虚拟钻孔在深层三维地质建模中的应用

在三维地质建模过程中,如何更好地利用多源数据帮助,建立拟合度高、符合地层分布规律的三维地质模型是目前业内的一个热点问题。在深层三维地质建模原始资料较为稀缺的情况下,通过提取物探地质剖面数据信息并加以利用,可以很好地丰富建模初始资料的来源。基于SKUA等GIS软件平台,本文作者提出了剖面数据→生成虚拟钻孔→提取marker数据→marker数据融合校正的方法,从而实现对建模过程的有效干预和控制,使生成的模型不断趋于精确。同时,在工程实例中检验了该方法的准确性和模拟效果。     

Unveiling buried aeolian landscapes: reconstructing a late Holocene dune environment using 3D ground-penetrating radar

Across the UK, sandy beaches and dunes protect coastal infrastructure from waves and extreme water levels during large-scale storms, while providing important habitats and recreational opportunities. Understanding their long-term evolution is vital in managing their condition in a changing climate. Recently, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) methods have grown in popularity in geomorphological applications, yielding centimetre-scale resolution images of near-surface stratigraphy and structure, thus allowing landscape evolution to be reconstructed. Additionally, abrupt changes in palaeo-environments can be visualized in three dimensions. Although often complemented by core data, GPR allows interpretations to be extended into areas with minimal ground-truth control. Nonetheless, GPR data interpretation can be non-intuitive and ambiguous, and radargrams may not initially resemble the expected subsurface geometry. Interpretation can be made yet more onerous when handling the large 3D data volumes that are facilitated with modern GPR technology. Here we describe the development of novel semi-automated GPR feature-extraction tools, based on ‘edge detection’ and ‘thresholding’ methods, which detect regions of increased GPR reflectivity which can be applied to aid in the reconstruction of a range Quaternary landscapes. Since reflectivity can be related to lithological and/or pore fluid changes, the 3D architecture of the palaeo-landscape can be reconstructed from the features extracted from a geophysical dataset. We present 500 MHz GPR data collected over a buried Holocene coastal dune system in North Wales, UK, now reclaimed for use as an airfield. Core data from the site, reaching a maximum depth 2 m, suggest rapid vertical changes from sand to silty-organic units, and GPR profiles suggest similar lateral complexity. By applying thresholding methods to GPR depth slices, these lateral complexities are effectively and automatically mapped. Furthermore, automatic extraction of the local reflection power yields a strong correlation with the depth variation of organic content, suggesting it is a cause of reflectivity contrast. GPR-interpolated analyses away from core control thus offer a powerful proxy for parameters derived from invasive core logging. The GPR data collected at Llanbedr airfield highlight a complex dune system to a depth of 2.8 m, probably deposited in several phases over ~700 years, similar to elsewhere in North Wales.     

某可地浸砂岩型铀矿区地下水水流三维数值模拟

文章阐述利用某地浸矿山采区弥散试验资料及MODFLOW软件,通过对该采区水动力场的三维模拟,并对模拟进行了拟合与校正,提高了模型的仿真性.反演获得了场区各项水文地质参数,为地浸工艺设计与生产提供了技术支持.     

基于Virtual Globe的地质灾害监测数据集成及可视化

应用Virtual Globe技术和面向服务的软件构架SOA模型.通过综合分析地质灾害的空间数据和业务数据的特点,确定了不同数据类型之间的联系与服务方式.构建了一个地质灾害监测预警三维可视化数据集成框架,实现地质灾害空间数据和业务数据的集成和地质灾害相关信息的三维可视化显示.开发了基于B/S模式的华蓥山地质灾害监测预警...     

FLAC3D在青岛地铁渗流场中的应用

首先,基于考虑衬砌和注浆圈的解析解,利用MATLAB软件编制了计算与自动绘图程序,研究水头、隧道半径、围岩渗透特性与衬砌渗透系数和隧道涌水量、外水压力的相互关系;其次,基于FLAC3D软件平台,通过数值解与理论解的对比,验证了数值模拟方法在隧道渗流场中应用的正确性。在此基础上,结合青岛地铁典型区间隧道,分析了隧道开挖阶段以及运营期的渗流场,并研究了在不同注浆圈厚度以及注浆圈渗透系数下隧道注浆圈的涌水量和外水压力。结果表明,在隧道周围施作注浆圈的方法来减少隧道的涌水量是可行的。注浆圈厚度越大,其渗透系数越小,隧道涌水量就越小,而外水压力变化规律与涌水量恰恰相反。研究成果为地铁隧道衬砌的设计和注浆圈范围的初步确定提供了参考依据。     

