基于遥感数据的内蒙古草原灌丛物候变化研究

植被物候研究是全球气候变化研究的重要内容,但国际上有关干旱半干旱区灌丛物候变化的研究还很缺乏。为了探讨气候变化对内蒙古草原灌丛物候的影响,利用2000~2011年的MODIS EVI时间序列影像,采用动态阈值法得到6种灌丛12 a物候年际变化情况,结合样点附近气象站的气温和降水数据,分析了灌丛物候与气候变化的动态关系。结果表明：（1）内蒙古中西部草原灌丛返青期、枯黄期都呈现提前的趋势,生长季长度缩短;（2）春季均温升高和前一年秋冬降水增加可以提前灌丛返青期,是影响返青期的主要因素;（3）秋季降水减少和夏秋均温上升都利于枯黄期提前,夏季降水的作用则因灌丛种类不同而略有差异;（4）夏秋均温上升缩短了生长季长度,夏秋降水量、春季均温则多与生长季长度呈正相关。     

西藏藏北高原典型植被生长对气候要素变化的响应

选取西藏藏北高原西部高寒草原植被、中部高寒草甸植被及东南部高寒灌丛草甸植被 3 种藏北地区最典型的植被类型, 结合临近 3 个气象观测站的资料, 分析这 3 种典型植被类型地区 1999—2001 年旬平均气温、旬总降水量和 SPOT VEGETATION 卫星 10 d 最大值合成归一化植被指数 (NDVI) 变化特征以及 3 种典型植被基于 SPOT VEGETATION NDVI 的生长变化对旬平均气温和旬总降水量两个主要气候要素变化的响应关系。 结果表明: 藏北地区降水资源的空间分布特点是东南部向西北部逐渐减少, 气温则由南向北逐渐递减, 与降水资源分布相反, 蒸发量西部高, 东部低; SPOT VEGETATION NDVI 能够较为准确地反映 3 种典型植被生长变化特征, 所反映的植被返青期和枯黄期等重要植被生长阶段与由积温计算的植被生长特征基本一致; 藏北地区基于 SPOT VEGETATION NDVI 的植被生长变化与气温的相关系数明显高于与降水的相关系数 , 其中以那曲为代表的高寒草甸植被的 NDVI 与旬气温和旬降水总量的相关系数最大, 分别为 0.81 和 0.68 , 表明藏北地区由于海拔高, 气候寒冷, 气温对该地区植被生长的影响明显高于降水的影响, 即该地区植被生长变化对气温的响应程度明显高于对降水的响应程度 , 是植被生长的限制性因素; 不同植被类型对气温和降水两个要素的响应程度大小依次是高寒草甸、高寒灌丛草甸和高寒草原。     

青海草本植物物候期变化与气象条件影响分析

利用青海省8个农气观测站草本植物物候期观测资料,分析了草本植物物候期变化及其对气温、降水、日照变化的响应。结果表明:①草本植物物候期有明显的地域性。②青海草本植物物候现象生长期除河南、互助等地呈现出缩短趋势外,其余大部地区呈现出作物生长季延长的趋势。③草本植物物候对气温、降水、日照的响应:气温,对上年黄枯期月至当年各物候出现期上月平均气温升高1℃,草本植物物候期除个别地、个别物候期推迟(1~11 d),生长期缩短(5~9 d),绝大部分地区草本植物物候期提早(2~12 d),生长期延长(3~13 d);降水,对上年黄枯期月至当年各物候出现期上月降水量增多10 mm,曲麻莱、互助萌动期提早2 d,湟源萌动期推迟1 d,甘德展叶期推迟3 d,其余响应微弱;日照,对上年黄枯期月至当年各物候出现期上月的日照时数增多10 h,各地个别物候期提早1 d,其余响应微弱。     

