风城碱性杂岩与有关含金刚石岩类对比的意义

迄今为止,对金刚石矿床的研究已取得了新的进展,国内外学音认为:“金伯利岩不是金刚石矿床的唯一母岩”,并且在碱性杂岩体中发现了许多具有工业价值的金刚石矿床。 通过对比辽宁凤城碱性杂岩与有关含金刚石矿床母岩(主要是钾镁煌斑岩)及其共生岩类的构造背景、岩石类型组合、矿物成分组合及岩石的主元素、微量元素和稀土元素特征,发现本区碱性杂岩体岩石与西澳钾镁煌斑岩很相似,尤其是与西澳白榴石钾镁煌斑岩最为接近,而在岩石类型和矿物组合特点上,又与美国阿肯色碱性岩区金刚石矿床母岩及其共生岩类组合颇为相似,这为我们进一步找寻金刚石矿床提供某些有益的信息。     

加拿大案例探讨寻找金刚石矿的三个关键点

20世纪90年代初,加拿大地质学家Charles E Fipke先生在加拿大高寒的Lac De Gras地区发现的含金刚石的金伯利岩,把加拿大带入了寻找金刚石矿的高潮,相继在Lac De Gras地区发现金伯利岩管群和在加拿大中部的Fort à la Corne发现的金伯利岩群,使得加拿大金刚石产量位居世界第三。本文综述这两个地区金刚石矿的发现和分析含金刚石的金伯利岩的存在的特征,指出太古宙地台环境是含金刚石的金伯利岩存在的基础,厚度大的太古宙地台底部是金刚石晶体缓慢生长的天然高温高压培育仓、沿冰碛或沿水系沉积物追踪金伯利岩指示矿物是溯源金刚石母岩的手段、认识金伯利质火山地貌形态能起到在寻找金伯利质火山位置过程中事半功倍的效果,有助于理解金伯利质火山口相的变化。     

我国金伯利岩型金刚石矿床的若干地质特征及其找矿标志

金伯利岩型金刚石矿床是世界上重要的金刚石矿床类型:也是我国迄今所发现的唯一的金刚石原生矿床类型。本文阐述了我国金伯利岩分布的构造部位、时代、产状、与暗色岩类的关系、围岩及其蚀变特征、岩管的岩相特征、岩石类型及岩石化学特征,并指出了该类矿床的找矿标志。     

对扬子地台原生金刚石找矿的五点建议

扬子台沅水流域金刚石的发现已有几百年的历史。建国后自1954年组建了中南地质局413队开始沅水流域金刚石砂矿的勘探，先后勘探了安江、沅陵窖头、桃源及丁家港等四个砂矿床，获得了金刚石砂矿储量111188克。     

关于巴州境内寻找金刚石矿床可能性的探讨

长期以来,国内外许多学者,对含金刚石的原岩金伯利岩及其矿床,进行了卓有成效的研究,取得极为丰硕的成果.过去一直认为,原生金刚石矿床仅产于金伯利岩中,但随着地质研究工作的不断深入,国内外均已证实钾镁煌斑岩(金云火山岩)及超基性岩中亦含有原生金刚石.近年来在新疆塔里木地台的南部(和田)及其西北边缘相继发现了金刚石砂矿及原生矿的线索,这证明在塔里木地台区有蕴藏金刚石矿床的可能性,为在巴州地区寻找金刚石矿床坚定了信心.     

皖北地区原生金刚石及其载体特征

安徽省皖北地区发现的原生金刚石,不同于之前在砾岩和松散沉积物中发现的金刚石,其载体也既不同于国内已发现并开采的原生金刚石矿床之金刚石载体,也不同于世界上其他国家发现并开采的原生金刚石载体。之前在砾岩中或在第四系松散沉积物发现的金刚石大小混杂,颜色多样;国内及世界上已开采的原生金刚石矿床,其载体基本上均为金伯利岩或钾镁煌斑岩,尤以前者为主。而安徽皖北地区发现的原生金刚石,其载体为橄栏玄武岩、玄武质角砾熔岩、火山角砾岩和辉绿岩。     

