立体雷达方法在星载测雨雷达上的应用

星载测雨雷达的应用,必须满足一些主要条件：高的空间分辨率、宽阔的覆盖范围、大的动态降雨测量范围以及精确的点测量等。由于技术条件的限制,满足这些条件的雷达工作在被雨衰减的频率段,因此必须修正由于衰减所导致的误差。立体雷达方法利用雷达从两个不同角度对雨团的观测来进行衰减效应的订正并实现整个观察区域的雷达反射率因子和比衰减因子场的反演。通过数值实验研究了星载特性的引入造成的不均匀性束内填充效应对立体雷达方法的影响     

星载测雨雷达探测频段选择仿真研究

在星载测雨雷达必须满足的3个基本条件的基础上,开展了风云三号(FY-3)星载测雨雷达最佳波段组合的研究.文中将高精度GCE(Goddard cumulus ensemble)模式中BOB飓风资料的大气廓线和水凝物廓线作为三维Quickbeam气象雷达模拟软件的输入,分别模拟了5、10、14、35和94 GHz 5个频点...     

机载雷达定量测雨中雨滴谱参数的优化

机载雷达可以方便地跟踪观测对象,并且可以观测某些地基雷达较难观测的区域（如海洋）,因此近年来在大气遥感领域得到越来越广泛的应用。为了获得一个较好的地面分辨率,机载雷达使用X波段的衰减频率。虽然雷达波受到的衰减通过算法可以进行订正,但由于雨滴谱的范围较宽,使得利用Z-R或k-R经验公式来确定雨强仍具有较大的不确定性。该文应用在西太平洋进行的国际大型科学考察实验TOGA/COARE中1993年1月和2月间取得的机载雷达实测数据进行定量测雨中雨滴谱参数优化的尝试。     

TRMM卫星测雨雷达及其应用研究综述

热带降水测量卫星测雨雷达（TRMM－PR）是第一部星载测雨雷达。卫星于1997年11月28日成功发射，其测雨雷达经过在轨测试定标之后，已向地面发回大量的雷达观测信息。本文主要根据1999年7月如开的第29届雷达气象国际会议的文集和作者所看到的其它文献资料，简要介绍该卫星、星载测雨雷达及其测信息处理和应用的一些研究成果。     

不均匀性束内充塞效应对星载测雨雷达 反演算法的影响

星载雷达在地面的足印可达数公里,强降雨团的特征尺度也仅为几公里,加上波束内各部分对回波的贡献是非线性的,研究不均匀性束内充塞效应（Non Uniform Beam Filling,或简称NUBF）对星载测雨雷达反演雨强算法的影响就显得非常重要。利用TOGA/COARE期间Ku波段机载雷达实测资料提供的不同的降雨结构进行不均匀性束内充塞效应的研究。     

双偏振雷达和双频测雨雷达反射率因子对比

为了研究星载测雨雷达和地基雷达探测数据存在差异的本质原因,将GPM（Global Precipitation Measurement Mission）星载双频测雨雷达（dual-frequency precipitation radar,DPR）和南京信息工程大学C波段双偏振雷达（CDP）的反射率因子进行时空匹配,并基于水凝物分类定量分析两者探测的相似性和差异性。结果表明:GPM DPR与CDP探测的反射率因子整体一致性较好,经过衰减订正和波段修正,两者的相关系数约为0.86,达到0.001显著性水平,均方根误差约为3.33 dB。基于T-矩阵法拟合C和Ku波段探测不同水凝物等效反射率因子的波段修正公式,在衰减订正基础上针对不同水凝物类型的回波进行波段修正,二者探测湿雪、霰、大滴和中雨回波的相关性较好;受干雪几何形状影响,探测干雪回波的相关性较低;探测大雨和冰晶回波的相关性较差。DPR中NS和HS模式探测存在差异,DPR NS模式对强回波敏感,而DPR HS模式对弱回波敏感。     

