Magnetic,chemical and x-ray studies of magnetites from Tamil Nadu,India

Natural intensity, susceptibility, and Koenigsberger ratio were determined and studies of Rayleigh loops, and high field hysteresis, and variation of susceptibility with temperature from ?196° C to Curie temperature were made on a number of magnetite-quartzite and pyroxene, granulite samples from Tamil Nadu. FeO, Fe₂O₃, and TiO₂ proportions were estimated and cell dimensions were determined. From the magnetic studies it is inferred that in general the samples contain predominantly multidomain grains. In a few cases single-domain particles are detected, while in a few other samples a mixture of superparamagnetic particles and single domain states could be inferred. The relative remanence ratio is found to increase with coercive force. The ferromagnetic mineral in magnetite-quartzites is pure magnetite with a little alteration to hematite while in pyroxene granulites it is a titaniferous magnetite with a small percentage of TiO₂. It is probable that the cell dimensions are dependent on oxidation in magnetites, and on the content of TiO₂ in titaniferous magnetites.     

长江中下游第四纪沉积物发育土壤磁性增强的环境磁学机制

对长江中下游第四纪沉积物 (Q₃ 黄土,Q₂ 红土和Q₃ 红土 )发育土壤的磁性增强现象及其物理机制进行了讨论。结果表明 :(1)铁磁性矿物是土壤磁性的主要载体,它们是成土过程中形成的稳定单畴 (SSD)和超顺磁性 (SP)态的次生磁性矿物,没有显示重要的反铁磁性矿物的贡献;(2 )土壤磁化率 (χ)的高低与成土过程产生的稳定单畴和超顺磁性颗粒呈极显著正相关,指示了风化成土作用的强度,磁化率可作为反映成土环境变化的代用指标;(3)频率磁化率 (χfd) 5 %可作为土壤中的超顺磁性颗粒存在与否的临界值,土壤 χfd值的高低同样反映了风化成土作用的强度,可用作研究第四纪环境变化的有用工具之一。     

南非巴伯顿绿岩带条带状铁建造岩石磁学及磁性矿物的组成特征

条带状铁建造(BIFs)中含有大量的亚铁磁性矿物,其组成及来源是认识BIF成因的重要依据。本文研究了南非巴伯顿绿岩带无花果树群(距今约32亿年)恩圭尼亚组的BIFs样品的磁学和矿物学特征。通过测量富铁层与富硅层的磁滞回线、等温剩磁获得曲线与退磁曲线、矫顽力谱分析、一阶反转曲线(FORC)、低温(20～300K)有场/无场冷却曲线以及k-T曲线、Lowrie三轴热退磁曲线,结合扫描电镜观测,揭示出研究样品中磁性矿物主要为赤铁矿和磁铁矿。基于矫顽力谱分析,富铁层中磁铁矿主要是多畴及假单畴颗粒,相对含量平均为2. 1%;赤铁矿的相对含量平均为97. 9%。富硅层中磁铁矿主要为假单畴及超顺磁性颗粒,相对含量平均为4. 6%;赤铁矿相对含量平均为95. 4%。测试样品具有Morin转变特征,转变温度介于250～260K,说明BIFs中主要为赤铁矿(0. 5～6mm)。富硅层样品出现～107K、～125K两个Verwey转变温度,表明其中可能存在生物成因和非生物成因两种类型磁铁矿。     

长江口现代潮滩表层沉积物磁性特征和自生铁硫化物的分布*

以长江口崇明岛北支潮滩的3个潮滩为对象,在粒度测量和磁性分析的基础上,揭示了现代潮滩表层沉积物的磁性变化,探讨了磁性矿物、尤其是自生亚铁磁性矿物—硫复铁矿（Fe₃S₄）在潮滩沉积微相的分布规律及机制。研究结果表明：长江口潮滩表层沉积物的磁性特征由亚铁磁性矿物及超顺磁颗粒(SP)主导。淤积型中高潮滩磁铁矿以单畴(SD)和SP为主,侵蚀型潮滩的中低潮滩则更多假单畴/多畴(PSD/MD)晶粒,反映了水动力的分选及以细颗粒矿物溶解为主的早期成岩作用。此外,最东侧的北四滧港剖面潮上带—高潮滩芦苇带普遍存在自生亚铁磁性硫复铁矿,北堡港和新卫剖面的高潮滩也局部存在硫复铁矿,反映了本区高潮滩—潮上带丰富的有机质及细颗粒沉积物、加上有限的海水淹没时间,是早期成岩作用过程中生成硫复铁矿的主要机制。     