四川省金刚石找矿前景探讨

根据现代金刚石成矿理论和成矿规律,结合扬子地台已知金刚石地质特征和地质条件分析,扬子地台在它发展演化的历史过程中,曾有三个地质历史时期具备了金刚石矿床形成的环境,就四川而言,在川东、川南和攀西地区均有发现金刚石矿床的较大可能性。     

山东金刚石原生矿找矿前景探讨

金刚石形成于地幔深处，含金刚石的岩石只是一种运载和保存“工具”，凡是来自上地幔的岩石均有可能携带早已形成的金刚石而形成金刚石原生矿床。世界上已知金刚石原生矿除金伯利岩，钾镁煌斑岩型外，尚在橄榄岩，橄榄玄武岩，千枚岩，科马提岩，榴辉岩等岩石中发现了金刚石，可能存在金刚石原生矿新的岩石。山东位于华北地台的南东部，鲁西，鲁东基底属A型克拉通，幔源岩浆活动强烈，具备良好的金刚石原生矿成矿地质条件，已获得的大量的成矿信息和找矿线索表明，除已发现的蒙阴金伯利岩型金刚石原生矿外，应该存在着尚未发现的金刚石原生矿，找矿前景广阔，应进一步加强金刚石原生矿勘查工作。     

哈萨克斯坦北部Kumdy-Kol金刚石矿床地质与变质金刚石成因

哈萨克斯坦北部Kokchetav地区的Kumdy Kol金刚石矿床是世界上惟一的变质金刚石矿床。对该金刚石矿床成因以及相关岩石的诸多研究成果不仅深化了对超高压变质岩的研究 ,而且推动了大陆动力学研究的进展。在该金刚石矿床中找到的岩相学证据证明 ,该金刚石矿床的主要含矿岩石大理岩曾经在俯冲带中循环到 >2 4 0km的深部。文章在介绍Kokchetav变质金刚石矿床的地质特征和大地构造背景的基础上 ,讨论了该变质金刚石矿床的形成过程以及变质金刚石的成因。Kokchetav变质金刚石主要表现出蜂窝状或草莓状的特征外形。这种蜂窝状或草莓状金刚石是快速生长条件下结晶的结果。结合最近的研究成果 ,笔者认为Kokchetav金刚石矿床中金刚石的形成与深俯冲大理岩中的白云石分解作用密切相关。白云石分解反应形成文石和菱镁矿组合 ,菱镁矿继续分解形成金刚石 (MgCO3 =金刚石 +MgO +O2 )。基于这个认识 ,Kokchetav金刚石矿床中碳 (金刚石和石墨 )的来源应该是碳酸盐岩     

贵州锦屏隆里-黎平平地

锦屏隆里－黎平平地一带的辉石重砂异常，异常矿物为辉石、铬铁矿及钛磁铁矿。总面积约200km^2。位置与贵州地矿局101地质队一个寻找金刚石矿床的靶区大略相符。其重要意义是拓展了贵州可能存在基－超基性侵入岩体的分布地区，若经检查验证，可望发现新的基一超基性小岩体，甚至原生金刚石矿床。     

中国金刚石资源分布及开发利用现状

为全面了解中国金刚石资源的矿床类型、资源分布特点、储量以及开发利用现状,以期对金刚石矿资源勘查及开发利用有所裨益。采用野外实地考察、文献检索与专家咨询相结合的方法,对我国金刚石资源进行了综合分析整理。结果显示,我国金刚石矿床主要有金伯利岩型原生金刚石矿床和冲积型金刚石砂矿床。原生金刚石矿床最为重要,主要分布于华北克拉通的辽宁瓦房店和山东蒙阴,其次是湖南沅水流域的金刚石砂矿床。中国金刚石产地的勘查和开发利用程度较高,优质金刚石资源已近枯竭,目前可供开发的矿产地有限,找矿突破迫在眉睫。     

