Changing rainfall inputs in the Volta basin: implications for water sharing in Ghana

We present evidence from the analysis of gridded annual rainfall data that, increased variability and declining rainfall totals are the main cause of declining lake levels in the Volta basin above the Akosombo Dam. West Africa has undergone a period of diminished rainfall, punctuated by a series of severe droughts and marked by a shift in rainfall regime. As a result, lake levels behind the hydro-electric impoundment have fluctuated so widely at times that, power has had to be rationed. The trends in the spatial and temporal variability of annual rainfall in the riparian nations explain the low impoundment levels frequent in recent decades. The drying of Burkina Faso and Mali is particularly marked and synchronous to an apparent shift in the rainfall regime in Ghana towards a longer dry season and vanishing short dry spell, the effects which tend to negate each other. The various regional and temporal associations between El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO) are investigated as a possible cause of variation across the basin. The strengths of these associations and low frequency shifts suggest an unfortunate correspondence between national and climatological boundaries which may serve to heighten regional political tensions resulting from ENSO effects. Lack of re-investment in the Akosombo Dam as a result of management policies, political and pre-construction contractual agreements have all conspired in recent decades to make these hydro-climatological changes more devastating.     

Charnockite composition in relation to the tectonic evolution of East Antarctica

Charnockitic suites in central Dronning Maud Land (DML), Mac.Robertson Land (MRL), and the Bunger Hills area are compositionally varied and probably include both mantle and lower-crustal components. In this paper we present new geological and geochemical data on the DML charnockitic rocks, and compare their geochemistry with that of charnockitic rocks from several other Antarctic high-grade terranes, particularly MRL and the Bunger Hills. These areas have different geological histories and one of the main aims of this study is to investigate possible links between charnockite composition and the tectonic history of their host terranes. Antarctic charnockitic rocks form two distinct compositional groups. 510 Ma DML charnockites are relatively alkalic and ferroan, with high K₂O, Zr, Ga, Fe / Mg, and Ga / Al, and very low MgO, characteristic of A-type (alkaline, commonly anorogenic) granitoids. The more mafic DML rocks, at least, were derived by fractionation of a relatively alkaline high-P–Ti ferrogabbro parent magma. Most other early Palaeozoic charnockitic rocks in Antarctica are of similar composition. In contrast, MRL (c. 980 Ma) and Bunger Hills (c. 1170 Ma) charnockites are mainly calc-alkalic or calcic and magnesian, and the associated mafic components are tholeiitic. MRL and Bunger Hills charnockites are late-orogenic, whereas DML charnockites are post-orogenic, and appear to have been emplaced after post-collision extension and decompression. These two mineralogically and geochemically distinct charnockite groups may thus reflect a compositional trend in an evolving orogen, either accretional or collisional, respectively.     

Characterization and appraisal of facets influencing geochemistry of groundwater in the Kulpawn sub-basin of the White Volta Basin, Ghana

Groundwater composition in the Kulpawn basin is largely controlled by aluminosilicates dissolution and cation exchange resulting in mainly Ca-Mg-HCO₃ and NaHCO₃ water types. Principal component analysis, Piper graphical classification, and stable isotope (¹⁸O and ²H) of groundwater and surface-water samples were used to delineate geochemical processes and groundwater facies. The groundwater is mildly acid to neutral and low in conductivity. Chemical constituents except HCO₃ ⁻ and SiO₂ have low concentration. No cation shows clear majority, however, the order of relative abundance is Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺. HCO₃ ⁻ is the predominant anion and the order of abundance is HCO₃ ⁻ > NO₃ ⁻ > SO₄ ²⁻ > Cl⁻. SiO₂ concentration is high compared with the major cations. Dissolution of plagioclase, pyroxene and biotite and cation exchange are responsible for groundwater composition. Isotopic data suggest integrative, smooth and rapid recharge from meteoric origin. The groundwater quality is generally good for domestic usage; however, 18 and 47% of boreholes respectively have NO₃ ⁻ and F⁻ levels outside WHO recommended limits suggesting potential physiological problems in some localities. The groundwater has low sodium absorption ratio and low to moderate salinity hazard but significant magnesium hazard partially limiting its use for irrigation.     

