中国土壤热通量的时空分布特征研究

利用中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)的17个野外台站2004～2007年的实测土壤表层热通量资料,分析了土壤表层热通量的季节和空间变化规律。土壤热通量从2月份开始由负值转变为正值,9月份左右开始由正值转变为负值,在3～8月份土壤热通量的值都为正值,12月至次年1月土壤热通量都为负值。空间分布上,东北地区和西北地区季节变化明显,年变幅比较大,长江流域地区夏季增加幅度小,年变化幅度也比较小,青藏高原地区四季都相对为低值地区,年变幅比较小,总的空间变化趋势是春夏季北高南低,秋冬季节南高北低。土壤热通量年合计值在东北黑土地地区、西北荒漠地区、黄土高原陕北地区和四川盆地地区是高值区,长江流域下游和黄河流域中下游冲积而成的区域为负值区。研究结果为进一步研究土壤的生态环境形成和变化提供了参考依据。     

中国地表潜热的气候计算及其分布

从整理全国仅有的６个热平衡站实测梯度资料着手，初步讨论了我国地表潜热的气候计算方法，提出新的潜热气候计算式 ＬＥ＝１４．７３ｅｘｐ（０．５Ｈ＋０．０６９ｅ）（１＋０．０１３△Ｔ）ｕ＾－０．１６ 据此计算出全国各站的月，年平均潜热通量密度并分析了其在全国的地理分布和年变化特点，得出一些有意义的结果。     

中国地表感热的气候计算及其分布

讨论了我国地表感热的气候计算问题,提出以鲍文比法为基础的感热气候计算式,并据此计算出全国215站月、年平均感热通量密度,进而分析了其在全国的时空分布特点。     

土壤传导—对流热通量计算的初步结果

本文利用气象站的地温资料，设计了一种同时考虑传导，对流两种传热方式时的土壤热通量计算方法，计算了土壤中的传导热通量，对流热通量及总热通量。发现对流热通量与传导热通量具有同样的量级，均为１０＾１－１０＾２ｍＷ／ｍ＾２。另外还初步分析了三种热通量结果与地震的关系，单站热通量序列表明地震前地热能量是持续累积的。     

中国大气向上辐射的气候计算及其分布特征

本文根据1979年5—8月季风试验(MONEX)期间印度8个陆地辐射探空站资料,讨论并提出了各等压面大气向上辐射的气候计算式: U↑=ρT~4[a-bln(1+e)] 该式具有形式简单,拟合精度较高的优点。在此基础上计管并讨论了全国104站500hPa等压面大气向上辐射的时空分布特征,得到一些有意义的结果。     

棉田土壤热通量的计算

本文在两年棉花田间试验观测的基础上,利用土壤中热传导方程模拟5cm层土壤温度的时间变化,进而推算出其它层次的土壤温度,与实测值相比,模拟均方误最大为0．14,最大温度绝对误差为0．7℃．通过对温度方程求深度上的偏导数获得土壤热通量的计算公式,计算值与实测值比较,均方误最大为0．006,效果较好。本文还通过2cm层土壤热通量与棉花冠层净辐射之间的关系,结果表明土壤热通量与冠层净辐射有着很好的相关性。     

土壤传导－对流热通量计算的初步结果

本文利用气象站的地温资料，设计了一种同时考虑传导、对流两种传热方式时的土壤热通量计算方法，计算了土壤中的传导热通量、对流热通量及总热通量。发现对流热通量与传导热通量具有同样的量级，均为１０１—１０２ｍＷ／ｍ２。另外还初步分析了三种热通量结果与地震的关系，单站热通量序列表明地震前地热能量是持续累积的。     

中国大气有效辐射的气候计算及其分布

应用１９７９年５－８月季风试验期间印度８个陆地辐射探空站资料，通过多种方案试验，得出适用于各种云量条件下各等压面大气有效辐射的气候计算式，并计算和讨论了全国１０４站５００ｈＰａ大气有效辐射的时空分布特征。     