金刚石钻探促进了我局钻探工程的飞跃发展──为吉林省地矿局推广小口径金刚石钻探20周年而作

吉林省地矿局自１９７４年推广小口径金刚石钻探以来，钻探效率大幅度提高，加强金刚石多工艺钻探技术，使全局钻探水平跃居地矿系统的前列，加快了吉林省地质找矿的速度。金刚石钻探技术成为我省黑色、有色、贵金属、非金属矿床的重要勘探手段。     

从地洼成矿作用看中国某些优质锰矿的成因与远景

研究发现中国某些优质锰矿,属复成矿床,它们都是地洼成矿作用的产物。福建连城锰矿就是典型实例,类似矿床特别是复成风化锰矿,还见于闽西南-粤东北及湖南。滇东南一些锰矿,例如著名的斗南锰矿与白显锰矿的成因,也可能与地洼成矿作用有一定联系。分析对比了一些优质复成锰矿和一些较贫的复成锰矿的成矿地质条件。从地洼成矿作用可以看出中国某些优质锰矿的成因与远景。提出在中国东南地洼区、南北地洼区南端及云贵地洼区某些地方,寻找优质复成风化锰矿与复成菱锰矿—硫锰矿矿床是较有希望的。     

Hydrogeochemical exploration for uranium within the Athabasca Basin, northern Saskatchewan

As part of our exploration programs for unconformity-related uranium deposits, we have studied the chemistry of deep ground waters from throughout the Athabasca Basin. Samples have been collected from routine, small-diameter, exploration diamond drillholes, and we have placed considerable emphasis on ensuring that they represent true ground waters.We have measured both major and minor constituents, including various uranium daughter products. Ground-water samples collected from the vicinity of uranium mineralization have consistently high levels of uranium, radium, radon and helium. Although we have not been able to establish the maximum extent of the hydrogeochemical anomalies in this environment, we have detected anomalies at distances of up to tens of meters from known mineralization.     

Characteristics of diamondiferous Plio-Pleistocene littoral deposits within the palaeo-Orange River mouth, Namibia

The Orange River, the principal conduit transporting diamonds from hinterland sources to the Namibian coast in post-Cretaceous times, is characterised by an extreme wave dominated delta that has given rise to a progression of coarse rudaceous littoral deposits preserved onshore for > 150 km north of the mouth. Under the long-lived, prevailing vigorous wave, wind and northward longshore drift regimes, the Orange River outfall has been reworked into, amongst others, a series of economically viable, diamondiferous Plio-Pleistocene onshore gravel beach deposits. These placers comprise spits and barrier beaches in the proximal reach within the palaeo-Orange River mouth that, after ca. 5 km northwards, merge into extensive but narrow linear beaches that, in turn after ca. 70 km, give way to pocket beaches. Gravel and diamond size decreases northwards away from the ancestral Orange River mouth. The linear and pocket beach types have considerably higher diamond content but lower average diamond stone size than the two proximal units that are characterised by low diamond grade but comparatively large average diamond size. Given the risk of delineating low grade alluvial diamond deposits accurately, we present here sedimentological reconstructions of the subtidal, intertidal and supra-tidal facies that constitute the spit and barrier beach sequences, based largely on face mapping of exploration trenches and open-cast, mine cuts, as well as the results of large tonnage, sampling campaigns. Diamond distribution is also linked convincingly to basic littoral processes that were operational within the palaeo-Orange River mouth during the complex transgression that gave rise to the + 30 m package in Plio-Pleistocene times. In both the spit and barrier beach settings, the intertidal deposits prove to be the most promising targets whereas the subtidal sediments are the least economic. The constant raking associated with coarse, cobble–boulder-sized gravel foreshore deposits in an energetic micro-tidal wave regime increased the average diamond stone size in the intertidal deposits to 1 to 2 carats per stone (cts/stn), but the lack of fixed trapsites (no competent footwall within the palaeo-Orange River mouth at that level) prohibited the accumulation of substantially enriched diamondiferous gravels. Consequently, grades of only 1.5 to 6 carats per 100 tons (cpht) are realised. The highest grades (2 to 6 cpht) are found in the landward-facing, intertidal beach deposits on the spits where gentle reworking in that sheltered environment had somewhat enriched and preserved the diamond content. Significantly, the low average stone size of ca. 0.5 cts/stn in this lower energy setting probably reflects that of the general diamond population available at that time. In contrast, the sand-rich subtidal deposits in the spit sequence return the lowest grades (0.1 to 0.5 cpht), similar to those in the slightly younger, subtidal transgressive boulder lags of the barrier beaches. However, the stone size in the spit subtidal sediments is also low (0.1 to 0.5 cts/stn) due to the highly mobile, fine-grained character of those deposits, whereas that in the subtidal transgressive lag is large (2 to 3 cts/stn) as a result of the local, semi-permanent turbulence associated with the boulder-sized clasts in these gravel sheets. Diamond distribution is therefore also influenced by littoral facies and associated beach types, in addition to the spatial and temporal parameters that have already been documented for the onshore marine placers of the southern Namibian coast.     