Lithostratigraphy of the Windermere Supergroup,Northern England

A formal lithostratigraphy is erected for the Late Ordovician and Silurian rocks of northern England. The scheme presented herein emphasizes natural depositional sequences within the supergroup and defines new type sections or cites existing definitions where appropriate. It is intended to be sufficiently flexible and comprehensive to apply to all the inliers, and to bear some rational relationship to lithostratigraphical usage in other British Lower Palaeozoic inliers.     

塔里木盆地巴楚隆起古董山断裂带构造分析

古董山断裂构造带位于塔里木盆地西部的巴楚隆起上,走向北西-南东,延伸140 km左右。基于地震剖面的详细解释,识别出4期构造变形：寒武-奥陶纪正断层、二叠纪正断层、中新世冲断层、上新世-更新世冲断层及其伴生的正断层。中新世基底卷入型冲断层是古董山构造带的主控断裂构造,构成断裂带的主体,构造变形样式为断层传播褶皱。寒武-奥陶纪正断层形成复式地垒,隐伏于中新世主干断层之下。二叠纪正断层可能伴生有岩浆活动。先存的正断层和岩浆岩对古董山中新世断裂活动具有明显的控制作用;后期的断裂活动,即上新世-更新世逆冲断层和正断层,对中新世形成的断裂构造有改造作用。古董山断裂带东南端与玛扎塔格构造带西端交汇,但两者不是同一条断裂带。     

Provenance ages of the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup (Central African Copperbelt), with implications for basin evolution

New age data on detrital zircons and micas are presented from key units within the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup, which hosts the major stratiform Cu–Co deposits of the Central African Copperbelt. Detrital zircon ages indicate a mainly Palaeoproterozoic (between 2081 ± 28 and 1836 ± 26 Ma) provenance for the Katanga basin, derived from the Lufubu Metamorphic Complex of the Kafue Anticline and the Bangweulu Block to the north of the outcrop belt. Detrital zircons and clasts from the Grand Conglomerat glacial diamictite indicate a source from the Palaeoproterozoic metavolcanic porphyries and granitoids of Luina Dome region, which was a basement high during Nguba Group deposition. Minor zircons of Mesoproterozoic age may have been derived from the Kibaran belt. Finally, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age data from detrital muscovites from Biano Group siltstones give a maximum age of sedimentation of 573 Ma, strongly supporting previous models that the Biano Group was deposited in a foreland basin of the Lufilian Orogen.     

Meso-Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Dangyang Basin,north-central Yangtze craton,central China

Based on detailed structural data and available tectonic chronological data from the Dangyang Basin, the authors propose that the north-central Yangtze craton experienced three stages of tectonic evolution since Late Triassic time. In the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (T₃–J₁), due to the Indosinian orogeny, nearly N–S compression and shortening occurred, which initiated the Dangyang Basin as a foreland basin of the Qinling–Dabie orogen. During the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (J₃–K₁) period, the Yanshanian intracontinental orogeny caused contemporaneous NE–SW and NW–SE shortening, which resulted in intense folding of the foreland basin; contraction formed a brush structure diverging in a SE direction and strongly converging in a NW direction around the Huangling anticline. In the Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene, the Yuan'an and Hanshui grabens were separated from other parts of the Dangyang Basin due to post-orogenic ENE–WSW extension. Finally, at the end of the Palaeogene, ENE–WSW shortening led to inversion and deformation of the grabens.     

Subsidence Analysis and Burial History of the Late Carboniferous to Early Jurassic Soutpansberg Basin, Limpopo Province, South Africa

The subsidence history of the Soutpansberg Basin was reconstructed by a tectonic subsidence analysis coupled with backstripping calculations based on data of newly interpreted sequence boundaries. Furthermore,burial and time plots were constructed in order to understand the burial and thermal history of the basin. Input data were based on facies,lithostratigraphic models and tectonic interpretations. The studied succession is up to 1000 m and is underlain by the Achaean Limpopo Mobile Belt. The subsidence within the basin supports the primary graben system which must have been centred within the present basins,and later became a region of faulting. The subsidence and burial history curves suggests two phases of rapid subsidence during the Early-Late Permian(300–230 Ma) and Middle Triassic(215–230 Ma). The areas of greater extension subsided more rapidly during these intervals. Two slow subsidence phases are observed during the Late Triassic(215–198 Ma) and Early Jurassic(198–100 Ma). These intervals represent the post-rift thermal subsidence and are interpreted as slow flexural subsidence. Based on these observations on the subsidence curves,it is possible to infer that the first stage of positive inflexion(300 Ma) is therefore recognised as the first stage of the Soutpansberg Basin formation.     

