湖南省短历时降水极值分布拟合与应用

选择适宜的极值分布模型有助于提高极值序列再现期极值的准确度。基于1981—2010年湖南省97个地面气象观测站逐时降水观测资料,构建逐站年和季1 h、3 h、12 h最大降水量序列,运用Pearson-Ⅲ型、Gumbel、对数正态、Cauchy和Weibull 5种分布函数对湖南省3种短历时最大降水量序列进行极值分布拟合。结果表明：1981—2010年湖南省中北部地区3种短历时降水极值分布符合Gumbel分布模型,Weibull分布次之;湖南省南部地区3种短历时降水极值分布则仅符合Gumbel分布模型。在此基础上,应用Gumbel分布模型估算湖南省各站重现期为百年的降水极值,结果表明1 h、3 h、12 h的年降水极值高值中心分别位于湘东南地区、湖南省西部地区和湘西北地区;各季降水极值中心与年极值中心略有不同。     

新疆降水概率预报技术研究

采用相似预报方法以相似离度为相似判据，使用T213资料，从1980－1999年共20年的NCAR再分析格点数据中，经四次相似过滤，选取相似样本，建立预报方程，制作全疆59个测站0－12、12－24h小量、中量以上降水概率预报，预报概率值大小分为12级0、5、10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100％。     

1960-2005年长江流域降水极值概率分布特征

 摘 要：根据1960-2005年长江流域147个气象站逐日降水观测资料和ECHAM5/ MPI-OM气候模式20世纪试验期（1941-2000年）79个格点逐日降水模拟资料,建立年最大强降水AM（annual maximum）序列及汛期日降水量＜1.27 mm的最长干旱持续天数MI（Munger index）序列,分析了长江流域降水极值序列的时空分布特征和概率分布模式。结果表明：1) 长江流域强降水事件的强度和概率最大的地区位于岷沱江流域中游、洞庭湖湖区、长江中下游干流区与鄱阳湖东南部支流等地区,干旱事件强度和概率最大的地区位于金沙江流域中下游与嘉陵江流域;2) 气候模式模拟的长江流域AM事件的多年平均值普遍高于观测值,但离差系数普遍低于观测值; 3) 气候模式模拟结果与观测的降水极值空间分布有一定的差异,但对气候模式和实际观测的降水极值概率分布的拟合,均证明Wakeby分布函数能够较好地拟合降水极值的概率分布。     

浑太流域降水极值的统计分布特征

基于浑太流域1966-2006年73个雨量站的日降水资料,建立了逐站年最大日降水量(AnnualMaximum,AM)序列和汛期4-9月日降水量<1.27mm.d-1的最长持续干旱天数(Munger Index,MI)序列,并对其时空分布规律进行了分析。采用广义极值(General Extreme Value,GEV)分布、广义帕雷托(General Pareto,GP)分布、韦布尔(Weibull,WB)分布、约翰逊SB(Jonhson SB,J-SB)分布、Burr分布和对数逻辑(Log-Logistic,L-LG)分布等6种极值分布函数对AM和MI序列进行了逐站分布拟合,结果表明,广泛应用的GEV分布整体拟合程度最好,有50个测站的KS检验统计量Dn<0.09,而未曾推广使用的Burr分布的拟合效果也非常好,有36个测站Dn<0.09。用GEV分布对50年一遇的AM和MI进行了估算,发现流域中心地区极端强降水和极端干旱的程度较高,分别为>208mm.d-1和>47d。     

轮台县1961-2008年降水变化特征

利用轮台县气象局1961-2008年的年、季降水资料,采用气候倾向率和降水相对变率统计方法,研究了近48a轮台县年、季降水量、降水相对变率及降水日数的年际、年代际变化趋势特征。结果表明：年降水量平均以10．7mm／10a的速率增加;各季降水量平均以0．6-6．5mm／10a的速率增加;年降水相对变率以-6％／10a的速率减小;年降水日数以2．6d／10a的速率增加,各季降水日数以（0．1～1．2）d／10a的速率增加。     

