Facies characterization of the Surma Group (Miocene) sediments from Jalalabad gas field,Sylhet trough,Bangladesh: Study from cores and wireline log

The Sylhet trough located on the north-eastern margin of present Bengal basin, contains ~22 km of Tertiary sediments and well known as a hydrocarbon producing province. A detailed facies characterization of the subsurface Miocene Surma Group sediments (especial emphasis on reservoirs sandstones) from Jalalabad gas field within the Sylhet trough has been done using core log analysis and wireline log (gamma ray) interpretation. Texture and sedimentary structures of the cores suggests that the nine individual lithofacies types which can be grouped together into three facies associations, namely, fine-grained facies associations (FFA), medium-grained facies association (MFA) and coarse-grained facies associations (CFA). Major changes in gamma ray log motifs and various bounding discontinuities indicate six para-sequence sets (basin wide) and twenty eight para-sequences (local environmental changes) within the depth range from 2200-2800 m. Detailed facies analysis of the cores and wireline log reveals that the interbedding facies within the associations in the Surma Group commonly develop small-scale fining-upward (FU) cycles, coarsening-upward (CU) and random intercalations (RD). The sediments of the Surma Group of the Jalalabad field have been interpreted as deposits of the shallow marine to tide-dominated deltaic depositional setting. The cyclic nature of sedimentation pattern of the Surma Group probably records an almost continuous existence of this prograding deltaic regime and a tectonic setting characterized by a mixture of prolonged basin subsidence and regional transgression coupled with sporadic regressive phases.     

A review of the stratigraphy and geological setting of the Palaeoproterozoic Magondi Supergroup,Zimbabwe – Type locality for the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion

The Palaeoproterozoic Magondi Supergroup lies unconformably on the Archaean granitoid-greenstone terrain of the Zimbabwe Craton and experienced deformation and metamorphism at 2.06–1.96 Ga to form the Magondi Mobile Belt. The Magondi Supergroup comprises three lithostratigraphic units. Volcano-sedimentary rift deposits (Deweras Group) are unconformably overlain by passive margin, back-arc, and foreland basin sedimentary successions, including shallow-marine sedimentary rocks (Lomagundi Group) in the east, and deeper-water shelf to continental slope deposits in the west (Piriwiri Group). Based on the upward-coarsening trend and presence of volcanic rocks at the top of the Piriwiri and Lomagundi groups, the Piriwiri Group is considered to be a distal, deeper-water time-equivalent of the Lomagundi Group. The Magondi Supergroup experienced low-grade metamorphism in the southeastern zone, but the grade increases to upper greenschist and amphibolite facies grade to the north along strike and, more dramatically, across strike to the west, reaching upper amphibolite to granulite facies in the Piriwiri Group.     

Depositional facies of the subsurface Neogene Surma Group in the Sylhet Trough of the Bengal Basin,Bangladesh: record of tidal sedimentation

The Bengal Basin, in the north-eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, contains a thick (± 22 km) early Cretaceous-Holocene sedimentary succession. The Neogene succession in the Sylhet Trough of the basin reaches a thickness of more than 6 km of which the Surma Group contains important sandstone reservoirs. Lithologically, the group consists of a succession of alternating shales, siltstones, sandy shales and sandstones, with minor conglomerates. This research work is a sedimentological analysis of the subsurface Neogene succession encountered in the petroleum exploration wells in the Sylhet Trough of the Bengal Basin. Detailed lithologic logs of the cores, based on considering texture and sedimentary structure, permit a subdivision into eight lithofacies, e.g., a shale-dominated facies, interbedded fine sandstones and mudstones, ripple-laminated sandstones, parallel-laminated sandstones, massive sandstones, cross-bedded sandstones, cross-bedded sandstones with pebble/granule lag and conglomerates. Characteristic sedimentary structures of the Surma Group, such as flaser-, wavy- and lenticular-bedding, bipolarity of ripple cross-stratification, evenly laminated sand/silt-streaked shales, reactivation surfaces within cross-bedded sandstone sets, mud-drapes on foreset laminae and herringbone cross-stratification as well as small-scale vertical sequences (several fining-upward cycles) are diagnostic for tidal influence. On the basis of the lithofacies associations and prograding character of the deposits revealed from the electrofacies associations, the Surma Group sediments have been interpreted as representing deposits of tide-dominated deltaic depositional setting.     