Deformation Pattern in the Kurnool and Nallarnalai Groups in the Northeastern Part (Palnad Area) of the Cuddapah Basin, South India and its Implication on Rodinia/Gondwana Tectonics

The Proterozoic basins of India adjoining the Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt (EGGB) in eastern and southern India contain both Mesproterozoic and Neoproterozoic successions. The intracratonic set-up and contractional deformation fo the Neoproterozoc successions in the Paland sub-basin in the northeastern part of Cuddapah basin and similar crustal shortening in contemporaneous successions lying west of the EGGB and Nellore Schist Belt (NSB) are considered in relation to the proposed geodynamic evolution of the the Rodinia and Gondwana supercontinents. Tectonic shortening in the Palnad sub-basin (northeast Cuddapah), partitioned into top-to-westnorthwest thrust shear, flexural folds and cleavage development under overall E-W contraction, suggests foreland style continental shortening within an intracratonic set-up. A thrust sheet containing the Nallamalai rocks and overlying the Kurnool rocks in the northeastern part of Palnad sub-basin exhibits early tight to isoclinal folds and slaty (phylllitic) cleavage, which can be correlated with early Mesoproterozoic deformation structures in the nothern Nallamalai Fold Belt (NFB). NNE-SSW trending folds and cleavage affect the Kurnool Group and overprint earlier structures in the thrust sheet. Thrusting of the Nallamalai rocks and the later structures may have been related to convergence of the Eastern Ghats terrane and the East-Dharwar-Bastar craton during Early Neoproterozoic (Greenvillian) and/or later rejuvenation related to Pan-African amalgamation of East and West Gondwana.     

Neoproterozoic crustal evolution in Southern Chad: Pan-African ocean basin closing, arc accretion and late- to post-orogenic granitic intrusion

In the Lake Léré region, southern Chad, Neoproterozoic terrains are distributed in four lithostructural groups that reveal the geotectonic evolution of a part of the Pan-African orogenic domain. The first group includes basaltic volcanic rocks and fine-grained detrital sedimentary rocks of pre-tectonic basins that were emplaced in an extensional regime, close to a volcanic arc. The second and third groups include calc-alkaline gabbroic intrusions emplaced at an upper crustal level and a midcrustal tonalite, respectively, that are interpreted to be the roots of an active margin volcanic arc. These first three groups experienced WNW to ESE compression, and may belong to a fore-arc basic—volcanic arc—back-arc basin system that was accreted eastward to the Palaeoproterozoic Adamaoua-Yadé Block. The fourth group includes post-tectonic granite plutons invading the older groups. This paper documents the accretion processes in the southern margin of the Saharan Metacraton.     

Stratigraphic record in the transition from basin floor to continental slope sedimentation in the ancient passive-margin Windermere turbidite system

Well-exposed, vertically dipping, glacially polished outcrops of the Neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup in the southern Canadian Cordillera include basin-floor deposits of the Upper Kaza Group overlain by slope channel complexes of the Isaac Formation. Within the 2·5 km thick Kaza and Isaac succession is an up to 360 m thick interval composed of diverse deep-water stratal elements including scour and interscour deposits, distributary channels, fine-grained turbidites, terminal splays, mass-transport deposits, erosional and levéed channels and avulsion splays, which collectively were formed during the development of an ancient passive-margin channel-lobe system. The proportion and vertical and lateral arrangement of stratal elements reveal three distinct complexes. The lower complex, consisting mostly of distributary channels and small and large scours, is interpreted to represent the detachment of lobes from an upflow levéed channel, wherein a well-developed channel-lobe transition zone was formed by efficient, siliciclastic flows during a period of sustained transport bypass and limited deposition coincident with the onset of falling relative sea level. The middle, comparatively thicker and more sandstone-rich complex, comprises distributary channel fills, fine-grained turbidites and lesser terminal splays that are interspersed with small scours, capped by a slope levéed channel filled with coarser-grained siliciclastic sediment. The abundance of basin-floor elements suggests negligible separation between the levéed channel and lobe, and therefore a poorly-developed channel-lobe transition zone, resulting from inefficient, siliciclastic-rich depositional flows that became dominant during lowstand and/or ensuing transgression. The stratal makeup of the upper complex resembles the lower detached complex, suggesting a return to efficient flows, and an abrupt change to mixed carbonate–siliciclastic sediments associated with highstand conditions. Accordingly, the stratigraphic architecture and stacking pattern of the Kaza–Isaac interval, which relate to the formation of multiple channel-lobe transition zones, were controlled by temporal changes in sediment supply and flow characteristics during the long-term progradation of the Laurentian continental margin.     