热带测雨卫星的星载雷达和地基雷达探测云回波强度及结构误差的模拟分析

为了揭示热带测雨卫星上的测雨雷达热带测雨卫星的星载雷达与X波段多普勒雷达在探测云的反射率因子的大小和结构方面的差异 ,用散射模式和数值模拟的方法讨论了这两种雷达的波长、雷达波入射方向、波瓣宽度等参量对反射率因子的大小和结构的影响 ,并利用所得结果讨论了两种雷达实际观测的差异。结果表明 :雷达波长和入射方向的不同引起的两种雷达测量的反射率因子的差异在 2 .0dBz以内 ,TRMMPR可在强回波中心探测到更大的反射率因子 ,并在很大程度上平滑了回波的结构 ,在强回波和弱回波区分别低估和高估 3～ 5dBz,造成了观测的云的面积增大、平均回波强度减小、面积积分降水量增大。这些理论结果还不能完全揭示两种雷达实际观测结果的差异 ,看来星载雷达和地基雷达探测结果的对比问题很复杂 ,其中雷达波的衰减问题是必须考虑的。     

星载双频测雨雷达航空校飞试验降水反演分析

2010年9月6日到10月20日,在江苏东台黄海附近进行了中国首次星载双频(Ku和Ka波段)测雨雷达的外场校飞试验,获得了宝贵的机载雷达数据。利用所探测的有效降水资料,对机载雷达的降水探测能力进行了性能分析。对比机载测雨雷达和同步星载测雨雷达(Precipation Radar,PR)探测的反射率因子廓线可以发现,机载雷达反射率因子廓线在1.55 km高度的探测结果和PR较为一致,尤其是融化层一致性更好,表明机载雷达有探测降水垂直结构的能力。为了进行Ka波段机载雷达的降水反演,利用卫星数据模拟器(Satellite Data Simulator Unit,SDSU)计算了k-Z_e和R-Z_e关系的系数,并在此基础上进行了衰减订正以及雨强的反演。结果表明,Ku和Ka波段反演的雨强廓线基本一致,证实了反演系数的合理性。     

双基雷达联合探测降水廓线的研究

利用1998年淮河流域能量和水循环试验(HUBEX)中的一次地面雷达与星载雷达(简称为双基雷达)联合探测雨强的资料,比较了现有的几种测雨雷达回波衰减订正方法.选取了一条比较有代表性的降水廓线,利用地基雷达数据对其进行衰减订正.结果表明,在雨区的中上部,星载雷达探测效果优于地基雷达;从"零度层亮带”往下至近地面,地基雷达探测效果优于星载雷达.     

雨区衰减及谱变化影响雷达测雨精度的数值模拟

用随机函数的方法，并假定雨滴谱为Ｇａｍｍａ分布，模拟并讨论了雨滴谱变化及雨区衰减对雷达和双线偏振雷达测雨误差的影响。结果表明：双线偏振雷达测雨精度受雨区衰减及滴谱变化的影响均小于普通雷达。雨区衰减使双线偏振雷达测雨产生小雨高估，大雨影响不大的现象，其主要原因可能是差反射率因子ＺＤＲ的测量误差。     

The outlook for precipitation measurements from space*

Abstract

To provide useful precipitation measurements from space, two requirements must be met: adequate spatial and temporal sampling of the storm and sufficient accuracy in the estimate of precipitation intensity. Although presently no single instrument or method completely satisfies both requirements, the visible/IR, microwave radiometer and radar methods can be used in a readepiction, manner. Visible/IR instruments provide good temporal sampling and rain area depiction, but recourse must be made to microwave measurements for quantitative rainfall estimates. The inadequacy of microwave radiometric measurements over land suggests, in turn, the use of radar. Several recently developed attenuating‐wavelength radar methods are discussed in terms of their accuracy, dynamic range and system implementation. Traditionally, the requirements of high resolution and adequate dynamic range have led to fairly costly and complex radar systems. Some simplifications and cost reduction can be made, however, by using K‐band wavelengths, which have the advantages of greater sensitivity at low rain rates and higher resolution capabilities. Several recently proposed methods of this kind are reviewed in terms of accuracy and system implementation. Finally, an adaptive‐pointing multi‐sensor instrument is described that would exploit certain advantages of the IR, radiometric and radar methods.     