东北地区夏季降水极值空间演变特征

利用 1959～2000年东北地区 93个测站逐日降水资料 ,分析了东北地区夏季严重干燥事件、极端连雨事件和暴雨事件等降水极值的空间分布特征。研究结果表明 :近 42a间东北地区夏季年平均发生严重干燥事件为 0.9～ 2.4次 ,严重连雨事件为 0.7～ 3.0次 ,暴雨日数为 0.3～3.0d ;东北地区夏季严重干燥事件、暴雨强度和暴雨量呈现不同程度的增加趋势 ,严重干燥事件和暴雨量的增加趋势更为明显 ;年平均极端连雨事件和暴雨日数全区总体表现为减少的趋势 ,呈现出东北大部分地区暴雨强度增加、暴雨日数减少、降水时段集中 ,干旱发展的演变特征。     

陕西短历时降水极值特征和致灾性分析

利用陕西95个气象站1980—2013年的短历时(1h、3h、6h、12h、24h)降水极值及相应县域1984—2013年的气象地质灾害记录,对陕西短历时降水极值、气象地质灾害发生的时空分布特征及两者间的关联度进行分析,并通过耿贝尔(Gumbel)极值分布模型拟合短历时降水百年极值。结果表明:陕北的子长、佳县,关中的彬县、华阴、武功、千阳,陕南的镇巴、商南、佛坪为短历时降水极值中心。超过一半的站降水极值呈缓慢增大趋势,降水极值与灾害均集中出现在4—10月,两者发生时间有较好的对应关系。陕北54.62%、关中48.5%、陕南68.97%的短历时降水极值出现的当天,当地发生了气象地质灾害。利用耿贝尔极值分布模型拟合5个短历时降水百年极值发现,百年一遇降水极值的空间分布特征与历史极值特征相似,这对短历时降水极值的预测与可能引发的暴雨洪涝地质灾害的预防有一定的借鉴意义。     

观测降水概率不确定性对集合预报概率Brier技巧评分结果的分析

利用淮河地区652个站点日降水量和参加全球交互式大集合预报计划的中国T213集合预报系统24 h累积降水预报,建立了新的集合预报评分中观测资料的处理方法.该方法基于模式检验的观测资料处理中考虑不确定性的思想,构建了观测概率法和观测百分位法的观测资料处理方法.本文方法和通常数值预报检验观测资料处理方法的模式检验对比分析表明:采用了观测概率法和观测百分位法处理降水观测后,五个降水阈值预报Brier评分检验表明,新的观测资料处理方法使预报的Brier评分分值下降,即预报性能得到提高,尤其在中低降水阈值区域较为明显.Brier技巧评分可靠性和分辨性的分析表明,模式五个降水阈值预报都有预报技巧.新的观测资料处理方法普遍提高了五个降水阈值预报的分辨性,但是降低了可靠性.本研究结果对在今后集合预报评分方法中考虑观测资料不确定性的影响,尤其是对集合预报降水的评估起到非常积极的作用.     

海河流域降水极值的时空演变特征

利用海河流域104个测站逐日降水资料,研究了海河流域过去47年中降水极值时空变化趋势,从降水极值变化的角度解释了海河流域旱涝的演变特征。结果表明:近47年来,海河流域的降雨量、小雨日数、暴雨日数、湿涝事件、日最大降水量均表现出明显减少趋势,干旱事件表现出显著增加趋势,加剧了海河流域干旱化程度。海河流域降水极值空间变化趋势在大部分区域表现为干旱化倾向,尤其是在海河流域东南部区域干旱化程度最为显著。降水的极值变化致使降水时空分布变得更加不均匀,使得海河流域干旱事件发生频率和强度增加,从而对流域内生态、环境和社会经济系统产生深远的影响。     

重庆多历时极值降水的概率型优选及应用

基于重庆34个国家气象站1981—2016年5 min,24 h至3 d的过程最大雨量共18个年极值降水序列,利用线性矩法计算6种常用概率分布函数的模型参数,通过备选最优模型筛选法客观选取各站各历时极值降水的最优概率模型,并将优选结果应用于重庆不同历时百年重现期降水的计算。结果表明:模型优选方法得到的重庆各站不同历时极值降水的最优线型略有差异,广义极值分布占比最大,三参数Weibull分布次之,三参数对数正态分布第三,皮尔逊Ⅲ型和Gumbel分布相当,指数分布最差。最优线型计算的重庆不同历时百年重现期降水的空间分布大值区由短历时的点状分布向长历时的片状分布转变,渝东北的大值中心受地形影响不断向北移动。基于线性矩法的概率模型参数估计及客观的线型优选过程具有较强的可操作性和适应性,可应用于其他工程气象参数的推算中。     