Provenance of sandstones from the Neoproterozoic Bombouaka Group of the Volta Basin,northeastern Ghana

The provenance and tectonic setting of sandstones from the Bombouaka Group of the Voltaian Supergroup, in the northeastern part of Ghana, have been constrained from their petrography and whole-rock geochemistry. Modal analysis carried out by point-counting sandstone samples indicates that they are quartz arenites. The index of compositional variability values and SiO₂/Al₂O₃, Zr/Sc, and Th/Sc values indicates that the sediments are mature. The sandstones are depleted in CaO and Na₂O. They are, however, enriched in K₂O, Ba, and Rb relative to average Neoproterozoic upper crust. These characteristics reflect intense chemical weathering in the source region as proven by high weathering indices (i.e., CIA, PIA, and CIW). In comparison with average Neoproterozoic upper crust, the sandstones show depletion by transition metals and enrichment by high field strength elements. They generally show chondrite-normalized fractionated light rare-earth element (LREE) patterns (average La_N/Sm_N = 4.40), negative Eu anomalies (average Eu/Eu* = 0.61), and generally flat heavy rare-earth elements (HREE) (average Gd_N/Yb_N = 1.13). The sandstones have La/Sc, Th/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, Th/Cr, and Eu/Eu* ratios similar to those of sandstones derived from felsic source. Mixing calculations using the rare-earth elements (REE) suggests 48% tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite and 52% granite as possible proportions for the source of the sandstones. Both the petrographic and whole-rock geochemical data point to a passive margin setting for the sandstones from the Bombouaka Group.     

Neoproterozoic Deformation at a Boundary Zone Between the Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt and Pakhal Basin, SE India: Strain Analysis of Deformed Pebbles

In the Kinnerasani area in southeastern India, the terrain boundary between the Archean Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt and the Proterozoic Pakhal Supergroup overlying the Dharwar-Bastar cratons can be observed. We analyzed the mesoscopic and microscopic structural features of the highly deformed pebbles in the basal conglomerate bed of the Pakhal Supergroup that occurs at the terrain boundary. The results of the analysis of the pebbles suggest that: 1) deformation of pebbles resulted from ductile deformation during peak metamorphism 2) the mode of strain is plane strain to constrictive and maximum elongation located to be vertical and 3) the apparent stretch of the pebbles is up to 300%.In the Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt, quartz grains constituting the quartz layer of the feldspathized gneiss folded by the last-phase deformation also show vertical maximum stretching in constrictive strain. This observation suggests that the deformational features, at least the mode of strain, during the last-phase deformation is comparable to the deformation forming elongated pebbles of the Pakhal conglomerate. The last-phase deformation structures of the Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt are well observed near the terrain boundary. This indicates that the Pakhal deformation overprinted the rocks of the Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt near the boundary, and that their tectonic juxtaposition occurred during or before this deformation period. Because the Pakhal deformation took place during or soon after the peak metamorphism of the Pakhal Supergroup, which is known to be 1000 Ma, and the last metamorphism of the Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt in the Khammam area were reported to be 1100 Ma. The tectonic juxtaposition between the Pakhal Supergroup and Nellore-Khammam Schist Belt was around 10001100 Ma.     