基于滴谱分布的机载雷达波束匹配情况研究

基于机载双频测雨雷达外场校飞试验中获取的有效降水测量数据,利用Ku波段的雨衰系数和等效雷达反射率因子的比值估算了雨滴谱分布参数.在此基础上,通过米散射模拟计算了Ka波段在该滴谱分布下的等效雷达反射率因子,并和机载Ka波段衰减订正后的等效雷达反射率因子进行了比对.结果表明:两者的廓线基本重合,相关系数超过0.95,两部雷达探测的目标物一致,测量的雷达反射率因子的差异主要是由雷达频率的不同所引起的后向散射以及衰减的不同所造成的,波束匹配精度较高.此外,单频滴谱参数的估计依赖于单频衰减订正的精度.机载雷达外场试验中探测的都是弱降水,Ku波段衰减订正不会存在太大的误差,估计的滴谱较为可靠.必须指出的是,精确的参数估计仍然要借助双频雷达的反演方法.     

An Investigation into the Relationship between Surface Rain Rate and Rain Depth over Southeast Asia

The relationship between surface rain rate and depth of rain system(rain depth) over Southeast Asia is examined using 10-yr Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) precipitation radar(PR) measurements.Results show that,in general,a large surface rain rate is associated with a deep precipitating system,but a deep rain system may not always correspond with a large surface rain rate.This feature has a regional characteristic.Convective rain develops more frequently over land than over the ocean,while stratiform rain can extend to higher altitudes over the ocean than over land.A light surface rain rate has the largest probability to occur,regardless of rain depth.A convective rain system is more likely associated with a stronger surface rain rate than a stratiform rain system.Results show that precipitation systems involve complex microphysical processes.Rain depth is just one characteristic of precipitation.A linear relationship between surface rain rate and rain depth does not exist.Both deep convective and stratiform rain systems have reflectivity profiles that can be divided into three sections.The main difference in their profiles is at higher levels,from 4.5 km up to 19 km.For shallow stratiform rain systems,a two-section reflectivity profile mainly exists,while for convective systems a three-section profile is more common.     

雷达与雨量计联合估测降水的相关性分析

在对比分析质量控制前后雷达估测降水量与自动雨量计降水量之间相关性的基础上,采用雷达-雨量计联合校准方法,对14种不同密度雨量计校准雷达估测降水的效果进行分析。结果表明:在使用雷达资料和雨量计资料前有必要对资料的质量进行分析与控制。联合雨量计校准雷达能明显提高雷达对降水的估测能力;采用不同密度雨量计校准雷达,随着校准雨量计密度的加大,雷达估测降水的精度不断提高并趋于稳定。校准雷达的效果及所需雨量计密度与降水类型有关,当校准效果相同时,积云强降水过程需要的雨量计密度最大,积混对流性降水过程次之,层云稳定性降水过程需要的雨量计密度最小。不同方法的校准效果不同,卡尔曼滤波方法适合于对稳定性降水的校准,或在雨量计密度低的地区对雷达进行校准;变分校准法和最优插值法的校准效果相当,适合对积混对流性降水的校准,或在雨量计密度高的地区对雷达进行校准。     

A study of air/space-borne dual-wavelength radar for estimation of rain profiles

In this study, a framework is given by which air/space-borne dual-wavelength radar data can be used to estimate the characteristic parameters of hydrometeors. The focus of the study is on the Global Precipitation Measurement （GPM） precipitation radar, a dual-wavelength radar that will operate in the Ku （13.6 GHz） and Ka （35 GHz） bands. A key aspect of the retrievals is the relationship between the differential frequency ratio （DFR） and the median volume diameter, Do, and its dependence on the phase state of the hydrometeors. It is shown that parametric plots of Do and particle concentration in the plane of the DFR and the radar reflectivity factor in the Ku band can be used to reduce the ambiguities in deriving Do from DFR. A self-consistent iterative algorithm, which does not require the use of an independent pathattenuation constraint, is examined by applying it to the apparent radar reflectivity profiles simulated from a drop size distribution （DSD） model. For light to moderate rain, the self-consistent rain profiling approach converges to the correct solution only if the same shape factor of the Gamma distributions is used both to generate and retrieve the rain profiles. On the other hand, if the shape factors differ, the iteration generally converges but not to the correct solution. To further examine the dual-wavelength techniques, the selfconsistent iterative algorithm, along with forward and backward rain profiling algorithms, are applied to measurements taken from the 2nd generation Precipitation Radar （PR-2） built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Consistent with the model results, it is found that the estimated rain profiles are sensitive to the shape factor of the size distribution when the iterative, self-consistent approach is used but relatively insensitive to this parameter when the forward- and backward-constrained approaches are used.     