CLIMATOLOGICAL CALCULATION OF SURFACE LATENT HEAT OVER CHINA

In the context of measurements from all the thermal balance stations over China,two methodsof calculating surface latent heat for its climatic features are proposed through experiments with arange of schemes,one being the empirical type based on the relationship between ground latent heatand vapor pressure,and the other upon the Bowen ratio parameterization.Either of them has itsunique merits so that they can be considered in specific case to have higher accuracy.On this basis.investigation is done of the feature of geographic distribution and annual variability of the heatacross the country.     

温室内土壤热量垂直通量及其对土壤热状况的影响

根据日光温室内外土壤温度的实测资料，计算了温室内外土壤热量垂直通量的平均日变化；利用热量平衡方程探讨了温室内土壤的增温效应，为推广和应用温室蔬菜栽培技术提供科学依据。     

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX OVER SOUTHERN CHINA

The spatio-temporal variation of surface sensible heat flux (SHF) in southern China (SC) is studied based on the data evaluated from conventional observational meteorological data. There exist prominent increasing trends in all seasonal surface sensible heat fluxes in the western SC and decreasing trends in the central-eastern part of southern China. The variations of surface sensible heat flux in all seasons are dominant on interannual time-scales. The land-air temperature difference and the near-surface wind speed are two key factors for the interannual variations of SHF, but the former is more important. The first two major anomalous patterns of SHF are presented as the region-wide in-phase anomalies and the east-west dipole anomalies, respectively, based on the EOF analysis results.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-SEA HEAT FLUX EXCHANGE DURING THE GENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL TYPHOONS OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

A South China Sea （SCS） local TC （SLT） is defined as a tropical cyclone （TC） that forms within the SCS region and can reach the grade of tropical storm （TS） or above. The statistical features of the SLTs from 1985 to 2007 are analyzed first. It is found that over the SCS about 68% of the TCs can develop into TSs. The SLT intensity is relatively weak and associated with its genesis latitude as well as its track. The SLT monthly number presents a seasonal variation with two peaks in May and July to September. Based on the daily heat flux data from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution_Objectively Analyzed air-sea Fluxes （WHOI_OAFlux） in the same period, the air-sea exchange during the process of generation and development of the SLT is studied. Results show that the heat fluxes released to the atmosphere increase significantly day by day before cyclogenesis. The ocean to the south to the TC center provides the main energy. Along with the development of SLT, the regions with large heat fluxes spread clockwise to the north of TC, which reflects the energy dispersion property of vortex Rossby waves in the periphery of the TC. Once the SLT forms the heat fluxes are not intensified as much. During the whole process, the net heat, latent heat and sensible heat flux display a similar evolution, while the latent heat flux makes a main contribution to the net heat flux. The maximum air-sea heat exchange always occurs at the left side of the TC moving direction, which may reflect the influence of the SCS summer monsoon on TC structure.     

CLIMATOLOGICAL CALCULATION OF SURFACE LATENT HEAT OVER CHINA*

In the context of measurements from all the thermal balance stations over China,two methods of calculating surface latent heat for its climatic features are proposed through experiments with a range of schemes,one being the empirical type based on the relationship between ground latent heat and vapor pressure,and the other upon the Bowen ratio parameterization.Either of them has its unique merits so that they can be considered in specific case to have higher accuracy.On this basis,investigation is done of the feature of geographic distribution and annual variability of the heat across the country.     

西部山区总辐射气候学计算及分布

根据西部山区太阳总辐射的实测资料分析，指出，西部山区总辐射的气候学计算必须考虑日照，水汽分布及海拔高度的影响。为此研制了适宜于西部山区的总辐射气候学计算公式Ｑ＝Ｑ０（ａ＋ｂｓ１＋ｃｓ１＾２），进而讨论了西部山区总辐射的时，空分布。