基于MODIS NDVI和气候信息的草原植被变化监测

对植被的动态监测可以从一定程度上反映气候变化趋势。该文利用2000—2005年MODIS NDVI数据对锡林郭勒盟典型草原植被变化进行动态监测,在此基础上,以降水量、水汽压、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、日照时数作为气候指标,分析锡林郭勒盟典型草原和荒漠草原MODIS NDVI与同期及前期气候因子的相关性,探讨草原植被变化的气候驱动因子。结果表明:2000—2005年锡林郭勒盟植被改善面积大于退化面积,植被退化面积最大的区域为荒漠草原,占全盟面积的12.84%,植被改善面积最大的区域为典型草原,占全盟面积29.09%。4类草原改善趋势由强到弱的顺序为草甸草原、典型草原、沙地草原、荒漠草原。对于典型草原,其NDVI与最高气温关系最密切,其次为水汽压;对于荒漠草原,其NDVI与最高气温关系最为密切,其次为最低气温。此外,NDVI对气候因子的响应表现出明显的时滞效应。     

青岛地区气候变化对动物物候变化的影响研究

基于青岛地区气候和动物物候观测资料,分析了气候和动物物候变化特征及两者之间的相关关系。1986—2016年青岛地区蚱蝉始鸣期表现为小幅波动变化,蟋蟀的始鸣期则呈先显著推迟后显著提前的变化趋势,青蛙和家燕的始鸣期均有显著推迟的趋势。以上4种动物的绝鸣期均显著提前,间隔期均明显缩短。受全球气候变暖的影响,青岛地区气温表现为显著增温趋势,日照时数和平均风速均呈显著减小趋势,而降水对气候变暖的响应较小。日照时数的减少对4种动物物候期的影响最大,有利于4种动物绝鸣期的提前和间隔期的缩短以及家燕始鸣期的推迟;蟋蟀和青蛙的物候期对气温有明显的响应,蚱蝉和家燕对气温的变化不敏感;风速的减小有利于蚱蝉、家燕绝鸣期的提前和间隔期的缩短,但却导致青蛙绝鸣期的推迟和间隔期的延长。多种气候因子共同作用决定了动物物候期的变化。除气候条件对动物物候期变化的影响之外,动物之间食物链的制约关系在一定程度上也对物候变化有影响。     

鲁西南木本植物生长季及物候期持续日数对气候变暖的响应

以1981-2010年中国鲁西南地区的植物为研究对象,采用统计分析法研究7种木本植物生长季与物候期持续日数对气候变暖的响应规律。结果表明：1981-2010年中国鲁西南地区气温呈极显著上升趋势（p<0.01）,随着气候变暖,木本植物春季物候期间隔缩短,秋季物候期间隔延长,全生长季延长,且全生长季变化趋势比各物候持续期变化趋势明显;展叶持续期主要与上月、当月和持续月平均气温呈负相关,其中梧桐展叶持续期与当月平均气温呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）;旱柳和刺槐开花持续期与持续月平均气温呈显著正相关（p<0.05）;叶变色持续期和落叶持续期与上月、当月、结束月和持续月平均气温呈正相关,其中旱柳与平均气温达到显著正相关（p<0.05）。木本植物全生长季与气温呈正相关,其中旱柳生长季变化对气候变暖的响应最敏感,其次是榆树、梧桐和楝树生长季变化对气候变暖的响应较敏感;随着年平均气温每升高1 ℃,植物生长季延长3.0-20.0 d;年平均最高气温每升高1℃,生长季延长5.0-14.0 d;年平均最低气温每升高1 ℃,生长季延长2.0-18.0 d。     

吉林省蒲公英物候特征及其对气候变暖的响应

利用数理统计方法,对在气候变暖背景下吉林省蒲公英物候期变化进行分析,探讨了蒲公英物候期变化与春季、秋季气温的关系。结果表明：自1980年以来,吉林省春、秋季增温显著,且秋季较春季明显;吉林省西部地区展叶期推迟,黄枯期提前,生长季缩短;中部地区基本无变化;东部地区展叶期提前,黄枯期推迟,生长季延长。温度和物候期的变化趋势均有明显的地域特征,展叶期变化趋势在地域分布上恰好与春季气温一致,在湿润的东部地区,黄枯变化趋势与秋季气温一致,在干旱的西部地区,枯黄期变化趋势与秋季气温变化相反。探讨了对东西部物候期变化截然相反趋势的原因,并通过线性回归分别建立了各站物候期的温度模型。     