Facies and sequence stratigraphic analysis in an intracratonic, thermal-relaxation basin: the Early Proterozoic, Lower Quilalar Formation and Ballara Quartzite, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia

The Quilalar Formation and correlative Mary Kathleen Group in the Mount Isa Inlier, Australia, conformably overlie rift-related volcanics and sediments and non-conformably overlie basement rocks. They represent a thermal-relaxation phase of sedimentation between 1780 and 1740 Ma. Facies analysis of the lower siliciclastic member of the Quilalar Formation and the coeval Ballara Quartzite permits discrimination of depositional systems that were restricted areally to either N-S-trending marginal platform or central trough palaeogeographic settings. Four depositional systems, each consisting of several facies, are represented in the lower Quilalar Formation-Ballara Quartzite; these are categorized broadly as storm-dominated shelf (SDS), continental (C), tide-dominated shelf (TDS) and wave-dominated shoreline (WDS). SDS facies consist either of black pyritic mudstone intervals up to 10 m thick, or mudstone and sandstone associated in 6–12-m-thick, coarsening-upward parasequences. Black mudstones are interpreted as condensed sections that developed as a result of slow sedimentation in an outer-shelf setting starved of siliciclastic influx. Vertical transition of facies in parasequences reflects flooding followed by shoaling of different shelf subenvironments; the shoreface contains evidence of subaerial exposure. Continental facies consist of fining-upward parasequences of fluvial origin and tabular, 0·4–4-m-thick, aeolian parasequences. TDS facies are represented by stacked, tabular parasequences between 0·5 and 5 m thick. Vertical arrangement of facies in parasequences reflects flooding and establishment of a tidal shelf followed by shoaling to intertidal conditions. WDS facies are preserved in 0·5–3-m-thick, stacked, tabular parasequences. Vertical transition of facies reflects initial flooding with wave reworking of underlying arenites along a ravinement surface, followed by shoaling from lower shoreface to foreshore conditions. Parasequences are stacked in retrogradational and progradational parasequence sets. Retrogradational sets consist of thin SDS parasequences in the trough, and C, TDS and probably WDS parasequences on the platforms. Thick SDS parasequences in the trough, and TDS, subordinate C and probably WDS parasequences on the platforms make up progradational parasequence sets. Depositional systems are associated in systems tracts that make up 40–140-m-thick sequences bounded by type-2 sequence boundaries that are disconformities. Transgressive systems tracts consist of C, TDS and probably WDS depositional systems on the platforms and the SDS depositional system and suspension mudstone deposits in the trough. The transgressive systems tract is characterized by retrogradational parasequence sets and developed in response to accelerating rates of sea-level rise following lowstand. Condensed-section deposits in the trough, and the thickest TDS parasequences on the platforms reflect maximum rates of sea-level rise and define maximum flooding surfaces. Highstand systems tract deposits are progradational. Early highstand systems tracts are represented by TDS and probably WDS depositional systems on the platforms and suspension mudstone deposits in the trough and reflect decreasing rates of sea-level rise. Later highstand systems tracts consist of the progradational SDS depositional system in the trough and, possibly, thin continental facies on the platforms. This stage of sequence development is related to slow rates of sea-level rise, stillstand and slow rates of fall. Lowstand deposits of shelf-margin systems tracts are not recognized but may be represented by shoreface deposits at the top of progradational SDS parasequence sets.     

Sedimentological synthesis of permian fluviatile sediments of East Bokaro basin,Bihar, India

