Nautilus矿业公司在海底块状硫化物勘探中采用的取样技术与装备

海底块状硫化物(SMS)富含铜、锌、铅等金属,特别是富含贵金属金、银,引起了国际采矿业的浓厚兴趣。近年来,以澳大利亚Nautilus矿业公司为先驱的国际大型资源开发商和投资商已介入海底多金属硫化物的商业化开采。介绍了Nautilus公司在巴布亚新几内亚专属经济区针对海底块状硫化物矿床开展的一系列以商业开采为目的的勘探取样活动,详细介绍了勘探中所采用的基本方法与技术,并重点对其地质调查中所应用的拖网挖掘取样、ROV海底表面取样、大洋钻探船岩心取样和专门开发的ROV岩心钻探取样的装备、取样结果及作业效率进行了较为系统全面地介绍。     

Nautilus矿业公司SMS勘探中采用的取样技术与装备

海底大块状硫化物(SMS)富含铜、锌、铅等金属,特别是富含贵金属金、银,引起了国际采矿业的浓厚兴趣。近年来,以澳大利亚Nautilus矿业公司为先驱代表的国际大型资源开发商和投资商已介入海底多金属硫化物的商业化开采。文中介绍了Nautilus公司在巴布亚新几内亚专属经济区针对海底块状硫化物矿床开展的一系列以商业开采为目的的勘探取样活动,详细介绍了勘探中所采用的基本方法与技术,并重点对其地质调查中所应用的拖网挖掘取样、ROV海底表面取样、大洋钻探船岩芯取样和专门开发的ROV岩芯钻探取样的装备、取样结果及作业效率进行了较为系统全面地介绍。     

深水土工调查技术和分析方法新进展

简要介绍了近年来国外在深水土工调查技术和分析方法方面取得的新进展,包括:钻孔取样技术在钻入模式和取样器的多样化和有效组合,从而实现不同水深和不同土类条件下的高质量取样;带孔压测量的圆锥触探试验在测量方法、孔压测量单元设计、探头的小型化和多样化、数据的快速传输以及分析理论方面的进展;减少土样扰动,准确评估粘土不排水抗剪强度的“SHANSEP”室内试验方法及应用。     

There’s more to the picture than meets the eye: Sampling microphytobenthos in a heterogeneous environment

Distributions of microphytobenthos are highly heterogeneous at scales as small as a few centimetres. However, the sampling protocols currently used for the absolute determination of microphytobenthos biomass through chlorophyll a concentration measurements in surface sediments are too limited to take this variability into account, typically relying on 3-5 samples taken within a randomly located 1 m² quadrat in a given environment. We address this issue by objectively and quantitatively inferring the minimum number of samples required to obtain reliable estimates of microphytobenthos biomass on the basis of high-resolution sub-sampling (225 regularly spaced samples) within each of nine 1 m² quadrats at an unvegetated sheltered intertidal sandbank of the Gold Coast (Queensland, Australia). The results were generalised using data obtained in previous studies on an exposed sandy shore and on sheltered estuarine sandy muds of the Eastern English Channel. Estimates of chlorophyll a concentration exhibited a high degree of heterogeneity, both between and within quadrats. The number of samples needed to estimate the average chlorophyll a concentration, and hence mean microphytobenthos biomass with 95% confidence intervals, ranged from 15 to 115, and mainly depended on the presence of global and local gradients within the quadrats. These results have major implications for intertidal ecology by implying a possible systematic bias in the measurement of both microphytobenthos biomass and production of up to 40%. Finally, we emphasise that this issue can be circumvented using field spectrometry or PAM fluorescence measurements coupled with traditional sediment sampling techniques, and urge for unified protocols to be adopted for the routine use of these combined methods.     

长江口中华鲟保护区海洋环境监测浮标站点的优化设计

长江口是众多洄游性鱼类重要的栖息场所,其复杂的环境条件影响着该水域水生生物的生长和繁殖过程。海洋环境监测浮标能够对诸多环境要素进行长期、连续、实时和大范围的监测,是现代海洋环境自动观测系统中的重要组成部分。为在长江口中华鲟自然保护区及其邻近水域组建合理有效的浮标监测网络,本研究基于海上实测调查数据,使用普通克里金法模拟了多种环境要素的空间分布,在此基础上比较了分层随机采样设计中不同分层方案和站点数量变化对监测效果的影响,结果显示：(1)盐度要素在层数为3的分层随机采样方法中采样精度更高,水温、溶解氧和化学需氧量要素在层数为2的采样设计中采样效果更好;(2)站点数越多,相对误差越集中并趋向于0,并当站点数多于30时,采样估测准确性逐渐趋于稳定;(3)各季节中,秋季盐度要素中层数为2的采样准确性更高;与其他3季以及总体相对误差结果相比,冬季化学需氧量要素的采样效果比其他3个季节要差。在今后长江口中华鲟自然保护区水域组建环境监测浮标网络时,建议采用3层的分层随机采样作为盐度监测的分层标准,且站点数量要大于50个;使用2层的分层随机采样作为其他多种水文环境要素监测的分层标准,且站点数量要大于30个。     

海底地质取样的技术标准

依据海洋地质调查的需求和海底地质取样技术规范的编制原则,研究了海底地质取样标准编制内容及作业规范技术要点,对海底地质取样标准体系构成及作业技术规程进行了探讨。     

A sampler for quantitatively assessing the macrobenthic epifaunal community of a hard substrate

A quick and effective underwater quantitative quadrat sampler was designed for sampling macrobenthic epifauna on hard substrates. Using a 400 cm² quadrat, divers could take samples quickly and with little or no loss of organisms. The sampler can be used successfully in adverse conditions in the open ocean on any relatively flat substrate, regardless of its orientation.     