Lithostratigraphy and depositional environment of the Permian Nowra Sandstone in the southwestern Sydney Basin,Australia

Lithofacies in the mid‐Permian Nowra Sandstone indicate a middle/upper shoreface to foreshore environment of deposition under the influence of storm‐generated waves and north‐northeasterly directed longshore currents. Palaeogeographic reconstruction for the Nowra Sandstone portrays a sand‐dominated high energy shelf and offshore shoal forming a sequence thickening seaward away from the western shore of the Sydney Basin. The shoal‐crest at the outer edge of the shelf trends north‐northeast. It is characterized by fine‐ to medium‐grained sandstone with upper flow regime structures and a high proportion of conglomerate, whereas coarser sandstone with lower energy bedforms occurs along the seaward side of the shoal. In the deeper water to the east, the lower Nowra Sandstone becomes rapidly thinner as it passes seaward, via bioturbated storm redeposited sandstone beds, into the shelf deposits of the Wandrawandian Siltstone. This sequence accumulated during a regressive event and the base of the formation becomes progressively younger eastward. The sand may have been supplied by rivers along the western coast but the major source was south of the study area. The lower Nowra Sandstone is separated from the upper part of the formation by an extensive ravinement surface overlain by the Purnoo Conglomerate Member. In contrast to the lower unit, the upper Nowra Sandstone forms a westward thickening wedge that represents a backstepping nearshore sand facies that accumulated during a transgression. The upper Nowra Sandstone passes vertically and laterally eastward into the Berry Siltstone. Thus both boundaries of the Nowra Sandstone are diachronous, first younging eastward and then westward as a response to a regressive‐transgressive episode.     

扬子西缘泛非造山与绵阳－长宁克拉通裂陷的沉积充填过程研究

四川盆地安岳震旦—寒武系特大型气田的发现,掀起了探索四川盆地深层油气勘探新领域的热潮。然而对于川西北深层原型盆地沉积充填过程及其动力学机制的认识尚处于探索阶段。本文通过对扬子西北缘及盆内典型钻井震旦—寒武纪地层序列的综合调查与区域对比研究,基于关键事件序列的系统厘定,重建了扬子西北缘及邻区新元古代—寒武纪原型盆地沉积充填格架;对比全球冈瓦纳大陆汇聚与泛非造山过程,系统厘定了泛非运动在扬子西缘的沉积－构造－岩浆作用记录,进一步明确了华南扬子克拉通为新元古代末期冈瓦纳大陆的一部分。同时,结合盆内最新深层钻井和二维地震资料解析,研究认为绵阳－长宁克拉通边缘裂陷的成生、发展、充填与折返隆升过程主要受控于扬子西缘的泛非期弧后伸展、弧陆碰撞及陆陆碰撞造山过程,研究提出绵阳－长宁克拉通边缘裂陷经历了如下6个演化阶段：①陡山沱早期克拉通边缘裂陷开启,表现为克拉通边缘的裂陷与快速沉降;②陡山沱晚期—灯影早期为克拉通裂陷的持续沉降与克拉通碳酸盐台地的补偿性生长,区域沉积分异明显;③灯影晚期为克拉通裂陷扩展、定型与碳酸盐台地的活化与重建;④麦地坪期为克拉通边缘的差异隆升与碳酸盐台地的风化剥蚀;⑤筇竹寺期为克拉通增生陆块边缘的构造活化与克拉通边缘的挤压挠曲沉降;⑥沧浪铺期为陆陆碰撞造山与克拉通边缘裂陷的快速充填。至沧浪铺末期,绵阳－长宁克拉通裂陷沉积充填结束,并快速折返隆升为天井山－川中古隆起。因此,本文对扬子西缘克拉通边缘裂陷的盆地动力学过程重塑,不仅为华南板块在冈瓦纳古大陆重建中的构造定位提供了新资料,亦将对探索川西北乃至四川盆地深层油气勘探新领域、新方向具有重要的启示意义。     