The early Permian Karharbari and Barakar formations of East Bokaro basin comprise the following lithofacies:Lithofacies A, consisting of monomictic cobble- and pebble-conglomerate including pebbly sandstone, with faint crossbeds; deposited mainly by high-velocity aqueous currents as channel-lag deposit or longitudinal bars.Lithofacies B, coarse to medium sandstone, profusely crossbedded; interpreted as channel facies formed by downcurrent migration of sand bars in low-sinuosity streams.Lithofacies C, mainly fine sandstone with interbedded siltstone, characterised by small-scale ripple-lamination; formed in a low-energy environment such as swale-fill and/or overbank deposits.Lithofacies D, including carbonaceous shale and coal, with lack-of-current structures, indicating quiet-water deposition; interpreted as backswamp and lacustrine deposits.The overall context of the Karharbari and Barakar assemblage with relative abundance of pebbly coarse sandstone in the former and fine clastics in the latter, the presence of fining-upward cycles, widespread development of tabular and trough crossbedding and sample to sample variation of foreset azimuths, all suggest a generally alluvial environment. Analysis of crossbedding dip azimuth and dimensional fabric suggest that the sediment milieu in either case consisted of streams flowing persistently from the south-southeast to north-northwest direction. It is inferred that the unidirectional system of streams flowing across the East Bokaro basin changes systematically in channel sinuosity through time.     

Synorogenic alluvial-fan – fan-delta deposition in the Papuan foreland basin: Plio-Pleistocene Era Formation,Papua New Guinea

The Pliocene to possibly Pleistocene uppermost Orubadi and Era Formations, southwest margin of the Papuan Peninsula, are interpreted as having been deposited in alluvial-fan, fan-delta and shallow-marine environments. The alluvial-fan facies consists primarily of lenticular, coarse-grained conglomerate (up to 2 m boulders) and cross-bedded and horizontally laminated sandstone. Conglomerate and sandstone were deposited in shallow fluvial channels and by overbank sheetfloods. The facies also contains thick mudflow diamictite and minor tuff and terrestrial mudstone. The shallow-marine and fan-delta facies, in contrast, consists of heterogeneously interbedded marine and terrestrial mudstone, sandstone, diamictite, conglomerate and limestone. Marine mudstone is calcareous, sandy, bioturbated, and contains marine shells. Limestone is mostly packstone that has a varied, open-marine fauna. Rare coral boundstone is also present. Marine sandstone is burrowed to bioturbated and is hummocky cross-stratified in places. Some marine mudstone contains sandstone pillows formed by loading of unconsolidated sand by storm waves. Other sandstone in the fan-delta facies is cross-bedded, lacks shells and was probably deposited by fluvial processes. Several conglomerate beds in the fan-delta facies are well sorted and imbricated and were also deposited by stream floods. The synorogenic Orubadi and Era Formations were deposited in a foreland basin formed from loading of the Papuan–Aure Fold and Thrust Belt on the edge of the Australian craton. Deformation in the fold and thrust belt was probably related to docking and compression of the Finisterre Terrane–Bismarck Arc against the New Guinea Orogen. The Era Formation interfingers with the reefal Wedge Hill Limestone in which reef facies likely grew on a deforming anticline. Era Formation siliciclastics were sourced from volcanic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks that were uplifted in the orogen to the northeast. Volcanic sediment was derived mostly from a then-active volcanic arc likely related to southward subduction at the Trobriand Trough.     

Tectonic setting and sedimentology of Ganga River sediments, India

The Ganga basin provides a present-day example of a peripheral foreland basin. The course of the river is controlled by Himalayan tectonics. Three main types of architectural elements, such as channels (CH), sandy bedforms (SB) and overbank fines (OF) have been developed in Ganga River sediments. The channels (CH) include gravelly (Gs) and sandy channel (Ss) lithofacies. The sandy bedforms (SB) include trough cross-stratified (St), planar cross-stratified (Sp), horizontal stratified (Sh), sandy massive (Sm) and climbing ripple cross-laminated (Sr) lithofacies, all of which are active channel deposits. The overbank fines (OF) include massive silt and clay (Fm), parallel laminated silt and clay (FI) and climbing ripple cross-laminated (Sr) lithofacies. Mega units have been developed in the lower part of the active channel deposits, while small units have been developed in the upper part of active channel deposits, in inactive channel deposits and overbank fines. This study illustrates the seasonal and tectonic control on sedimentation. Petrofacies studies of the sediments indicate a recycled orogen provenance. The sediments are derived from rapidly uplifted fault blocks comprising granite, gneiss and basic and ultrabasic rocks. Lack of textural and compositional maturity suggests a local source of derivation. The principal control on sand composition is source lithology. The hot and humid climate may slightly increase the content of quartz in sand derived from reworked foreland basin sediments. but the effect is neither sufficient to shift the sand compositions out of the recycled orogen field nor does it obscure composition mixing patterns.     