海上煤田三维地震资料处理方法研究

龙口海域煤田,海水深度变化大(1~13 m),地层局部倾角陡;海上地震资料采集存在检波器位置漂移、变周期鸣震干扰以及子波差异大等问题。利用直达波或折射波旅行时进行检波器位置反演,解决了检波器飘移问题;变步长二步法预测反褶积能压制变周期鸣震干扰;叠前时间偏移解决了陡倾角成像。资料处理效果表明:所用方法对龙口海域地震资料具有较强的针对性。     

3D forward modeling of vector field for induction logging problems

TEM responses in an inhomogeneous medium are modeled in 3D using the vector finite element method for induction logging in petroleum wells. The algorithm is applied to HFIL diagrams obtained in wells that tap thinly laminated formations with regard to the true position of logging tools.     

The Virtual Worlds Project: geological mapping and field skills

The Virtual Worlds Project is a UK collaboration between the School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, and the Leeds College of Art, to build a virtual environment in which to learn and practice basic geological mapping skills. Using the Unity game engine, a virtual landscape populated by rock outcrops with associated notebook entries has been created. This approach is not a replacement for field map work. Rather, it represents an in‐class tool with the appearance of a computer game with which to enhance basic mapping skills taught in the field in a virtual environment.     

三维有限元位移场插值问题的研究和应用

对三维有限元位移场的插值问题进行了研究,提出基于Delaunay三角剖分的二次细分网格法。该法首先建立2个模型--整体模型和局部二次细分模型,对整体模型进行有限元计算和反分析得到初始地应力场和位移场;然后,基于Delaunay三角剖分,对整体模型的三维有限元位移场进行插值,插值结果作为局部模型的边界位移,局部二次细分模型再在此基础上进行有限元分析。最后,将该方法应用于工程实践,证明能提高计算效率,是切实可行的。     

三维磁场有限元—无限元耦合数值模拟

利用传统有限单元法在有限空间范围内开展三维地球物理场正演模拟时,由于截断边界的影响,会引起局部异常的畸变,影响数值模拟的精度,对该问题通常采用扩边的办法加以解决,但需要的范围较大,从而大大增加运算成本,影响正演模拟效率.本文基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件,在求解域外部边界设置无限元以替代传统边界条件,达到减小计算区域目的.通过孤立球体和组合模型磁场正演模拟,考虑退磁、剩磁及地表起伏条件,与传统有限元方法相比,有限元—无限元耦合算法能够有效克服边界效应,提高计算精度,降低运算量,从而提高了有限单元法正演数值模拟效率.     

非稳定温度场的三维p型有限元方法研究

非稳定温度场的边界往往是温度梯度较大的区域,需要划分较密的网格。但在三维温度应力的计算中太密的网格往往使得计算成本很高。将p型阶谱有限元方法引入温度场的计算,则可以开拓一条解决这类问题的有效途径。研究了p型有限元中的温度边界条件和初值,编制了有关程序,对同一个算例,采用不同网格密度的常规有限元法和p型有限元法进行了温度场计算分析和对比。研究结果表明,用p型有限元进行非稳定温度场计算,在网格稀疏的条件下能够达到较高的精度。     

Modeling of the 3D thermal field in the northeast German basin

The regional thermal field of the NE-German basin is modeled by a three-dimensional finite-element approach and is compared to classical one-dimensional extrapolations. Two alternative boundary conditions are assumed at the approximate depth of the Moho: a constant temperature distribution and a constant heat flow. Surprisingly, both results are almost identical down to approximately 10?km depth. Based on the models presented, the results are due to a complex interaction of different strata and the related regional variability of conductivities. In addition, the available temperature maps for different depths (Hurtig et al. 1992) indicate a relative high heat flow at the basin margins especially at the southern and eastern boundary. The models are able to reproduce the generalized pattern by regarding only a conductive heat flow. However, because both models are successful at shallow depth, we conclude that the current techniques of thermal modeling require improvement, even on the theoretical aspects of depth continuation and inversion.     

Concept and workflow for 3D visualization of atmospheric data in a virtual reality environment for analytical approaches

In the future, climate change will strongly influence our environment and living conditions. Weather and Climate simulations that predict possible changes produce big data sets. The combination of various variables of climate models with spatial data from different sources helps to identify correlations and to study key processes. In this paper, the results of the Weather Research and Forecasting model are visualized for two regions. For this purpose, a continuous workflow that leads from the integration of heterogeneous raw data to 3D visualizations that can be displayed on a desktop computer or in an interactive virtual reality environment is developed. These easy-to-understand visualizations of complex data are the basis for scientific communication and for the evaluation and verification of models as well as for interdisciplinary discussions of the research results.     

