海洋生态文明视野下辽宁海域生态补偿机制研究——基于大连海域的合作治理分析

从海洋大国变为海洋强国是必然过程,加快建立海洋生态补偿和生态损害赔偿制度是必然选择。因此,海洋生态补偿机制建设是为了刺激的海洋生态服务的供应,改善海洋生态质量,促进海洋转型必要的方式。结合大连海域个案研究得出对辽宁省的启示,在此基础上尝试构建三维互动的海洋生态补偿机制、补偿框架、路径与运行机制,并提出加速海洋生态补偿立法进程;完善生态补偿管理体制,建立恰当的激励约束与考核奖罚并举的制度体系;增加海洋生态补偿资金来源;加速海洋生态资源产权制度建设;增大相关补偿标准量化方式与相应技术的研究;完善公众参与制度等政策建议。     

海洋生态文明视野下辽宁海域生态补偿机制研究——基于大连海域的合作治理分析（英文）

从海洋大国变为海洋强国是必然过程,加快建立海洋生态补偿和生态损害赔偿制度是必然选择。因此,海洋生态补偿机制建设是为了刺激的海洋生态服务的供应,改善海洋生态质量,促进海洋转型必要的方式。结合大连海域个案研究得出对辽宁省的启示,在此基础上尝试构建三维互动的海洋生态补偿机制、补偿框架、路径与运行机制,并提出加速海洋生态补偿立法进程;完善生态补偿管理体制,建立恰当的激励约束与考核奖罚并举的制度体系;增加海洋生态补偿资金来源;加速海洋生态资源产权制度建设;增大相关补偿标准量化方式与相应技术的研究;完善公众参与制度等政策建议。     

环境法医学在我国海洋溢油环境诉讼中的应用

我国海洋污染事故频发,给海洋环境带来重大损害.然而,目前海洋溢油环境污染诉讼因存在取证困难等一系列问题,使得利益相关者的合法权益得不到合理赔偿.环境法医学的应用将对于因海洋溢油污染问题引起的环境诉讼案件的胜诉起到至关重要的作用.通过对环境法医学的发展现状和未来发展趋势的描述,阐述环境法医学在海洋溢油环境诉讼中的重要作用,以期能够引起对环境法医学的重点关注,推动环境法医学在海洋环境诉讼案件中的广泛应用.     

浅析我国海洋生态环境损害赔偿

为加强我国海洋生态环境损害赔偿管理,并为进一步的深入研究奠定基础,文章论述我国海洋生态环境损害赔偿的理论内涵,对海洋生态环境损害进行定义,并界定不同损害行为的赔偿范围;通过构建海洋生态环境损害指数体系,探索我国海洋生态环境损害赔偿的立法路径以及建立我国海洋生态环境损害赔偿的管理体系。     

海洋生态损害补偿标准的关键问题探讨

生态损害补偿标准的确定是建立生态损害补偿制度的核心和关键。文章从海洋生态损害补偿相关概念界定出发,系统梳理了国内外在生态损害补偿标准核算方面的理论研究成果及实践经验,探讨了当前我国海洋生态损害补偿标准确定中存在的主要问题,明晰了海洋生态损害的概念内涵及海洋"生态损害补偿"与"生态损害赔偿"的联系与区别,对基于生态系统服务功能损害的货币化补偿标准和生态修复标准的优缺点及适用领域进行了比较研究,并提出未来应从两方面着手开展研究:一是海洋生态损害货币化补偿标准的科学性、合理性研究;二是生态修复补偿的适用范围、理论及应用研究。灵活选择生态损害补偿标准确定方法,实现标准的科学性和可操作性。     

完善污损海洋生态索赔诉讼有关制度的探讨

近年来,海上溢油事件日益增多,已经成为威胁我国海洋生态安全的主要原因之一。溢油污损事件发生后,针对海洋生态环境被破坏的情况,除采取必要的应急措施以外,利用法律手段保证污染责任人承担污损责任以维护国家利益也是十分必要的。2000年4月1日实施的《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》(以下简称《海洋环保法》)(修订版)第九十条第二款规定:“对破坏海洋生态、海洋水产资源、海洋保护区,给国家造成重大损失的,由依照本法规定行使海洋环境监督管理权的部门代表国家对责任者提出损害赔偿要求”。从而正式确立了海洋环境监督管理部门对海洋生态…     

海洋生态环境监测的指标体系研究

本文在总结国内外各种海洋生态监测方法的基础上,构建生物分布指数、生物暴露指数和生物反应指数,并由此确定生态质量总指教。生态质量总指数可以综合反映特定海洋环境的生物群落特征,典型污染物在生物体内的蓄积特征以及生物体对环境污染的生理生化反应特征,因此可以应用于近岸海洋环境质量的生态监测。     

关于南通市海洋低碳经济发展的几点思考

在江苏沿海地区发展规划、长江三角洲地区区域规划上升为国家战略之际,面对海洋环境污染和生态破坏等问题,倡导发展低碳海洋经济尤为迫切.文章在对南通海洋经济发展现状分析的基础上,对制约经济发展的海洋生态环境、自然资源和科技等因素进行了研究,提出了一些解决的对策和建议.     

人海关系和谐发展海洋循环经济

海洋循环经济的提出背景实际上就是针对工业经济条件下,人类通过不断提高对自然资源的开发和利用来促进经济增长,造成了随之而来的海洋生态环境污染和退化问题,反而降低了社会福利的总体水平。因而,提出了以人海关系和谐论发展海洋循环经济的课题,管理海洋公共资源的有效的、永续的开发和利用,来保障人与自然的协调和全面发展。海洋作为人类     

北海区国家级海洋保护区发展存在的问题及对策研究

随着大规模海洋资源与空间开发利用的兴起,海洋生态系统承受的压力愈加增大,海洋环境污染、海洋生物多样性明显下降等问题严重损害海洋生态功能。海洋保护区成为我们保护海洋的最后一道防线,加强海洋保护区建设已被公认为是保护海洋生物多样性和防止海洋生态环境恶化的重要途径。文章通过对北海区国家级海洋保护区的调研研究,阐述了北海区国家级海洋保护区发展现状,分析了目前存在的问题,并提出今后北海区国家级海洋保护区的发展对策。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.