Sedimentology and foreland basin paleogeography during Taiwan arc continent collision

The Western foreland basin in Taiwan originated through the oblique collision between the Luzon volcanic arc and the Asian passive margin. Crustal flexure adjacent to the growing orogenic load created a subsiding foreland basin. The sedimentary record reveals progressively changing sedimentary environments influenced by the orogen approaching from the East. Based on sedimentary facies distribution at five key stratigraphic horizons, paleogeographic maps were constructed. The maps highlight the complicated basin-wide dynamics of sediment dispersal within an evolving foreland basin.The basin physiography changed very little from the middle Miocene (∼12.5 Ma) to the late Pliocene (∼3 Ma). The transition from a passive margin to foreland basin setting in the late Pliocene (∼3 Ma), during deposition of the mud-dominated Chinshui Shale, is dominantly marked by a deepening and widening of the main depositional basin. These finer grained Taiwan derived sediments clearly indicate increased subsidence, though water depths remain relatively shallow, and sedimentation associated with the approach of the growing orogen to the East.In the late Pleistocene as the shallow marine wedge ahead of the growing orogen propagated southward, the proximal parts of the basin evolved into a wedge-top setting introducing deformation and sedimentation in the distal basin. Despite high Pleistocene to modern erosion/sedimentation rates, shallow marine facies persist, as the basin remains open to the South and longitudinal transport is sufficient to prevent it from becoming overfilled or even fully terrestrial.Our paleoenvironmental and paleogeographical reconstructions constrain southward propagation rates in the range of 5–20 km/Myr from 2 Ma to 0.5 Ma, and 106–120 km/Myr between late Pleistocene and present (0.5–0 Ma). The initial rates are not synchronous with the migration of the sediment depocenters highlighting the complexity of sediment distribution and accumulation in evolving foreland basins.     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9油层组三角洲砂岩沉积特征

通过钻井、录井、测井及岩心等资料的综合分析,识别出辫状河三角洲和曲流河三角洲是鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长9油层组主要的三角洲沉积相类型。辫状河三角洲分布于盆地西部,辫状分流河道和辫状水下分流河道发育砂岩,砂岩中主要发育冲刷面、槽状交错层理、板状交错层理和平行层理等,以向上变细的正粒序为主,砂岩粒度概率曲线主要为两段式或三段式。曲流河三角洲分布于盆地东部,陆上分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝发育砂岩,砂岩中主要发育冲刷面、槽状交错层理、板状交错层理、平行层理和砂纹层理等,以向上变细的正粒序为主,也可见向上变粗的逆粒序,砂岩粒度概率曲线主要为两段式或三段式,可见四段式。进一步的对比分析表明,盆地内长9油层组辫状分流河道、辫状水下分流河道和陆上分流河道中砂体最发育,水下分流河道和河口坝砂体次之。     

西藏珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区显生宙沉积演化

位于印度板块北缘和雅鲁藏布江结合带之间的珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区，属于喜马拉雅造山带，是特提斯洋的重要组成部分。自奥陶纪至古近纪约5亿年期间发育一套基本连续的海相沉积，厚度达14 km，是研究特提斯洋形成演化的最佳地区。作者在对该区显生宙地层主干剖面和辅助剖面详细观察研究以及区域地质调查填图的基础上，将珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区显生宙沉积地层划分为海相、海陆过渡相和陆相3个沉积相组、15个沉积相和若干个沉积亚相。作者通过对该区沉积盆地的地层系统、沉积相、沉积特征的系统研究，将珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区显生宙沉积演化划分为6个阶段:1)奥陶纪-泥盆纪为稳定陆表海演化阶段；2)石炭纪-二叠纪为大陆裂谷盆地演化阶段；3)三叠纪-侏罗纪为被动大陆边缘盆地演化阶段；4)早中白垩世为前陆早期复理石盆地演化阶段；5)晚白垩世-古新世为前陆晚期磨拉石盆地演化阶段；6)古近纪-第四纪为造山隆升断陷盆地形成演化阶段。研究结果表明，珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区显生宙沉积盆地经历了由陆表海盆地-大陆裂谷盆地-被动大陆边缘盆地-前陆盆地-断陷盆地的演化过程。     