尼日尔Termit盆地及其周缘晚白垩世古地理演化

Termit盆地及其周缘是中西非裂谷中典型的中、新生代裂谷盆地,也是中石油海外最具潜力的风险勘探区,但由于多期构造运动的复杂性,研究区晚白垩世的古地理演化缺乏系统的分析研究。本文将Termit盆地及其周缘作为研究区域,在构造演化的基础上利用地球化学、地层学及地球物理等手段进一步分析了研究区的古沉积环境、古气候及古物源,最终明确了晚白垩世的古沉积演化。研究认为,晚白垩世早期的森诺曼阶（Cenomanian）研究区开始发生海侵,三冬阶（Santonian）时期达到最大海侵范围,之后开始逐渐海退的过程。马斯特里赫特阶（Maastrichtian）时期的区域构造挤压事件使盆地形态发生改变,该构造事件最终以区域不整合结束。地球化学资料、岩性资料以及地震资料综合表明,森诺曼阶（Cenomanian）-三冬阶（Santonian）时期研究区处于偏还原的浅海陆架沉积,属典型的热带气候,接受来自北东向的物源供给;至坎潘阶（Campanian）-马斯特里赫特阶（Maastrichtian）时期,伴随着海平面的下降,研究区由海相沉积逐渐转变为海陆过渡相沉积,且物源主要来自于北东及南西两个方向。本次研究明确了Termit盆地及其周缘在晚白垩世的古沉积演化过程,这为进一步明确研究区的沉积体系及砂体的预测提供了理论依据。     

青藏高原东北缘若尔盖盆地晚新近纪沉积的岩石地层学

通过野外地质填图和系统取样,以岩石地层特征为基础,以新构造运动为背景,按照多重地层划分观点,本文首次对若尔盖盆地晚新近纪岩石地层的对比和划分做了深入的研究。对黄河干流、白河支流和黑河支流水系的河道堆积岩石的典型剖面的研究,表明更新-全新世的不同发展阶段具有不同的特征;相同时期不同水系的沉积物也不尽相同,反映出盆地晚新近纪地层的发育过程及空间上的差异。对冰川堆积终碛垄测年等研究反映出末次盛冰期和全新世中几次较强的寒冷事件,并划分出4套冰碛层。综合前人的古脊椎动物化石和¹⁴C、TL、OSL和ESR等同位素测年资料,将为进一步提出研究区晚新近纪年代地层的划分奠定基础。     

西昆仑-塔西南坳陷晚古生代以来的沉积构造演化

自柯克亚深层油气勘探取得突破以来,塔西南坳陷一直受到各类地质学家的广泛关注,有关该盆地的形成和演化历史及其油气资源评价近年来更是成为人们的研究热点.本文在总结前人资料的基础上,探讨塔西南和西昆仑地区自晚古生代以来所经历的构造及沉积格架的演变过程,对塔西南坳陷性质及其演化阶段划分所存在的争议进行了归纳,分析了塔西南-西昆仑这一盆山体系形成和演化中的构造变形和沉积记录.总体来说,根据现有沉积和构造变形资料,中生代之前西昆仑和塔西南坳陷分别处于同一构造背景下的不同沉积单元;二者之间盆山体系的形成主要自晚侏罗世-早白垩世,中-上新世是造盆造山作用机制发生重大转折的时期,或者说早更新世末的构造运动基本上奠定了西昆仑.塔里木盆地南缘现今的盆-山构造格架.     

Stratotype of the Chaya Formation of the Akitkan Group in the North Baikal volcanoplutonic belt: age and time of sedimentation

With U-Pb zircon dating, we determined the age of rhyodacites composing sedimentary covers among coarse-terrigenous rocks of the lowermost Chaya Formation of the Akitkan Group (North Baikal volcanoplutonic belt). These rocks are considered to have formed during the sedimentation. The dates (1863±9 Ma) permitted estimation of the age of basal beds of the Chaya Formation and substantiate the age boundary between the Khibelen and Chaya Formations of the Akitkan Group. The determined age and earlier dates of igneous rocks intruding the Chaya Formation deposits suggest that the latter accumulated for 10 Myr.     

塔里木盆地克拉通区天然气碳同位素与成熟度关系探讨

气藏中天然气碳同位素的轻重不仅反映了母质继续效应和成熟效应,同时也取决于累积、散失、混合效应。塔里木盆地３个古隆起（中、 塔北和巴楚）区的天然气均主要来自寒武系一下奥陶统烃财。塔中地区保存条件好,天然气聚集时期长,为连续聚气区,其累积效应强,碳同位素普遍偏轻;塔北和 扎塔格地区保存状况相对较差,天然气聚集期短,累积效应弱,碳同位素值重了区。塔中北皮一些奥陶第 藏由于有中上奥陶统生成的低熟气－生物气