铬铁矿地球物理勘探：回顾与展望

铬铁矿是关键金属铬唯一可经济利用的自然资源,主要有层状铬铁矿和蛇绿岩中的豆荚状铬铁矿两种类型,其中豆荚状铬铁矿矿体规模小、发育不规律,是一个长期存在的勘探难题。由于铬铁矿特殊的经济战略地位,美国、欧洲、苏联和中国都非常重视铬铁矿地球物理勘探。铬铁矿地球物理探测技术发展始于20世纪30年代,至20世纪80年代,发展了以重力、磁法为主导的铬铁矿地球物理勘探技术,地震、电法也被应用。这一阶段在苏联乌拉尔肯皮尔赛等超大型蛇绿岩型隐伏铬铁矿勘探取得重大突破,在其他矿区取得一定的进展。自21世纪以来,高精度的便携式仪器和新兴地球物理技术逐渐运用到铬铁矿地球物理勘探,综合地球物理成为铬铁矿勘探的主流方法,在我国罗布莎等多个岩体隐伏铬铁矿勘探中取得突破,在印度、阿尔巴尼亚等国家也取得进展。本文回顾了铬铁矿地球物理勘探的发展历程,综述了铬铁矿岩石物理特征与测量方法、重磁勘探主要应用及存在问题、电磁法勘探的主要方法,并重点介绍了音频大地电磁测深在罗布莎铬铁矿的探测效果和电磁法勘探模式,展望了张量CSAMT技术、磁异常模量反演、高光谱遥感、高密度激电、无人机物探等有望在铬铁矿地球物理勘探中发挥重要作用的前沿...     

Kimberlites distribution in Angola and prospective areas for new discoveries

Based on a comprehensive analysis of kimberlite pipes of Angola, including the near surface structural setting, deep lithospheric structure, pipe morphology and emplacement, mineralogical and petrographic features, diamond characteristics and locations of secondary deposits four geographical regions have been outlined within Angola representing four types of diamond bearing potential. These areas include high diamond bearing potential pipes, possible potential, no potential, and unclear potential areas. It was found that the depth of magmatism and diamond potential of kimberlites increases from the Atlantic coast in southwestern Angola into the continent in the north-easterly direction. Areas prospective for the discovery of new primary diamond deposits have been identified.

     

东天山阿奇山地区定量成矿预测探讨

近年来通过中国地调局在新疆东天山浅覆盖区开展1∶5万化探示范项目,圈定了一批具找矿价值的铅锌银铜为主成矿元素的化探异常,通过异常查证和矿产评价工作,采用化探、物探、探槽工程揭露、钻探验证等综合技术方法,在阿奇山一带浅覆盖地区相继发现了一批以铅锌银铜为主的矿产地,发现了阿奇山火山沉积-叠加热液交代改造型铅锌矿床、屹立火山热液型富银铅矿(黑矿型)、1288高点铜矿点等十余处。通过矿产资源评价工作,目前确定阿奇山铅锌矿资源量达大型矿床规模。屹立富银铅矿以其品位高、埋藏浅、开采经济价值高为特点。阿奇山地区铅锌矿找矿成果揭示了阿奇山一带浅覆盖区有巨大的找矿潜力。