Sedimentology of early Pliocene sandstones in the south-western Taiwan foreland: Implications for basin physiography in the early stages of collision

This work presents sedimentological observations and interpretations on three detailed sections of the Pliocene Yutengping/Ailiaochiao formations, deposited in the early stages of collision in Taiwan. Seven facies associations record paleoenvironments of deposition ranging from nearshore to lower offshore with a strong influence of tidal reworking, even in shelfal sub-tidal environments, and a pro-delta setting characterized by mass-flows. The association of shallow facies of the upper offshore to lower shoreface with pro-delta turbidite facies sourced in the orogen to the east suggests a peculiar setting in which turbidite deposition occurred below wave base but on the shelf, in water depths of probably less than 100 m. This adds to the examples of “shallow turbidites” increasingly commonly found in foreland basins and challenges the classical view of a “deep” early underfilled foreland basin. Time series analysis on tidal rhythmites allow us to identify a yearly signal in the form of periodic changes of sand-supply, energy and bioturbation that suggests a marked seasonality possibly affecting precipitation and sediment delivery as well as temperature. The Taiwan foreland basin may also present a potentially high-resolution record in shallow sediments of the early installation of monsoonal circulation patterns in east Asia. We confirm partly the paleogeography during the early stages of collision in Taiwan: the Chinese margin displayed a pronounced non-cylindrical geometry with a large basement promontory to the west in place of the modern Taiwan mountain range. Collision in Taiwan may have happened at once along the whole length of the modern mountain range, instead of progressively from north to south as classically considered.     

大地构造相在东昆仑造山带地质填图中的应用

不同的造山带是由不同的大地构造相单元组合而成, 大地构造相的划分揭示了造山带的基本框架和形成演化的规律.在对东昆仑造山带1∶2 5万冬给措纳湖幅地质填图中, 以时间演化和大地构造背景为主线, 根据不同演化阶段、不同部位出现的构造古地理单元、盆地类型和物质建造类型, 对填图区大地构造相进行了较精细深入划分, 共划分出七大相类、2 1种相, 如扩张洋脊相、分支(扩张) 海槽相、碳酸盐岩海山相、碳酸盐岩台地相、深海平原相、大陆碎块相、前陆盆地相和磨拉石盆地相等, 编制了1∶2 5万冬给措纳湖幅大地构造相图和造山作用过程与大地构造相演变图.大地构造相在地质填图中的应用进一步深化了造山带填图中的地层单元空间配置关系和盆地沉积充填序列的研究, 较全面细致地揭示了东昆仑造山带东段造山带形成、物质组成及演化过程      

黔东北地区铁丝坳组—大塘坡组细粒沉积岩高精度层序地层特征和充填演化模式

南华系大塘坡组是一套优质烃源岩和潜在非常规油气储层,具有重要的地史研究和油气勘探意义,然而关于其沉积过程及高精度层序地层方面的研究还较为薄弱。作者以黔东北ZK513井岩心描述及薄片观察为主要研究手段,运用了新的细粒沉积物的分类标准,精细划分识别了以石英砂岩、含砾泥质砂岩、灰色泥岩、灰色含砾砂质泥岩、灰色泥质砂岩、黑色炭质–硅质砂质泥岩、黑色含砾炭质–硅质泥质砂岩、灰色石英砂岩、黑色锰质泥岩、黑色泥质粉砂岩、黑灰色泥质粉砂岩、灰黑色泥质粉砂岩、灰色粉砂质泥岩、灰白色泥岩为代表的14种岩相。并根据岩相组合特征识别了陆棚内盆地、深水陆棚、浅水陆棚3种沉积相,以及前滨、冰海浅水陆棚、陆棚内富锰盆地、陆棚内深水盆地、陆棚内盆地边缘、深水陆棚、浅水陆棚7种沉积亚相。据岩相、沉积相分析,认为陆棚内盆地相内LF9黑色锰质泥岩、LF10黑色泥质粉砂岩为烃源岩的有利相区和层段。通过对岩相、沉积相的研究,识别出5个三级层序SQ1—SQ5,以及4个三级层序界面SB1—SB4;在三级层序内部,根据岩相叠加样式并结合沉积构造定量化统计,总结出4种典型的准层序类型,根据准层序的叠加形式识别了三级层序内部若干准层序组,进而识别出5个海侵(TST)—高位(HST)体系域旋回及内部的5次最大海泛面MFS1—MFS5,进而建立单井层序地层格架。综合ZK513井和研究区其他井岩相、沉积相、层序等资料,通过连井对比,建立了黔东北大塘坡组一段沉积期充填演化模式,预测了研究区内有利相区陆棚内盆地的分布,以及相区内富有机质层段LF9—LF10的展布模式。