Resolving SSM/I-ship radar rainfall discrepancies from AIP-3

The third algorithm intercomparison project （AIP-3） involved rain estimates from more than 50 satellite rainfall algorithms and ground radar measurements within the Intensive Flux Array （IFA） over the equatorial western Pacific warm pool region during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment （TOGA COARE）. Early results indicated that there was a sys- tematic bias between rainrates from satellite passive microwave and ground radar measurements. The mean rainrate from radar measurements is about 50% underestimated compared to that from passive microwave-based retrieval algorithms. This paper is designed to analyze rain patterns from the Florida State University rain retrieval algorithm and radar measurements to understand physically the rain discrep- ancies. Results show that there is a clear range-dependent bias associated with the radar measurements. However, this range-dependent systematical bias is almost eliminated with the corrected radar rainrates. Results suggest that the effects from radar attenuation correction, calibration and beam filling are the major sources of rain discrepancies. This study demonstrates that rain retrievals based on satellite mea- surements from passive microwave radiometers such as the Special Sensor of Microwave Imager （SSM/I） are reliable, while rain estimates from ground radar measurements are correctable.     

Experimental results on rainfall estimation in complex terrain with a mobile X-band polarimetric weather radar

In this work the capability of reliable rainfall measurements with small weather radars in complex terrain for flood forecasting purposes is examined. Rain measurements were carried out during winter–spring 2007 with a mobile X-band dual-polarization radar in the northwestern mountainous part of the island of Crete in Greece. In this area a 2D-video disdrometer and a network of raingauges was installed for radar calibration and evaluation of rainfall measurements, respectively. The complex terrain of the experimental site may significantly reduce the performance of rain measurements due to ground clutter and partial or total beam blockage. A beam blockage algorithm using high resolution terrain data was applied in order to find areas with significant terrain effects and estimate correction of the radar measurements. Rain attenuation correction was based on modern sophisticated algorithms using differential phase measurements. The accuracy of rainfall estimation from standard or polarimetric algorithms at plan position indicator (PPI) scans was examined for high-temporal resolution (1 min) rainfall rates and accumulated rainfall values for winter and spring time rain events. For high elevation measurements, which were required in order to avoid terrain effects in large areas of interest, a correction for the vertical-profile-of-reflectivity (VPR) was also applied to the radar data. An average VPR model used in the corresponding correction of reflectivity was constructed based on range–height indicator (RHI) scans. It was concluded that quantitative high resolution X-band radar observations of rainfall in complex terrain is possible after careful application of all the above processing steps.     

双频毫米波雷达反演云微物理参数的模拟研究北大核心

根据雷达探测的云回波雷达反射率因子和多普勒速度,利用两种独立的双频反演算法,估算了云微物理参数。利用离散偶极子近似(Discrete Dipole Approximation,DDA)计算了云滴后向散射截面和衰减截面,根据模拟数据实验了三种频段组合的反演结果,探讨算法对滴谱参数、粒子形状的敏感性,比较两种方法反演水云和冰云的优劣。结果表明:双频比(Dual-Frequency Ratio,DFR)和多普勒速度差(Doppler Difference of Velocity,DDV)在水云中都可独立推导中值直径(D_(0)),但在高频波段,基于DFR的算法对雨、云水和水汽的衰减非常敏感,而基于DDV的方法受衰减的影响较小。鉴于高频波段衰减完全订正的困难性,水云的DDV反演方法比DFR更直接准确。对于冰云,DFR的技术相较于DDV的方法具有明显的优势,因为两频段处的DFR在冰云中的动态范围更大,而DDV的动态范围相对于系统和测量误差较小。