宁武天池干海湖泊沉积物的部分非磁滞剩磁研究

应用部分非磁滞剩磁(pARM)谱,对山西宁武天池干海湖泊沉积物携带的磁信息研究表明,粗磁铁矿颗粒(MD)是主要载磁矿物颗粒,其pARM谱在低矫顽力区间(AF20 mT)达到最高值;而细磁铁矿颗粒(PSD-SD)为次要载磁颗粒,其pARM谱在高矫顽力区间(AF20 mT)稍有突起。但是,剖面三个层位具有不同特征,上层(大约7.3~4.0 ka)的粗磁性矿物颗粒含量最高,下层(大约12.0~13.0 ka)次之,而中层(大约12.0~7.3 ka)相对最低;中层的细磁性颗粒含量最高,下层和上层的细磁性颗粒含量次之。pARM谱分析结果与磁滞曲线测量获得的磁畴结果一致。在较高的交变磁场区间获得的pARM可以有效地压抑粗磁颗粒的信息,进而使细磁颗粒的信号增强。应用pARM谱分析,能有效判别样品中磁性矿物的磁畴状态,有助于沉积物的古气候、岩石磁学和古地磁学研究。     

黄土高原西部红粘土岩石磁学性质及其指示的亚洲内陆中中新世气候变化特征

对黄土高原西部庄浪红粘土进行详细岩石磁学分析表明,沉积物磁性由磁铁矿和赤铁矿主导,并且含有一定量的磁赤铁矿。中中新世大暖期红粘土中磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿含量显著升高; 中中新世大暖期前后红粘土中的磁铁矿含量相对较低,赤铁矿相对含量较高,但并未显示较强的磁赤铁矿信息。磁性矿物的整体粒径表现为以SP,SD和PSD颗粒为主,MD颗粒较少。庄浪红粘土磁化率在16.5~13.8Ma出现峰值,与当时的夏季风强盛、降水丰富、成壤作用较强造成的亚铁磁性矿物相对含量增加密切相关。在全球气候变暖的中中新世大暖期,综合庄浪岩石磁学特征以及陆地和海洋的其他证据可以推测当时东亚冬、夏季风可能同时增强。     

Ferrimagnetic minerals in red paleosols of Pleistocene Epoch, eastern China

The type,grain size and origin of ferimagnetic minerals separated from red paleosols of pleistocene Epoch(Q2)in eastern China ,were studied by using mineral magnetic measurement,X-ray powder diffraction and electron microscopy.Results showed that the iron oxider in red paleosols were composed of hematite(α-Fe2O3),maghemite(γ-Fe2O3) and goethite(α-FeOOH),Mineral magnetic parameters and X-ray diffraction patterns indicated that maghemite was the dominant remanence carrier in red paleosols,which is characterized by superparamagnetic(SP) and stable single domain(SSD) grains,The variations of magnetic susceptibility(χ） ,anhysteretic magnetic susceptibility(χRAM）and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization(SIRM) for red paleosols following heating to various temperatures showed two peak values at 700℃ and 900℃.The spherulitic magnetic particles measuring 250-1000μm in diameter in red paleosols were separated by the magnetic separation method,indicating that these magnetic particles were an assemblage of superparamagnetic and stable single domain ferrimagnetic grains,It is suggested that the ferrimagnetic minerals of red paleosols be a pedogenic ferrimagnetic component under high temperature and high humid conditions in the Pleistocene Fpoch(Q2).It is concluded that the magnetism characteristics of red paleosols can be used to evaluate the environmental changes of Quaternary in eastern China.     

Environmental monitoring of magnetic iron phases of urban water reservoir lake sediments (Taiaçupeba Lake,metropolitan region of São Paulo,Brazil) by using Mössbauer spectroscopy

In the present work, we investigate the iron oxides and oxyhydroxides behavior and evolution, related to the geochemical behavior of some metals, which could be retained as solid phases in the sediments from an urban water reservoir lake, placed in Taiaçupeba, Great São Paulo, Brazil. These tasks were performed by the establishment of a proceduring setting for environmental monitoring analysis through Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements associated to hysteresis loops measurements and chemical analysis [X-ray fluorescence (XRF)]. We inferred the possibility of goethite occurrence in broad particle size distribution (5–50 nm), and related to ferrihydrite, and small grain-size hematite (about 8 nm). The magnetometry results pointed to the paramagnetic/superparamagnetic behavior of the magnetic phases present in the samples and also suggested the occurrence of small grain-size magnetite. We also verified the presence of clay minerals related to Fe, as well as the occurrence of Fe³⁺ and/or Fe²⁺ in short-range structural order. Through a straight correlation among Mössbauer spectra data gained at T = 77 K and Al-metal, metal-Fe molar ratios, provided through XRF data, we found remarkable indications of interference on meta-stable phases evolution to its final products. Such results can be pointing for evidences about the possible isomorphic replacing and/or adsorption of Al and other metals in goethite and hematite.     