     

Shelf construction in a foreland basin: storm beds, shelf sandbodies, and shelf-slope depositional sequences in the Upper Cretaceous Mesaverde Group, Book Cliffs, Utah

The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Kenilworth Member of the Blackhawk Formation (Mesaverde Group) is part of a series of strand plain sandstones that intertongue with and overstep the shelfal shales of the western interior basin of North America. Analysis of this section at a combination of small (sedimentological) and large (stratigraphical) scales reveals the dynamics of progradation of a shelf-slope sequence into a subsiding foreland basin. Four major lithofacies are present in the upper Mancos and Kenilworth beds of the Book Cliffs. A lag sandstone and channel-fill shale lithofacies constitutes the thin, basal, transgressive sequence, which rests on a marine erosion surface. It was deposited in an outer shelf environment. Shale, interbedded sandstone and shale, and amalgamated sandstone lithofacies were deposited over the transgressive lag sandstone lithofacies as a wave-dominated delta and its flanking strand plains prograded seaward. Analysis of grain size and primary structures in Kenilworth beds indicates that there are four basic strata types which combine to build the observed lithofacies. The fine- to very fine-grained graded strata of the interbedded facies are tempestites, deposited out of suspension by alongshelf storm flows (geostrophic flows). There is no need to call on cross-shelf turbidity currents (density underflows) to explain their presence. Very fine- to fine-grained hummocky strata are likewise suspension deposits created by waning storm flows, but were deposited under conditions of more intense wave agitation on the middle shoreface. Cross-strata sets in this region are bed-load deposits that accumulated on the upper shore-face, in the surf zone. Lag strata are multi-event, bed-load deposits that are the product of prolonged storm winnowing. They occur on transgressive surfaces. While the graded beds are tempestites in the strict sense, all four classes of strata are storm deposits. The distribution of strata types and their palaeocurrent orientations suggests a model of the Kenilworth transport system driven by downwelling coastal storm flows, and probably by a northeasterly alongshore pressure gradient. The stratification patterns shift systematically from upper shoreface to lower shoreface and inner shelf lithofacies partly because of a reduction in fluid power expenditure with increasing water depth, but also because of progressive sorting, which resulted in a decrease in grain size in the sediment load delivered to successive downstream environments. The Kenilworth Member and an isolated outlier, the Hatch Mesa lentil, constitute a delta-prodelta shelf depositional system. Their rhythmically bedded, lenticular, sandstone and shale successions are a prodelta shelf facies, and may be prodelta plume deposits. Major Upper Cretaceous sandstone tongues in the Book Cliffs are underlain by erosional surfaces like that beneath the Blackhawk Formation, which extend for many tens of kilometres into the Mancos shale. These surfaces are the boundaries of Upper Cretaceous depositional sequences. The sequences are large-scale genetic stratigraphic units. They result from the arranging of facies into depositional systems; the depositional systems are in turn stacked in repeating arrays, which constitute the depositional sequences. The anatomy of these foreland basin sequences differs     

Facies architecture and sequentiality of nearshore and 'shelf'sandbodies; Haystack Mountains Formation, Wyoming, USA