磁总场梯度数据三维反演方法及应用

磁总场三方位梯度数据相对于总场数据包含更丰富的异常信息,将梯度数据应用于三维磁化率反演中,可以更准确地描述异常体。本文采用最小模型结构反演方法进行三维磁化率反演成像,并采用对数障碍法对磁化率的反演取值范围进行约束。通过模型试验,对磁总场异常数据及其三轴梯度数据进行单独反演、联合反演,结果表明三轴梯度联合反演结果可以更好地刻画异常体形态,更有效地分辨邻近异常体,反演物性更合乎实际。将此反演技术应用于大冶铁矿高精度航磁数据反演解释,取得了较好的应用效果。     

地球化学场及其在隐伏矿体三维预测中的作用

本文从物理学"场论"的角度介绍了地球化学场的概念,并从场源、场作用及地球化学指标分布三个基本要素出发阐述了地球化学场的扩散、对流-扩散的动力学机制。首先,按照采样介质,将地球化学场分为原生的岩石地球化学场,以及次生的土壤、水系沉积物、水文和气体地球化学场,描述了组成各类地球化学场的要素。其次,将地球化学场的分析方法概括为静态的空间结构分析和动态的时空结构分析两种,提出要以场的动力学机制为基础,利用地球物理学中的正、反演理论来研究四维时空中地球化学场的发展和演化。最后,探讨了地球化学场时空结构分析与三维地学模拟两者之间彼此补充和相互验证的关系,三维地学模拟构建的场源及空间介质模型,为地球化学场的正、反演提供了初始条件,地球化学场反演的结果又可用来修正三维地质模型;探讨了地球化学场与大数据分析技术间的关系,即采用大数据的"数据驱动"的思路来挖掘其与多元地学数据之间的隐性联系,探索其与成矿过程的关联性。地球化学场与三维地学模拟、大数据分析技术的结合将为隐伏矿体三维预测中地下成矿物质的分布和演化提供依据。     

FDwave3D: a MATLAB solver for the 3D anisotropic wave equation using the finite-difference method

Seismic modeling plays an important role in geophysics and seismology for estimating the response of seismic sources in a given medium. In this work, we present a MATLAB-based package, FDwave3D, for synthetic wavefield and seismogram modeling in 3D anisotropic media. The seismic simulation is carried out using the finite-difference method over the staggered grid, and it is applicable to both active and passive surveys. The code package allows the incorporation of arbitrary source mechanisms and offers spatial derivative operators of accuracy up to tenth-order along with different types of boundary conditions. First, the methodological aspects of finite-difference method are briefly introduced. Then, the code has been tested and verified against the analytical solutions obtained for the homogeneous model. Further, the numerical examples of layered and overthrust models are presented to demonstrate its reliability.

     

苏锡常地区地面沉降地质结构三维可视化模型虚拟现实系统研究

从苏锡常地区地面沉降研究实际需要出发,介绍了利用虚拟现实技术构建地面沉降地质结构三维可视化模型虚拟现实系统的设计思路、开发模式、实现方法和功能特点。该系统真实表达了研究区三维地层结构特征,逼真再现了地面沉降模型所预测的地下水流场、地面沉降发展变化过程,并虚拟表现出地面沉降可能造成的后果,为苏锡常地区地面沉降机理及预测研究提供了一个全新的三维可视化平台。     

锦屏二级水电站厂址区域三维地应力场非线性反演

锦屏二级水电站是雅砻江干流上重要的梯级电站。电站厂址区域山体雄伟,地形陡倾,为一个典型“V”型河谷地貌。受印支、燕山和喜马拉雅等区域构造运动作用,该区域地层中赋存有较大的构造应力,而新生代以来的雅砻江侵蚀下切作用又使得地层中的构造应力得到一定程度的释放。为全面研究内外动力地质作用对厂址区域现今地应力场的影响并获得该区域地应力分布,提出结合地层剥蚀模拟、弹塑性计算和进化神经网络的地应力非线性反演方法。该方法一定程度上考虑了远古构造的先后顺序,并可模拟了河流侵蚀下切过程对现今应力场的影响。将地应力的实测值与反演值对比、现场洞室围岩破坏特征两方面分析都表明该方法具有较好的可靠性。