生重大转换的拐点。2000年开始,三大地区GDP占全国比重的增幅略显“中部塌陷”迹象,人均GDP水平格局亦存在“中部塌陷”的趋向;三大地区经济增长速度的“中部塌陷”格局已经形成。可见,自2000年以来,我国区域经济格局的“中部塌陷”格局初步形成,同时,就中部地区内部而言,各省经济发展总体水平所表现出的“塌陷”特征及程度不尽相同,但总体上的“塌陷”趋势是明显的。中部地区无论从人口规模、经济规模,还是从对全国经济增长的资源、产品和服务供给,市场需求等方面看,以及其空间区位所决定的对区域经济协调发展重大影响看,都是全国区域经济发展中不可替代、重要的区域。国家提出“促进中部地区崛起”战略是十分必要和及时的。     

基于地理探测器的中国陆地热带北界探讨（英文）

The influence of monsoon climatic characteristics makes the tropics of China different from those of other parts of the world. Therefore, the location of the northern boundary of China's tropical zone has been one of the most controversial issues in the study of comprehensive physical regionalisation in China. This paper introduces developments in the study of the northern boundary of China's tropical zone, in which different scholars delimit the boundary with great differences based on different regionalisation objectives, indexes, and methods. The main divergence of opinion is found in different understandings of zonal vegetation, agricultural vegetation type, cropping systems, tropical soil type and tropical characteristics. In this study, we applied the Geo Detector model, which measures the spatial stratified heterogeneity, to validate the northern boundaries of the tropical zone delimited by six principal scholars. The results show that the mean q-statistic value of the higher latitude boundary delimited by Ren Mei'e is the largest(q=0.37), suggesting that, of the rival views, it best reflects the regional differences between China's tropical and subtropical zones, but it is not necessarily suitable for guiding the development of tropical agriculture. The mean values of the q-statistics of Zheng Du's line and Yu Xianfang's line around the Leizhou Peninsula at a lower latitude were smaller, at 0.10 and 0.08 respectively, indicating that the regional differences were smaller than those of Ren Mei'e's boundary. Against the background of global climate change, the climate itself is changing in fluctuation. It is, thus, worth our further research whether the northern boundary of the tropical zone should not be a fixed line but rather should fluctuate within a certain scope to reflect these changes.     

赣北梅雨期降水异常分析

利用天气图和500hPa高度距平资料,对赣北梅雨期多雨年和少雨年中西太平洋副高活动异常进行了对比分析,揭示出赣北梅雨期的长短及降水量的大小,与副高第二次北跳早晚关系密切。在此基础上,进一步研究了副高第二次北跳为什么有早有晚这一关键性问题。结果显示,副高第二次北跳早晚在一定程度上受青藏高原夏季热力状况影响。当青藏高原5月温度偏高时,高原上空的高压偏强,且东移偏早,从而引起副高第二次西伸北跳偏早,赣梅雨期降水偏水。反之,降水偏多。该结合与某些“青藏高原对我国东部天气影响”的研究结果相一致,从而为预测鄱阳湖平原旱涝提供了一条新思路。     

粤东沿海双壳类软体动物的分布及区系研究

作者于１９９０年７月至１９９４年７月在粤东沿海采集到双壳类软体动物６５种，本文讨论了其生态类型，分布，区系特点及养殖和资源保护等问题。     

福建0608~#超强台风“桑美”灾害分析

根据福建省气象台和宁德市气象台提供的超强台风"桑美"的风情、雨情、水情、潮情和灾情资料,基于灾害系统理论,对"桑美"的致灾机制和灾情特征进行详细分析.结果表明:"桑美"的致灾因子强度超强,最大风力超过"卡特里娜"飓风,主要通过狂风、暴雨和风暴潮及其引发的灾害链致灾;灾情特重,主要以人员伤亡和船只沉毁、房屋损毁为主.造成巨大损失的原因与台风致灾因子强且"三碰头"有关外,还与福建东北部多山、港湾地形潮水上涨巨大、山地性河流短促、人们防灾意识薄弱、防灾工程水平低、灾害预警机制不够完善等有关.为此,提出若干减灾对策.     