长江与黄河河口沉积物磁性特征对比的初步研究

根据2001年8月和9月分别采自黄河与长江河口沉积物样品的磁性测量和粒度分析,探讨长江和黄河河口沉积物的磁性特征及其差异。长江河口沉积物中亚铁磁性物质的含量高于黄河口,但长江口与黄河口沉积物中都是亚铁磁性矿物主导了样品磁性特征,亚铁磁性矿物晶粒都以假单畴-多畴为主。相比黄河口沉积物,长江口沉积物不完整反铁磁性物质对磁性特征的的贡献较小。长江与黄河河口的这种磁性特征主要反映了不同的沉积物来源的控制影响。此外,无论是长江口还是黄河口沉积物,磁性参数χARM、χfd%与沉积物细粒级组分存在显著的相关性,表明这两个参数作为粒度的代用指标具有普遍性。     

西昆仑山黄土的岩石磁学特征及其磁化率增强机制

成壤过程中形成的细颗粒的软磁性矿物被认为是导致古土壤磁化率增加的主要原因。但近来的研究表明,在一些地区,尤其是靠近沙漠边缘的黄土-古土壤序列,源区对黄土磁化率的影响要远大于成壤作用。因此,有必要对不同地区、不同环境条件下的典型黄土堆积进行详细的岩石磁学研究。日前,我们在西昆仑山北侧钻取了一根长达671m的岩芯,这为研究极端干旱区黄土的岩石磁学性质提供了难得的契机。本文对第一期黄土钻探得到的207m岩芯进行了详细的岩石磁学研究,结果表明: 昆仑山黄土的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,同时还含有少量的针铁矿、赤铁矿;  该地区磁化率的变化主要受源区粗颗粒的软磁性矿物含量的影响,成壤作用形成的细颗粒磁性矿物对磁化率的贡献极小;  磁化率、粒度在0.5Ma左右急剧升高和变粗,主要与气候干旱化加剧有关。     

腾格里沙漠边缘表土磁学性质及其意义

通过对腾格里沙漠边缘表土进行岩石磁学的测试和分析,发现样品中的磁性矿物主要是铁的氧化物。主要为磁铁矿,其次为磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿。磁颗粒以多畴和准单畴为主。样品之间低频磁化率值相差很大,靠近雅布赖山附近的样品明显高于其他样品。频率磁化率普遍很弱,最大3.7%,反映了该沙漠边缘区的干旱条件下所进行的以物理风化为主的地质过程。结果表明,本地区磁化率几乎不受成土作用的影响。磁化率增强机制与黄土高原不同,可能主要反映了局部地区的母质、地形和微气候的影响。     

Magnetic studies on the remanence carriers in igneous rocks of different ages

A critical study on the type of the magnetic grains, both in composition and domain state, in rocks of different ages has been carried out. One simple, fast and non-destructive test, which can provide useful information on the nature of the magnetic grains in freshly collected samples, seems to be the ratio of susceptibilities at 77 and 300 K. This ratio, termed relative susceptibility, ranges from 0·1, for samples containing 70% ulvospinel bearing titanomagnetite (TM70) to 1·50 for cation deficient magnetite bearing ones. The results indicate that the value of 0·1 for TM70 is not greatly affected even if some amount of TM80, which is nonmagnetic at 300 K, is present in a rock sample. However, the coercive force at 77 K will increase considerably for such a sample. The effects of mixed compositions and domain states of magnetic grains on the overall behaviour of basalts are discussed.     

Mineral magnetism and archaeology at Galson on the Isle of Lewis,Scotland

Coastal erosion is cutting a section through a complex later prehistoric archaeological site at Galson. 168 samples from individual features e.g. middens and hearts, and also from several continuously-sampled vertical profiles were collected from the site. A range of mineral magnetic measurements, including susceptibilities, and laboratory induced remanent magnetisations have been carried out on the samples. The strong magnetic signal of the hearth material can be traced in selected floors and middens giving an indication of the anthropogenic use within the dwellings. The magnetic data also highlight differences between visually similar soils. The variation of susceptibility with temperature, measured at 2cm intervals in a vertical profile through a hearth in one of the dwellings, has revealed two distinct magnetic mineralogies, with varying domain states, possibly reflecting different fuel sources.     