新疆玛纳斯河流域50年来气候变化及其对木本植物物候期的影响

以中亚典型冰川融化区新疆玛纳斯河流域为例,分析了50年来气候变化趋势及周期性波动规律,并阐明当地主要木本植物物候变化及对气候变化的响应.研究结果表明:玛纳斯河流域气候总体趋向于暖湿方向的发展,其中非作物生长季的增温幅度较大,而作物生长季降水量的增加幅度较大.气温与降水的周期震荡存在较大差异,但均在10年尺度下表现为频繁的偏高期和偏低期的循环交替,反映出短期气候变化的复杂性和无常性.箭杆杨、柳树、新疆杨和榆树4种主要木本植物的落叶末期和生长季变化的倾向率均为正值,说明物候现象均有不同程度提早发生的趋势.气温、降水和日照时数的变化趋势与4种木本植物的物候期的变化趋势在一定程度上存在着一致性,同时建立了木本植物物候期和气候因子之间的最优回归方程.     

乌鲁木齐地区生长季NDVI序列影像的植被覆盖变化分析’

应用EOS／MODIS—Terra卫星数据,按照NDVI(归一化植被指数)最大值合成法计算了乌鲁木齐地区2007、2010年生长季逐旬植被NDVI序列,得到植被长势演变图和植被指数分布基础数据,结合气象资料和南山中山带牧草监测站实测数据,分析了NDVI在乌鲁木齐地区的变化特点及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明：气温、降水是NDVI变化的主要驱动因子,但植被对于气候因子的响应普遍存在滞后性。乌鲁木齐地区NDVI旬最大值总体变化在0．46～0．83范围内。与近10 a中植被长势最好的2007年同期数据比较,2010年春季植被指数比2007年推迟4旬达到0．7以上,表明植被发育期比2007年推迟10～15 d;秋季植被指数7月中旬就出现下降拐点,表明植被发育期比2007年提前4旬进入种子成熟、黄枯期或停止生长。以上结论与南山中山带牧草监测站实测结果相符。     

天山巴音布鲁克草原植被变化及其与气候因子的关系

利用1982-2000年逐月NOAA/AVHRR NDVI的时间序列数据,分析了天山巴音布鲁克草原植被覆盖的动态变化及其与降水、气温、浅层地温等气候因子的关系。结果表明：近20 a来巴音布鲁克草原植被覆盖面积总体上呈现增加趋势,生态环境有所改善。同时,生长季（4-9月）NDVI与降水、气温和浅层地温的相关分析表明, 气温和浅层地温是影响巴音布鲁克草原植被生长的两个重要因子。     

Responses of Grassland and Forest to Temperature and Precipitation Changes in Northeast China

Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as an indicator of vegetation growth, we explored the characteristics and differences in the response to drought of five vegetation biomes in Northeast China, including typical steppe, desert steppe, meadow steppe, deciduous coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest during the period 1982-2009. The results indicate that growing season precipitation may be the primary vegetation growth-limiting factor in grasslands. More than 70% of the temporal variations in NDVI can be explained by the amount of precipitation during the growing season in typical and desert steppes. During the same period, the mean temperature in the growing season could explain nearly 43% of the variations in the mean growing season NDVI and is therefore a dominant growth-limiting factor for forest ecosystems. Therefore, the NDVI trends differ largely due to differences in the vegetation growth-limiting factors of the different vegetation biomes. The NDVI responses to droughts vary in magnitude and direction and depend on the drought-affected areas of the five vegetation types. Specifically, the changes in NDVI are consistent with the variations in precipitation for grassland ecosystems. A lack of precipitation resulted in decreases in NDVI, thereby reducing vegetation growth in these regions. Conversely, increasing precipitation decreased the NDVI of forest ecosystems. The results also suggest that grasslands under arid and semi-arid environments may be more sensitive to drought than forests under humid environments. Among grassland ecosystems, desert steppe was most sensitive to drought, followed by typical steppe; meadow steppe was the least sensitive.     