“水-能源-粮食”视角下粤港澳大湾区生态安全格局的构建及优化

从“水－能源－粮食”3个维度对粤港澳大湾区的生态系统服务进行评价,利用珞珈一号夜光数据修正生态阻力面,运用最小累积阻力模型构建并优化湾区的生态安全格局。结果表明：1）粤港澳大湾区生态源地总面积为9 626.1 km²,主要分布在研究区东部和西部的山地、丘陵地区,对应位于江门市、惠州市中部和肇庆市;2）生态廊道共计38条,总长度为2 023.09 km,其中最短为11.76 km,最长为304.99 km,集中于植被覆盖较好的山地丘陵地区,中部无廊道分布;3）生态源地辐射区面积为28 929.5 km²,达到湾区总面积的51.88%,若要实现60%的覆盖率,则需要至少新增生态源地辐射面积4 524.856 km²;4）为了更好地优化粤港澳大湾区生态安全格局,提出在惠州市北部和南部新增两处生态源地辐射区,并构建以“一带、一轴、四组团”为核心的生态安全格局优化模式。     

An environmental model of fluvial tufas in the monsoonal tropics,Barkly karst,northern Australia

Spring-fed streams that deposit tufa (ambient temperature freshwater calcium carbonate deposits) in the tropics of northern Australia are influenced strongly by perennially warm water temperatures, high evaporation rates, and monsoon driven high-magnitude floods. This paper presents an environmental model that will aid interpretation of fossil fluvial tufas throughout monsoonal Australia. In the Barkly karst, northern Australia, tufas form in dam, cascade and pool/waterhole geomorphic environments. Each environment is represented in the morphostratigraphical record by a specific combination of tufa geomorphic units and facies associations. A diverse array of tufa facies is present, including microphytic, larval, calcite raft, macrophytic and allochthonous types.Preservation of particular Barkly karst tufa facies is thought to reflect the strength of monsoonal floods. A strong monsoon is represented by an abundance of flood indicators such as the allochthonous phytoclastic, lithoclastic and intraclastic tufa facies. Conversely, evidence of weak monsoons or a prolonged absence of floods may include oncoids, calcite rafts and thick accumulations of fine carbonate sediments. The history of the Australian monsoon is not fully understood. However, fossil tufa deposits, which record terrestrial climate information, have been preserved throughout northern Australia and hold great potential for reconstructing the region's climate history. Fossil tufa sequences at two Barkly karst sites have been interpreted using the new model. It can be applied to other Barkly karst fossil tufas as well as those in similar environments elsewhere in the world.     

“家”“业”可否兼得：青年农民工回流意愿研究

基于个体心理决策视角,使用定量研究与定性研究相结合的方法,分析流出地的“家”和“业”对青年农民工回流意愿的影响过程。研究发现：文化意义上的“家”是影响青年农民工回流意愿的深层因素,但其影响还需要“业”的强化。流出地的“家”和“业”共同作用,形塑青年农民工的回流意愿。“家”的文化观念通过新的人生节点、具有挑战性的家庭责任和规划中的家庭发展触发青年农民工回流;“业”的想象则通过选择新的就业地点、渴望好的就业条件、寻找独特的创业资源和改变旧的发展路径增强青年农民工回流意愿,由此实现回流决策中的“家”“业”兼得。在中国区域发展不平衡、不充分的情况下,流出地政府既要大力发展经济、增加就业机会、提升收入水平,又要加大对回流的青年农民工的创业扶持,使他们的“业”得到持续强化,“家”“业”可以持续兼得。在对农民工群体进行研究时,可以把“家”作为一个关键的切入点,从“家”出发构建中国话语的分析框架,这蕴含了创建中国本土人口流动理论的可能性。     

中国农村聚落空心化问题实证研究

城市和农村是两种主要的人类居住群落。在中国城市化迅速发展的进程中,广大农村却出现了日益严重的空心化问题。以山东省新泰市北公村为例,通过广泛的问卷调查和实地调研,总结了村落空心化发展的三个阶段,阐明了村落向心力与离心力失衡、经济发展迅速和观念意识落后、新房建设加速和规划管理薄弱等三大矛盾是村落空心化的内在机制,针对村落空心化对耕地资源、小康社会建设以及农村人居环境等带来的不利影响,站在科学发展观的角度,从管理、规划、基础设施建设等方面提出相应的对策措施。     

在沿海地区培育新增长极的构想--胶、辽携手带动环渤海,南、北并进拓展长三角

通过对区域自然地理和社会经济条件的综合分析,论证中国北部和中部沿海新增长极的合理选址所在(分别是渤海的入口处、长江口的崇明岛、位于杭州湾东侧的宁波-舟山),并就如何培育这些新增长极提出了初步的设想,包括:建设“渤海门户组合港”、莱州湾的围海成湖、封堵长江口北支、在崇明岛建设“江北上海”、把整个杭州湾全部围垦成陆。     

“Helping” or “Appropriating”? Gender Relations in Shea Nut Production in Northern Ghana

The potential for the development of shea industries to increase women’s incomes is the focus of a number of development interventions in rural West Africa. However, concerns have been voiced over the potential effects of increased commercialization on women’s rights over this resource. This study examines women’s participation and rights over shea production in a context of increasing commercialization in northern Ghana through a survey of 90 producers and eight oral histories. Although shea incomes are frequently described in the literature as falling under women’s control, joint spending decisions for shea income were reported by half of the married women surveyed. This does not appear to be an outcome of growing assertion of men’s rights over shea trees themselves but rather is explained, by women, largely in relation to their husbands’ involvement in nut production.     