Solving archaeological problems using techniques of soil magnetism

Archaeological investigations into the processes and factors controlling the magnetic enhancement of soils were initiated in the 1960s in conjunction with the application of magnetic prospection surveys. After a highly productive period of research, archaeological interest in soil magnetism experienced a downswing, which has just recently been reversed. Continuing research within the fields of rock magnetism and environmental magnetism has refined our understanding of the processes and products of magnetic enhancement and demonstrated the broad applicability of soil magnetic analyses. Using this information, together with recent archaeological studies, we update archaeologists on the variety of soil magnetic techniques and how they can be utilized to define, detail, and understand archaeological sites, features, and environments. A case study at the Cahokia Mounds Site in southwestern Illinois illustrates how soil magnetic techniques can be interfaced with other methods to understand archaeological landscapes and landscape change. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Magnetic fingerprint of tsunami-induced deposits in the Ixtapa–Zihuatanejo Area,Western Mexico

The Pacific coast of Mexico has repeatedly been exposed to destructive tsunamis. Recent studies have shown that rock magnetic methods can be a promising approach for identification of tsunami- or storm-induced deposits. We present new rock magnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) results in order to distinguish tsunami deposits in the Ixtapa–Zihuatanejo area. The sampled, 80 cm-deep sequence is characterized by the presence of two anomalous sand beds within fine-grained coastal deposits. The lower bed is probably associated with the 14 March 1979 Petatlán earthquake (M _W = 7.6), whereas the second one formed during the 21 September 1985 Mexico earthquake (M _W = 8.1). Rock magnetic experiments discovered significant variations within the analysed sequence. Thermomagnetic curves reveal two types of behaviour: one in the upper part of the sequence, after the occurrence of the first tsunami, and the other in the lower part of the sequence, during that event and below. Analysis of hysteresis parameter ratios in a Day plot also allows us to distinguish two kinds of behaviour. The samples associated with the second tsunami plot in the pseudo-single-domain area. In contrast, specimens associated with the first tsunami and the time between both tsunamis display a very different trend, which can be ascribed to the production of a considerable amount of superparamagnetic grains, which might be due to pedogenic processes after the first tsunami. The studied profile is characterized by a sedimentary fabric with almost vertical minimum principal susceptibilities. The maximum susceptibility axis shows a declination angle D = 27°, suggesting a NNE flow direction which is the same for both tsunamis and normal currents. Standard AMS parameters display a significant enhancement within the transitional zone between both tsunamis. The study of rock magnetic parameters may represent a useful tool for the identification and understanding of tsunami deposits.     

Using Soil Magnetic Properties to Determine the Onset of Pleistocene Human Settlement at Gledswood Shelter 1, Northern Australia

In regions that lack built structures or stratified open archaeological sites, such as precolonial Australia, rockshelters are a major source of detailed information for understanding the nature and timing of human occupation. A key concern is that the proposed ages for the earliest archaeological sites are based on luminescence dating of sediments, rather than directly of cultural materials, leaving the association between the sediments and evidence of human activity questionable. Here, we present evidence of magnetic enhancement associated with cultural horizons within the deposits of a Pleistocene rockshelter in interior northern Queensland. Soil magnetic studies combined with experimental burning show that magnetically enhanced sediments in Gledswood Shelter 1 are the result of anthropogenic burning of hearth fires, which burn hotter and for a longer time than natural wild fires. These techniques appear to work in this setting because of the nature of the local geology and the geological antiquity of the landscape. Susceptibility and frequency dependence of susceptibility signatures provide a critical tool to resolve that human occupation starts at 2.2 m depth within a stratigraphic section. In conjunction with luminescence dating, soil magnetic studies provide an opportunity for archaeologists to resolve the timing of human settlement in Australia and other intracratonic plate settings.     