Fòlaga: A low-cost autonomous underwater vehicle combining glider and AUV capabilities

The paper describes the current developments of a class of low-cost, light-weight autonomous underwater vehicles for coastal oceanographic applications; the vehicle class is named Fòlaga, the Italian name of an aquatic bird that swims on the water surface and dives to catch fish. The main design characteristics of the most recent vehicle of the class, the Fòlaga III, are reviewed. Navigation and control system design are discussed, with particular attention to the diving phase, which is accomplished as in oceanographic gliders by varying the vehicle buoyancy and attitude. Experimental results show that the PID robust controllers implemented are effective in the diving control phase. Finally, a distributed cooperation algorithm to be applied by a team of Fòlaga-like vehicles in adaptive oceanographic sampling applications is described. The algorithm optimizes area coverage while taking into account the accuracy in the reconstruction of the oceanographic field and inter-vehicle communication through a range constraint. The resulting dynamic programming algorithm can be implemented in a distributed fashion among the team components.     

直升机探测与采样装置的研制

利用直升机快速、机动、灵活的特点,将研制出的水质探测与采样装置装备到直升机上,对常规环境监测项目,特别是对赤潮和海上溢油等突发性海洋灾害进行快速监测和采样具有重大意义。文章简要介绍了该装置的组成、工作原理和使用方法。     

海底沉积物取样的扰动机理研究

海底沉积物取样技术对大洋诸多科学研究来说非常重要,各种研究目标的实现与沉积物样品的质量息息相关.在使用常规管状取样器对松软或轻微固结的沉积物取样时,沉积物样品的扰动总是不可避免的.以机械手持式沉积物取样器为原型机,建立了管状取样器的取样过程模型,分析了沉积物样品的扰动机理;采用球形孔扩张理论获得了沉积物土体受到取样管挤压扩张的理论解;结合太平洋具体沉积物土体物理力学参数,对管状取样器取样造成沉积物扰动的状况给出了一个定量描述,并且提出取样管壁的厚度是减小沉积物扰动的关键参数.     

GPS eTrex定位导航技术在莱州湾海域取样过程中的应用

概述了GPS eTrex工作原理、性能特点,详细介绍在莱州湾海域的采样过程中GPS eTrex的导航定位情况,对定位精度与定住所用的时间进行了分析比较,证明手持GPS技术提高了海上作业的工作效率。     

不同孔径筛网对底栖多毛类采样效果的研究

本文根据大亚湾50个站底栖生物生态调查资料,对孔径1mm和0.5mm筛网中多毛类的种类数、主要种、平均密度、平均生物量进行比较分析。结果表明,孔径1mm的为14种/站、9种、110个/m~2和8.03g/m~2,而0.5mm为22种/站、12种、216个/m~2和0.71g/m~2;1mm筛网多毛类密度(X)与0.5mm的密度(Y)呈线性正相关关系,其回归方程为:Y=0.93X+113.77;在估算海域生产力中,应当使用0.5mm孔径筛网。     

Sampling procedure for small-scale heterogeneities (crossbedding) for reservoir modelling

Sampling permeability from individual laminae in crossbedded rocks is very well possible by making use of a so-called probe permeameter. The methodology and calculation of permeabilities from the output of this instrument are fairly well-established. However, what is hardly established is a sampling strategy that guarantees adequate representation of permeability contrast between laminae. Especially so, because finer foreset and bottomset are difficult to sample, yet their permeabilities are critical to fluid flow through a crossbed. Therefore we propose to systematically sample laminae. To this end we suggest a sampling strategy that is adapted to the heterogeneity under study, namely to the thickness of the finer foreset.     

不同孔径底层筛对胶州湾大型底栖动物取样结果的影响

利用2003年11月在胶州湾所设的20个站,每站成功取4个定量采泥样品,每两个样品分别用底层筛孔径0．5mm和1．0mm的套筛冲洗所得的大型底栖动物样品,进行大型底栖动物栖息密度、生物量及种数比较分析。结果显示,0．5mm孔径底层筛样品的总平均栖息密度、总平均生物量、总种数分别是1．0mm底层筛的样品的1．36,1．19,1．15倍;两种筛所获的样品对大型底栖动物的栖息密度影响最明显,对生物量、种数影响较小;环节动物多毛类、甲壳动物类群中的钩虾类个体较细小,是受底层筛孔径影响最明显的类群;0．5mm孔径底层筛的取样质量明显好于1．0mm孔径底层筛。