The Haystack Mountains Formation (Campanian, Mesaverde Group, US Western Interior Basin, Wyoming) contains a series of shallow-marine sandbodies, extending tens of kilometres out from a basin margin. The study succession (around 200 m thick) is composed of eight major sandstone tongues (Bolten Ranch, O'Brien Spring, Seminoe 1–2–3–4, Hatfield 1 and 2 members), each partially encased within marine shale intervals. The Formation is ‘sequential’at several scales. At the largest scale, the whole succession presents an aggradational to basinward-stepping stacking pattern of the sandstone tongues. At a lower level, each tongue (member) is characterized internally by two different types of lithosome: the first represents shoreface progradation with hummocky cross-strata passing up to swaley and trough cross-stratified sandstones. This lithosome is erosively truncated at its top in most cases, and has a general sheet-like geometry along strike, whereas down dip it displays a series of sharp-bounded clinothems. The latter sometimes indicate a downward as well as a basinward shift through time, as suggested by the occurrence of coarser and/or shallower facies at a lower level in the shoreface profile. The second type of lithosome is sheet- or wedge-like and sharply overlies the shoreface deposits. The lithosome consists of laterally widespread units of planar tabular to trough cross-bedded medium sandstones passing laterally (in a dip direction) into bioturbated sandstones. The lower part of this lithosome is progradational, becoming retrogradational into the overlying shales. The facies within the cross-bedded lithosome suggest a tidally dominated delta front to estuarine depositional setting. The two types of lithosome are not related genetically. The erosion surface separating the two lithosomes is a sequence boundary separating forced-regressive (relative sea-level fall) shoreface deposits from lowstand to transgressive (early relative sea-level rise), cross-bedded deposits. The uppermost part of the cross-stratified lithosome shows a landward-stepping of component parasequences and is abruptly blanketed by open-marine shales. The most widespread cross-bedded lithosomes are apparently best developed in the lowermost members of the Haystack Mountains Formation, i.e. in the aggradational part of the large-scale progradational succession. In the uppermost, highly progradational sandstone tongues, the shoaling-upward shoreface lithosome dominates, whereas the cross-bedded lithosome occurs in narrow, lensoid belts, or is absent. The middle portion of the succession shows intermediate characteristics. The vertical variation in geometry, thickness and progradational extent of successive cross-bedded lithosomes results from greater confinement of the incised nearshore systems both in space (landward direction) and in time (from the aggradation to the progradation architecture). The latter is a consequence of a decreasing rate of accommodation creation through time.     

A Late Ordovician high-energy temperate-water carbonate ramp,southern Quebec,Canada: implications for Late Ordovician oceanography*

The Trenton Group (Late Ordovician), the youngest carbonate unit in the Taconic foreland basin of southern Quebec, is a tripartite unit with a distinctive coarse-grained middle part, the Deschambault Formation. Lithofacies of the Deschambault Formation are dominated by coarse-grained bioclastic/intraclastic limestones; finer-grained lithofacies are ubiquitous but subordinate. The complete spectrum of lithofacies indicates sedimentation ranging from above fairweather- to below storm-wave base. Skeletal components are indicative of the modern temperate-water bryomol association. Non-skeletal elements are represented by peloids and intraclasts. Accretion rates from areas of continuous sedimentation were low (<14 cm/10³ years). From sedimentological and faunal evidence, it is proposed that the Late Ordovician Deschambault ramp was bathed by temperate waters. The model compares favourably with modern cool-water shelves rimming the southern edge of the Australian continent. Palaeomagnetic data locate southern Quebec in a low latitudinal setting during the Late Ordovician. Upper Ordovician facies distribution in eastern Canada and progressive disappearance of some faunal provinces through Late Ordovician time are used to conclude that the initiation of the Late Ordovician glaciation that covered most of Gondwana was instrumental in easing northward movement of cold oceanic currents. This resulted in the rapid contraction of the southern hemisphere warm-water tropical belt from a 30° latitudinal-wide zone in the early Caradoc to a 15° zone in the late Caradoc.     

库车前陆盆地前渊带层序地层分析--以白垩系卡普沙良群为例

库车前陆盆地的白垩系由卡普沙良群(自下而上包括亚格列木组、舒善河组、巴西盖组)和巴什基奇克组组成.盆地北部克孜勒努尔沟的白垩系亚格列木组和巴什基奇克组底部均发育一大套泥石流沉积,表明白垩系卡普沙良群为一期构造活动幕的产物,为一个完整的二级层序,根据沉积演化特征可将其细分为7个三级层序.亚格列木组与舒善河组之间,扇三角洲平原相突变为滨浅湖相沉积,且舒善河组滨岸沙坝微相持续稳定发育,反映前陆盆地楔顶带的发育抑制了构造活动期源于造山带的粗碎屑的供给,使前渊带的沉积物供给速率趋于稳定.此外,克孜勒努尔沟卡普沙良群地层厚度远大于前缘隆起带,与上、下地层呈整合或平行不整合接触.研究表明,克孜勒努尔沟卡普沙良群为一套临近造山带的前渊带沉积.     