东北地区“五化”协调发展的格局演变及影响机制

“五化协调”是经济新常态背景下,国家现代化建设的必然选择。利用多指标综合指数法、耦合协调度模型、个体效应与时点效应模型,从新型工业化、信息化、新型城镇化、农业现代化、绿色化角度选取指标（以下简称“五化”）,构建“五化”协调发展评价指标体系,探究东北振兴前后20年间（1993-2013年）东北地区40个地市单元“五化”协调发展变化情况。结果表明：东北地区“五化”协调发展水平较低,仍处于失调阶段,但增长趋势显著,具有明显的时间阶段性与区域差异性。时间上可划分为1993-2002年波动期、2003-2008年增长期、2009-2013年平稳期三个阶段。区域上可划分沿哈大线形成的轻度失调区,黑龙江中部与西部、吉林西部、辽宁大部为主的中度失调区,黑龙江西北部、东部与蒙东地区为主的严重失调区三个类型。“五化”协调内部各子系统空间表现各异,分异程度依次为：农业现代化>信息化>绿色化>新型城镇化>新型工业化。从影响机制来看,教育投入、技术投入、农业投入对“五化”协调发展产生正向影响;工业水平、开发程度对“五化”协调发展产生负相影响,开放程度、资本投入、治理投入未对协调造成明显影响。     

基于“政策-潜力-意愿”整合视角的村庄分类研究

村庄分类作为乡村地区制定差异化发展政策的科学手段,是认识和明晰区域乡村振兴路径的重要抓手。论文基于乡村地域系统演化规律,综合考虑地方主观发展意愿,构建了一套基于“政策-潜力-意愿”整合视角的村庄分类框架,按照“政策影响?发展潜力+在地发展意愿”的逻辑思路逐级识别村庄类型,并以西峰区100个行政村作为案例区进行实证分析。结果表明：(1)通过梳理现有政策文件,识别出54个村庄的类型,这部分村庄特征相对显著;其余部分村庄通过“发展潜力-在地发展意愿”耦合分析,确定其发展类型;(2)村庄发展潜力与在地发展意愿不完全耦合,其中“高潜力-低意愿”及“低潜力-高意愿”各占39.13%和6.52%;(3)西峰区村庄最终分为就地城镇化类、集聚提升类、城郊融合类、特色保护类、整治改善类及搬迁撤并类等六种类型,论文据此提出相应的乡村振兴途径及措施建议。     

“地方”理论在中国的演化与发展评述

随着城市化进程加快,全球化、环境威胁、地方消融等问题受到普遍关注,“地方”理论为解决城市空间意义丧失和人们心灵失落提供了新的思考角度和研究方法,具有重要研究意义。该文以中国知网(CNKI)检索到的“地方”理论相关的285篇论文为基础,对“地方”及其衍生概念进行了梳理,分析国内“地方”理论研究的演化和发展进程,将其分为“概念引入期”“观念分化期”“理论发展期”和“研究深化期”4个阶段,从各领域的发展情况、发展特性、论文发表数量特征等方面进行分析,并对“地方”理论主要的研究内容、研究方法、技术手段、影响因素、分析模型等方面进行综述。最后,总结“地方”理论研究中存在的问题,认为应进一步加强概念的辨析和统一、研究方向的拓展和细化、研究方法和技术手段的多元化、研究层次的深化等内容,并展望今后的研究方向和重点。     

中南半岛旱季VIIRS活跃火的空间特征与国别差异

热带是全球活跃火(active fire)的集中发生区,客观认识其空间特征、国别差异及其动态变化对评估区域生物质燃烧及其碳排放等具有重要意义。作为热带季风气候典型区,中南半岛旱季活跃火发生发展空间特征及其动态变化仍缺乏清晰认识。为此,论文利用可见光红外成像辐射仪(VIIRS) S-NPP 2012—2019年活跃火矢量数据,基于核密度与空间自相关评价了中南半岛及国别旱季尤其是其特征月份(2—4月)活跃火发生发展的密集程度、集聚特征及其动态变化。结果表明：① 中南半岛活跃火核密度低值区占比最大(79%),高值区最小(4%);柬埔寨、缅甸、老挝等经济落后国家的核密度均值明显高于泰国和越南;2012—2019年核密度高值区具有朝高海拔、向内陆与趋边境等分布特征,且柬埔寨东北部长居高值区。② 活跃火核密度中值区变化集中在1—4月,且多分布在低、高值区周围;高值区变化集中在2—4月,由柬埔寨东北部逐渐向缅甸东/西部、泰国西北部以及老挝北/南部转移。③ 半岛与5国活跃火核密度在旱季具有显著空间正相关性,空间集聚类型以“高—高”型和“低—低”型集聚为主,越南、柬埔寨等国局部自相关性强于泰国和老挝。