农业文化遗产地旅游研究进展与展望(英文)

农业文化遗产是世界遗产的重要类型,存在于特有的生态系统和文化系统之中。它是一种活态的遗产,因此,需要在发展中对其进行保护。作为农业文化遗产动态保护的有效途径之一,合理的旅游开发能够兼顾遗产的保护与发展,实现对传统农业生产系统的可持续管理。本文在对目前联合国粮农组织命名的全球重要农业文化遗产和列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产中的农业遗产进行梳理归纳的基础上,辨析此类遗产地旅游的概念范畴,总结了农业文化遗产旅游的研究的主要内容。当前,我国的相关研究主要集中在资源评价与开发、产品设计与市场营销、旅游感知以及旅游开发影响等方面。今后农业文化遗产地旅游研究可以在遗产地旅游利益共享机制、旅游演化机理、旅游的生态环境影响以及研究方法上进一步深入和完善,以启发理论并服务于实践。     

庆元香菇文化系统的遗产价值分析(英文)

浙江省庆元县是世界人工栽植香菇的发源地和主要栽培区域之一,素以"世界香菇之源"、"中国香菇城"著称。庆元菇民依托良好的生态环境和丰富的森林资源,从事香菇生产800多年,延续至今形成了人与自然和谐发展的独特的香菇生产系统,孕育、造就的香菇文化更是丰富多彩。2014年庆元香菇文化系统被评为中国重要农业文化遗产。本文以浙江庆元香菇文化系统农业文化遗产为研究对象,在分析遗产重要性与保护的必要性和紧迫性的基础上,全面论述了该系统的遗产功能,包括提供物质与产品生产、生态系统服务、文化传承、多功能农业发展等。研究可为我国食用菌类农业文化遗产的保护与传承以及农业可持续发展和农业功能拓展提供一定的参考。     

农业文化遗产地文化关键种的概念、内涵和意义

包括联合国粮农组织(FAO)认定的全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)和一些国家农业部认定的国家重要农业文化遗产(NIAHS)在内的农业文化遗产是一种新的遗产类型,通常具有丰富的生物多样性、多元的传统知识、独特的资源利用技术、杰出的文化景观,是一个典型的社会-生态系统。文化关键种作为塑造了一个地区的社会文化特征的重要物种,可以作为研究社会-生态系统保护与恢复力提升的一种独特视角和方法。本文通过系统梳理文化关键种概念的起源与内涵,分析了它们与生物文化多样性和社会-生态系统保护之间的关系,并结合农业文化遗产的基本特征和保护需求,尝试对农业文化遗产地文化关键种给出了定义,即"在农业文化遗产系统内,由生物资源和文化实践紧密结合,对当地社会文化的稳定性产生重要影响且能够促进农业文化遗产保护目标实现的生物文化复合体"。在此基础上,进一步分析了识别农业文化遗产文化关键种对农业文化遗产保护的主要意义:一是通过文化关键种的识别与保护有助于遗产地关键要素的识别和保护;二是利用文化关键种社区认同度高的优势可以调动社区参与遗产保护的积极性;三是以文化关键种的识别与保护为切入点,有助于更好地实现全球或国家重要农业文化遗产保护目标,即保障食物与生计安全、保护生物多样性、促进传统知识与技术体系传承以及维持景观特征等。     

中国农业文化遗产研究的进展与展望

中国农业文明历史悠久,勤劳智慧的劳动人民在长期的生产实践过程中一直在探索适应不同自然条件的农业生产方式,创造了灿烂的农业文化遗产。当今农业发展所面临的面临生态系统退化、面源污染严重、遗传资源丧失、食品安全问题严重等问题,促使人们转而学习传统农业的智慧与经验。本文从基于文献的传统农业文化遗产研究和基于实践的动态保护与适应性管理研究两个方面,较为系统地回顾了中国农业文化遗产研究的主要进展。指出,积淀深厚、成果丰富的农业历史和农业考古研究,为农业文化遗产保护实践和发展生态农业奠定了坚实的基础。2002年联合国粮农组织（FAO）发起的全球重要农业文化遗产（GIAHS）项目,则极大地提高了人们对农业文化遗产价值的认识,使农业文化遗产保护研究与实践进入了一个新阶段,在农业文化遗产的概念与内涵、农业生物多样性、多重价值、替代产业发展以及法律与政策保障等方面都有新的探索。未来研究中应进一步丰富研究内容,改进研究方法,深入开展农业文化遗产的保护和利用的探索等。     