1961-200年中国各季降水趋势变化

Trends in six indices of precipitation in China for seasons during 1961-2007 were analyzed based on daily observations at 587 stations. The trends were estimated by using Sen＇s method with Mann-Kendall＇s test for quantifying the significance. The geographical patterns of trends in the seasonal indices of extremes were similar to those of total precipitation. For winter, both total and extreme precipitation increased over nearly all of China, except for a small part of northern China. Increasing trends in extreme precipitation also occurred at many stations in southwestern China for spring and the midlower reaches of the Yangtze River and southern China for summer. For autumn, precipitation decreased in eastern China, with an increasing length of maximum dry spell, implying a drying tendency for the post-rainy season. Wetting trends have prevailed in most of western China for all seasons. The well-known ＇flood in the south and drought in the north＇ trend exists in eastern China for summer, while a nearly opposite trend pattern exist for spring.     

1961—2014年广东小时强降水的变化特征

利用1961—2014年广东32个气象观测站逐小时降水资料,采用线性趋势分析、Mann Kendall检验、功率谱分析、计算趋势系数等统计诊断方法,分析了广东小时强降水在年以及前、后汛期的气候特征及变化。结果表明,广东年、前、后汛期多年平均小时强降水的次数、强度、降水量和贡献率的空间分布均呈沿海向内陆递减。近54年来,广东平均小时强降水的次数、强度、降水量和贡献率在年以及前、后汛期的时间尺度上均为显著上升的趋势,与同期广东年暴雨次数和年降水变化不明显有明显差异。广东大部分测站小时强降水量均呈增加的趋势,其中珠三角增加最为显著。近54年来广东年和前汛期小时强降水次数存在3.7年和22年、后汛期存在3年左右的显著周期震荡。广东年和后汛期小时强降水次数在1993—1994年发生增加的突变,前汛期小时强降水次数没有突变发生。     

1961-2000年西南地区小时降水变化特征

根据西南地区112个站点1961-2000年逐时降水资料,分析了不同季节降水时数、小时雨强、极端强降水时数和极端强降水强度的变化趋势.从降水时数变化来看,夏季西南大部分地区如四川盆地西部、云南、贵州南部等地总降水时数有减少趋势,四川盆地东部和川西高原总降水时数增加;整个区域平均趋势为-0.9%/10a.相应地,极端强降...     

中国大城市极端强降水事件变化的初步分析

利用中国753个台站1951～2005年的逐日降水资料,初步分析了人口在一百万以上的大城市极端强降水事件的变化特征及其与周围的区别.得到以下主要结论:大城市极端降水事件的变化受所在区域的变化影响很大,不同地区大城市又具有其独特的变化特点,半数以上的大城市极端降水强度和频数的变化趋势比周围大.大体上,北方尤其是在华北南部,大城市极端降水强度和频数增加的趋势比周围大;与华北地区整体上的减弱趋势不同,华北东南部大城市极端降水强度呈较明显的增强趋势.     

21世纪中国极端降水事件预估

摘 要：全球变暖背景下极端降水事件的变化一直受到广泛关注,本文从观测、理论及模拟预估等方面对近十多年来国内外极端降水气候事件的研究作一综述,并给出IPCC第四次评估报告对我国21世纪极端降水指数变化的预估结果。     