Mesozoic deltaic system along the western margin of the Indian plate: lithofacies and depositional setting of Datta Formation,North Pakistan

Over 1 km thick Mesozoic sedimentary sequence is exposed over a wide area in the Upper Indus basin of north Pakistan along the western margin of the Indian Plate. The Mesozoic sequence is comprised of clastic facies in the lower part, while carbonate facies are dominant in the upper part. About 200 m thick mixed sequence of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, clay, and carbonaceous shale represents the lower Jurassic Datta Formation in the Salt and Trans Indus Ranges in North Pakistan. The Datta Formation constitutes important reservoir horizons in a number of oil fields in the western Himalayan foreland basins where it is encountered at a depth of about 4 km in various wells. The Datta Formation is described from different parts of the range front to understand the internal architecture of various sedimentary facies and their depositional system. The thickness and lithofacies assemblages of the Datta Formation change in different parts of the range front as well as in subsurface of the Upper Indus basin. The Datta Formation represents a coarsening upward deltaic sequence in most parts of the basin. On the basis of lithological variations and sedimentary structures, a number of depositional facies have been recognized which include channel belt facies, floodplain/abandoned channel facies, swamp facies, and lagoonal facies. Further north, in the Kalachitta and Hazara regions, the siliciclastic facies change to more complex assemblages of interbedded bauxite, silcrete, marl, and some limestone. These sediments represent deposition in a delta-plain setting of a fluvial-dominated delta with northwestward flowing channels.     

Sedimentological and provenance response to Cambrian closure of the Clymene ocean: The upper Alto Paraguai Group,Paraguay belt,Brazil

Final Gondwana amalgamation was marked by the closure of the Neoproterozoic Clymene ocean between the Amazonia craton and central Gondwana. The events which occurred in the last stage of this closure were recorded in the upper Alto Paraguai Group in the foreland of the Paraguay orogen. Outcrop-based facies analysis of the siliciclastic rocks of upper Alto Paraguai Group, composed of the Sepotuba and Diamantino Formations, was carried out in the Diamantino region, within the eastern part of the Barra dos Bugres basin, Mato Grosso state, central-western Brazil. The Sepotuba Formation is composed of sandy shales with planar to wave lamination interbedded with fine-grained sandstone with climbing ripple cross-lamination, planar lamination, swaley cross-stratification and tangential to sigmoidal cross-bedding with mud drapes, related to marine offshore deposits. The lower Diamantino Formation is composed of a monotonous, laterally continuous for hundreds of metres, interbedded siltstone and fine-grained sandstone succession with regular parallel lamination, climbing ripple cross-lamination and ripple-bedding interpreted as distal turbidites. The upper part of this formation consists of fine to medium-grained sandstones with sigmoidal cross-bedding, planar lamination, climbing ripple cross-lamination, symmetrical to asymmetrical and linguoid ripple marks arranged in lobate sand bodies. These facies are interbedded with thick siltstone in coarsening upward large-scale cycles related to a delta system. The Sepotuba Formation characterises the last transgressive deposits of the Paraguay basin representing the final stage of a marine incursion of the Clymene ocean. The progression of orogenesis in the hinterland resulted in the confinement of the Sepotuba sea as a foredeep sub-basin against the edge of the Amazon craton. Turbidites were generated during the deepening of the basin. The successive filling of the basin was associated with progradation of deltaic lobes from the southeast, in a wide lake or a restricted sea that formed after 541 ± 7 Ma. Southeastern to east dominant Neoproterozoic source regions were confirmed by zircon grains that yielded ages around 600 to 540 Ma, that are interpreted to be from granites in the Paraguay orogen. This overall regressive succession recorded in the Alto Paraguai Group represents the filling up of a foredeep basin after the final amalgamation of western Gondwana in the earliest Phanerozoic.