花岗岩上发育的亚热带红土岩石磁学特征

本文对发育于花岗岩上的两个亚热带红土剖面进行了系统的岩石磁学研究,测试了磁化率、频率磁化率、等温剩磁、非磁滞剩磁、磁滞回线等常温磁学参数,选取代表性样品进行了高低温岩石磁学分析,拟探讨亚热带红土磁性矿物的特征及湿热环境下土壤中磁性矿物的转化规律。实验结果表明：亚热带红土的强磁性矿物为磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿;弱磁性矿物为赤铁矿和针铁矿,滞水土层中含有纤铁矿。花岗岩具有较强的磁性,在其上发育的红土也因此具有较强的磁性。花岗岩中的亚铁磁性矿物的磁畴以多畴占主导地位,随着风化强度的增强,逐渐形成较细粒的超顺磁与单畴磁性矿物。亚热带红土中的磁赤铁矿与位于半干旱区黄土高原成土作用形成的磁赤铁矿存在着磁学性质上的差异,表现为具有更高的居里点（约600℃和640℃）,可能说明亚热带红土中的磁赤铁矿粒径更粗。两个剖面在磁学性质上存在着明显的差异,泉州剖面磁性矿物以磁铁矿为主,磁化率最高可达1823×10-8m3/kg,平均值为1033.1×10-8m3/kg,具有较低的剩磁矫顽力;福州剖面磁性矿物以磁铁矿和部分热稳定磁赤铁矿为主,磁化率最高为385.73×10-8m3/kg,平均值为91.5×10-8m3/kg。基于磁学参数分析,认为母质与后期成土作用共同造成了两个剖面的磁学性质差异,但后者起主导作用。磁化率在两个剖面中,均随着深度减小而减小,与温带地区表层土磁化率增强有很大区别。湿热环境条件下,强磁性矿物溶解或转化为弱磁性矿物的程度主导剖面磁化率变化。     

Heavy metal pollution in urban topsoils: mineralogical analyses and magnetic characterization

Urban soil samples collected from the city of Xuzhou were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Pb and Zn. The samples were also investigated for mineralogy using X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The identified minerals are mainly composed of quartz and calcite as major minerals. Soil samples contained elevated Zn (2,049 ± 5,439 mg/kg) and Pb (115 ± 58 mg/kg). According to the index of geoaccumulation, the soils of the study area are considered to be moderately to strongly contaminated with respect to Zn, moderately contaminated with respect to Pb. The magnetic measurements indicate that the dominant magnetic components are multidomain grains of ferrimagnetic minerals and that superparamagnetic and stable single-domain ferrimagnetic grains and non-ferrimagnetic minerals are present in small magnetic concentrations in this area. The measured metals correlated positively with the determined magnetic parameters (χ, χ _ARM, SIRM and SOFT). This result suggests that simple, rapid, and non-destructive magnetic measurements could provide useful information about Pb and Zn pollution in Xuzhou urban surface soils.     

东太平洋克拉里昂-克里帕顿断裂带WPC1101沉积柱样磁性地层及沉积环境

对采自东太平洋CC区西部的WPC1101重力活塞柱样进行了岩石磁学、古地磁极性地层及古生物地层年代学研究工作。等温剩余磁化强度（IRM）、磁滞回线和反向场退磁曲线测试结果表明,沉积物中的磁性矿物主要为磁铁矿,仅在柱状样底部存在少量赤铁矿/针铁矿。340~350 cm发育的埋藏结核层,标志着一处沉积间断的存在;60~336 cm发育上新世晚期的硅藻化石Cosinodiscus nodulifer,但古地磁极性地层缺失上新世-第四纪的2r反极性时;0~60 cm见第四纪标准化石Pseudoenuotia doliolus、Spongaster tetras,且顶部缺失1正极性时。综合对比古生物地层学、磁性地层学以及邻近区域地层学特征,认为该柱状样记录了从晚渐新世至第四纪的沉积历史,期间存在晚渐新世至早上新世、上新世晚期至第四纪早期及第四纪晚期3个时期的沉积间断,上述沉积间断的形成可能是南极底流的形成与增强、CCD界面抬升及海底侵蚀作用增强共同控制的结果。     

The Benedikt hydrothermal system (north-eastern Slovenia)

Records from magnetic signals in Buenos Aires loess–paleosol sequences have been published, but their relationship with environmental changes has been difficult to establish. Studies on the superparamagnetic (SP) population in present soils can help to understand these processes. Samples from present soils (Argiudolls) and a paleosol from the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) were analyzed using low and room temperature magnetic measurements. They show that it is possible to support the hypothesis of a lognormal distribution of superparamagnetic particles, the median diameter near 15 nm. The presence of detritic pseudosingledomain (PSD) titanomagnetite, with low titanium content ranging between TM 28 and TM40, has been established. The linear correlation of SP content with ferrimagnetic susceptibility and with magnetization suggests that ferrimagnetic minerals drive the SP generation. Finally, it can be concluded that SP magnetic grains, in the Pampean plain, are generated by an inorganic process in adequate environmental pH and Eh of the soils.