Probability Distribution of Precipitation Extremes over the Yangtze River Basin

 Based on the daily observational precipitation data of 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin for 1960-2005, and the projected daily data of 79 grids from ECHAM5/MPI-OM in the 20th century, time series of precipitation extremes which contain annual maximum (AM) and Munger index (MI) were constructed. The distribution feature of precipitation extremes was analyzed based on the two index series. Research results show that (1) the intensity and probability of extreme heavy precipitation are higher in the middle Mintuo River sub-catchment, the Dongting Lake area, the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River, and the southeastern Poyang Lake sub-catchment; whereas, the intensity and probability of drought events are higher in the mid-lower Jinsha River sub-catchment and the Jialing River sub-catchment; (2) compared with observational data, the averaged value of AM is higher but the deviation coefficient is lower in projected data, and the center of precipitation extremes moves northwards; (3) in spite of certain differences in the spatial distributions of observed and projected precipitation extremes, by applying General Extreme Value (GEV) and Wakeby (WAK) models with the method of L-Moment Estimator (LME) to the precipitation extremes, it is proved that WAK can simulate the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observed and projected data quite well. The WAK could be an important function for estimating the precipitation extreme events in the Yangtze River basin under future climatic scenarios.     

1960-2005年长江流域降水极值概率分布特征

Based on the daily observational precipitation data of 147 stations in the Yangtze River basin for 1960-2005,and the projected daily data of 79 grids from ECHAM5/MPI-OM in the 20th century,time series of precipitation extremes which contain annual maximum(AM)and Munger index(MI)were constructed.The distribution feature of precipitation extremes was analyzed based on the two index series.Research results show that(1)the intensity and probability of extreme heavy precipitation are higher in the middle Mintuo River sub-catchment,the Dongting Lake area,the mid-lower main stream section of the Yangtze River,and the southeastern Poyang Lake sub-catchment;whereas,the intensity and probability of drought events are higher in the mid-lower Jinsha River sub-catchment and the Jialing River sub-catchment;(2)compared with observational data,the averaged value of AM is higher but the deviation coefficient is lower in projected data,and the center of precipitation extremes moves northwards;(3)in spite of certain differences in the spatial distributions of observed and projected precipitation extremes,by applying General Extreme Value(GEV)and Wakeby(WAK)models with the method of L-Moment Estimator(LME)to the precipitation extremes,it is proved that WAK can simulate the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observed and projected data quite well.The WAK could be an important function for estimating the precipitation extreme events in the Yangtze River basin under future climatic scenarios.     

Changes in Persistent and Non-Persistent Flood Season Precipitation over South China During 1961-2010

The characteristics and possible causes of changes in persistent precipitation（PP） and non-persistent precipitation（NPP） over South China during flood season are investigated using daily precipitation data from 63 stations in South China and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1961 to 2010. This investigation is performed using the Kendall＇s tau linear trend analysis, correlation analysis, abrupt climate change analysis, wavelet analysis, and composite analysis techniques. The results indicate that PP dominates total precipitation over South China throughout the year. The amounts of PP and NPP during flood season vary primarily on a 2–5-yr oscillation. This oscillation is more prominent during the early flood season（EFS; April–June）. NPP has increased significantly over the past 50 years while PP has increased slightly during the whole flood season. These trends are mainly due to a significant increase in NPP during the EFS and a weak increase in PP during the late flood season（LFS; July–September）. The contribution of EFS NPP to total flood season precipitation has increased significantly while the contribution of EFS PP has declined. The relative contributions of both types of precipitation during LFS have not changed significantly. The increase in EFS NPP over South China is likely related to the combined efects of a stronger supply of cold air from the north and a weaker supply of warm, moist air from the south. The increase in NPP amount may also be partially attributable to a reduction in the stability of the atmosphere over South China.     

Changes of Frequency of Summer Precipitation Extremes over the Yangtze River in Association with Large-scale Oceanic-atmospheric Conditions

Changes of the frequency of precipitation extremes (the number of days with daily precipitation exceeding the 90th percentile of a daily climatology,referred to as R90N) in summer (June-August) over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River are analyzed based on daily observations during 1961-2007.The first singular value decomposition (SVD) mode of R90N is linked to an ENSO-like mode of the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the previous winter.Responses of different grades of precipitation events to the climatic mode are compared.It is notable that the frequency of summer precipitation extremes is significantly related with the SSTA in the Pacific,while those of light and moderate precipitation are not.It is suggested that the previously well-recognized impact of ENSO on summer rainfall along the Yangtze River is essentially due to a response in summer precipitation extremes in the region,in association with the East Asia-Pacific (EAP) teleconnection pattern.A negative relationship is found between the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) and precipitation extremes over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River.In contrast,light rainfall processes are independent from the SST and EASM variations.