中亚及中国新疆干旱区植被物候时空变化

基于1982-2006年GIMMS（Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies）长序列归一化植被指数数据,采用比例阈值法反演得到中亚及新疆地区植被过去25年的物候数据集;采用M-K趋势检验和Theil Sen斜率方法,分析植物生长季开始期、停止期和生长季长度的变化趋势,并结合历史土地利用数据和DEM数据评价不同植被覆盖类型和不同高程下的植被物候变化特征。结果表明：1982-2006年,中亚及中国新疆干旱区植被生长季开始期和停止期在区域尺度上没有显著提前或者延迟,但在局部地区变化明显,且空间差异较大。各植被覆盖类型的物候动态表现不同,农用地的生长季开始期提前最明显;落叶阔叶林等木本植被类型的生长季停止期以推迟为主,但其面积比例很小,影响十分有限;除灌丛和裸地外,其他类型均表现出生长季长度延长的趋势,但整个研究区植物生长季长度变化并不明显。不同高程下植被物候变化同样存在差异,区域气候变化改变了不同高程带的环境限制因子,继而对植被物候产生影响,特别是在2000～3000 m高程带,植被生长季开始期提前、停止期推迟和生长季长度延长更加明显。     

The albedo of temperate and boreal forest and the Northern Hemisphere climate: a sensitivity experiment using the LMD GCM

A deforestation experiment is performed using the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique Atmospheric General Circulation Model (LMD GCM) to determine the climatic role of the largest vegetation formation in the Northern Hemisphere, localized mostly north of latitude 45°N, which is called the temperate and boreal forest. For this purpose, an iterative albedo scheme based on vegetation type, snow age, snowfall rate and area of snow cover, is developed for snow-covered surfaces. The results show a cooling of Northern Hemisphere soil and an increase in the snow cover when the forest is removed, as found by previous similar experiments.In our study this cooling is related to different causes, depending on the season. It is linked to modifications in the soil radiative properties, like surface albedo, due to the disappearance of forest, and consequently, to a greater exposure of the snow-covered soil underneath. It is also related to alterations in the hydrological cycle, observed mainly in summer and autumn at middle latitudes. The model shows a strong sensitivity to the coupled surface albedo — soil temperature — fractional snow cover response in the spring. A later and longer snowmelt season is also detected.This study adds to our understanding of climatic variation on longer time scales, since it is widely accepted that the formation and disappearance of different vegetation formations is closely related to climatic evolution patterns, in particular on the time scale of the glacial oscillations.     

Evaluating the vegetation growing season changes in the arid region of northwestern China

Temperature has long been accepted as the major controlling factor in determining vegetation phenology in the middle and higher latitudes. The influence of water availability is often overlooked even in arid and semi-arid environments. We compared vegetation phenology metrics derived from both in situ temperature and satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) observations from 1982 to 2006 by an example of the arid region of northwestern China. From the satellite-based results, it was found the start of the growing season (SOS) advanced by 0.37 days year^?1 and the end of the growing season (EOS) delayed by 0.61 days year^?1 in Southern Xinjiang over 25 years. In the Tianshan Mountains, the SOS advanced by 0.35 days year^?1 and the EOS delayed by 0.31 days year^?1. There were almost no changes in Northern Xinjiang. Compared with satellite-based results, those estimates based on temperature contain less details of spatial variability of vegetation phenology. Interestingly, they show different and at times reversed spatial patterns from the satellite results arising from water limitation. Phenology metrics derived from temperature and NDVI conclude that water limitation of onset of the growing season is more severe than the cessation. Phenology spatial patterns of four oases in Southern Xingjiang show that, on average, there is a delay of the SOS of 1.6 days/10 km of distance from the mountain outlet stations. Our results underline the importance of water availability in determining the vegetation phenology in arid regions and can lead to important consequences in interpreting the possible change of vegetation phenology with climate.     

北半球平流层大气环流转型的基本气候特征

利用1948—2009年NCEP/NCAR逐日高度场和风场再分析资料探讨了平流层各主要层次上环流转型的年际、年代际时空演变特征。结果表明:北半球平流层冬季环流转为夏季环流的过程是高层环流转型早,低层环流转型晚,但在各层次上环流转型早晚存在着区域性差异。自新地岛到西伯利亚北部地区的环流转型最早,且该区域与北半球环流平均转型时间的年际以及年代际特征最相近。北半球平流层环流转型的气候平均时间早于东亚热带季风爆发时间,从而可能成为季风预测的前兆信号。分析还得到平流层各主要层次环流转型时间具有明显的年代际特征,环流转型时间呈现由偏晚到偏早、又从偏早到偏晚的变化特征,只是年代际转折年份在不同区域、不同层次存在差异。此外,平流层环流转型时间普遍存在准2年、准3~6年、准9~12年以及准21~24年的周期,可能与气候系统其他成员有密切联系。     

Evaluating the influence of different vegetation biomes on the global climate

The participation of different vegetation types within the physical climate system is investigated using a coupled atmosphere-biosphere model, CCM3-IBIS. We analyze the effects that six different vegetation biomes (tropical, boreal, and temperate forests, savanna, grassland and steppe, and shrubland/tundra) have on the climate through their role in modulating the biophysical exchanges of energy, water, and momentum between the land-surface and the atmosphere. Using CCM3-IBIS we completely remove the vegetation cover of a particular biome and compare it to a control simulation where the biome is present, thereby isolating the climatic effects of each biome. Results from the tropical and boreal forest removal simulations are in agreement with previous studies while the other simulations provide new evidence as to their contribution in forcing the climate. Removal of the temperate forest vegetation exhibits behavior characteristic of both the tropical and boreal simulations with cooling during winter and spring due to an increase in the surface albedo and warming during the summer caused by a reduction in latent cooling. Removal of the savanna vegetation exhibits behavior much like the tropical forest simulation while removal of the grassland and steppe vegetation has the largest effect over the central United States with warming and drying of the atmosphere in summer. The largest climatic effect of shrubland and tundra vegetation removal occurs in DJF in Australia and central Siberia and is due to reduced latent cooling and enhanced cold air advection, respectively. Our results show that removal of the boreal forest yields the largest temperature signal globally when either including or excluding the areas of forest removal. Globally, precipitation is most affected by removal of the savanna vegetation when including the areas of vegetation removal, while removal of the tropical forest most influences the global precipitation excluding the areas of vegetation removal.     

NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China

This study analyzes the temporal change of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for temperate grasslands in China and its correlation with climatic variables over the period of 1982–1999. Average NDVI of the study area increased at rates of 0.5% yr⁻¹ for the growing season (April–October), 0.61% yr⁻¹ for spring (April and May), 0.49% yr⁻¹ for summer (June–August), and 0.6% yr⁻¹ for autumn (September and October) over the study period. The humped-shape pattern between coefficient of correlation (R) of the growing season NDVI to precipitation and growing season precipitation documents various responses of grassland growth to changing precipitation, while the decreased R values of NDVI to temperature with increase of temperature implies that increased temperature declines sensitivity of plant growth to changing temperature. The results also suggest that the NDVI trends induced by climate changes varied between different vegetation types and seasons.     

Potential Impact of Climate Change on Vegetation in the European Alps: A Review

Based on conclusions drawn from general climatic impact assessmentin mountain regions, the review synthesizes results relevant to the European Alps published mainly from 1994 onward in the fields of population genetics, ecophysiology, phenology, phytogeography, modeling, paleoecology and vegetation dynamics. Other important factors of global change interacting synergistically with climatic factors are also mentioned, such as atmospheric CO₂ concentration, eutrophication, ozone or changes in land-use. Topics addressed are general species distribution and populations (persistence, acclimation, genetic variability, dispersal, fragmentation, plant/animal interaction, species richness, conservation), potential response of vegetation (ecotonal shift – area, physiography – changes in the composition, structural changes), phenology, growth and productivity, and landscape. In conclusion, the European Alps appear to have a natural inertia and thus to tolerate an increase of 1–2 K of mean air temperature as far as plant species and ecosystems are concerned in general. However, the impact of land-use is very likely to negate this buffer in many areas. For a change of the order of 3 K or more, profound changes may be expected.     

CLIMATIC ABRUPT CHANGE IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE FOR 1920s AND 1950s

In recent years,a large number of papers on the climatic sudden change have been presented.From the viewpoint ofclimatic sudden change,two methods of studying climatic sudden change are applied in this paper.The Northern Hemi-sphere land temperature(NHLT)during 1851—1984,China temperature(CT)during 1873—1990 and the NorthernHemisphere sea-level pressure(NHSLP)at each grid point during 1899—1987 are analyzed by the moving T-test.Theresults show that there exist two climatic sudden changes in the 1920s and the 1950s during the past 100 years,and thenfeatures of circulation for the two sudden changes are discussed by the NHSLP data.