经济发达地区重要农业文化遗产保护的经验、问题与对策——以浙江省为例（英文）

位于长江三角洲地区的浙江省,是我国经济发达地区的代表。它的自然条件优越,农业历史悠久,是一个农、林、牧、渔各业全面发展的综合性农区,孕育了以河姆渡文化、良渚文化为代表的农耕文化,留下了众多珍贵的农业文化遗产。目前浙江共有全球重要农业文化遗产3项与中国重要农业文化遗产12项,不仅遗产数量全国最多,而且遗产保护成效显著。本文以浙江省为例,结合乡村振兴战略,总结15年来浙江省重要农业文化遗产保护在农民增收、文化传承、产业升级等方面所取得的成效以及在政府推动、社区主动、企业带动、科技驱动、社会联动等方面所积累的经验。进一步地,针对当前遗产保护存在遗产地管理不完善、社区居民参与度不高、缺少专项保护经费、省级管理体系不健全等问题,提出以下对策建议:(1)完善农业文化遗产保护与发展的管理机制;(2)开展农业文化遗产地农产品区域公共品牌建设;(3)加大农业文化遗产科普教育和文创产品开发;(4)开展省级重要农业文化遗产的发掘与认定工作;(5)对重要农业文化遗产保护与利用给予实质性扶持和投入。研究可为浙江省的重要农业文化遗产保护提供一定指导,同时为我国经济发达地区重要农业文化遗产保护提供重要借鉴。     

社区视角下的农业文化遗产保护与旅游发展（英文）

农业文化遗产中蕴含的丰富生物多样性和文化多样性是在当地社区的传统生活中不经意间保留下来的。这些生物多样性和文化多样性同时也是很好的旅游资源,通过旅游发展既能维持当地居民的生计,同时也可以有效保护农业文化遗产。本文以全球重要农业文化遗产——贵州从江县稻鱼鸭复合系统为例,讨论了农业文化遗产保护与旅游发展中的社区参与问题。构建了基于社区的农业文化遗产保护及旅游发展的概念模型,其核心观点为农业文化遗产在保护和社区适应方面是一个动态的过程。模型中的6个主要因子分别为:农业文化遗产社区、传统农业系统、生物多样性、文化多样性、可持续旅游发展、社区生计和社区文化身份。几个因子之间的作用是互相影响的,因此支持了农业文化遗产的保护以及农业文化遗产地的旅游发展。     

农业文化遗产：一个具有良好发展前景的交叉性学科领域（英文）

尽管一般意义的农业遗产研究已经有很长时间的历史,但以活态性、系统性和动态性为主要特征的农业文化遗产的发掘、保护、利用、传承起源于联合国粮农组织2002年发起的全球重要农业文化遗产(GIAHS)保护倡议。自那以后,越来越多的科学家进入了这一新的领域,并开展了农业文化遗产的功能与价值、申报与管理、保护与发展等方面的研究,逐渐形成了一个交叉性学科领域。本文从GIAHS和中国重要农业文化遗产(China-NIAHS)的概念和特点出发,指出:(1)农业文化遗产是一类兼具自然遗产、文化遗产和非物质文化遗产特征的复合性遗产,是由经济、生物、技术、文化、景观等要素组成的一类典型的社会–经济–自然复合生态系统;(2)农业文化遗产的保护与发展,需要来自经济学、生态学、地理学、历史学、管理科学、文化学、民族学、社会学等学科专家的共同努力;(3)农业文化遗产及其保护研究已经有了很好的开端,但仍有很大的发展潜力,当前研究中应当特别关注一些优先领域;(4)不久的将来,一门新的学科——农业文化遗产学(Agroheritology)将会出现。     

全球重要农业文化遗产是否是保护传统农业系统的有效工具——社区认知视角的研究（英文）

联合国粮农组织提出“全球重要农业文化遗产”(Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System,GIAHS)项目来保护重要农业遗产以及有关的景观、生物多样性、知识和文化保护体系。许多国家将这一项目作为维持传统农业系统活态性的政策工具。本研究以浙江兴化垛田全球重要农业文化遗产为案例地,研究这种自上而下政府主导的保护实践是否能够有效推动保护政策实施。研究采用社会调查,在遗产核心区以问卷形式来了解农民对农业系统的理解及其相应的保护意愿。研究发现垛田农业系统作为重要农业文化遗产,仍然面临着人口老化与农业人口外流问题。农民对“全球重要农业文化遗产”概念并不熟悉,很少将其与所依赖的农业系统相联系。他们认为前者是一种能够带来经济收入的头衔,而后者具有值得保护的非经济价值。由于农民认为GIAHS能否带来经济结果存在不确定性,因此认为政府在保护中应当承担主要责任。所以,当GIAHS无法促进农业系统地非经济价值向经济价值转化时,它作为一种保护工具尚未有效地鼓励农民积极参与保护。基于这一研究结果,我们建议GIAHS概念应当与农民认知相匹配,从而为农民提供保护动力。     

浙江省农业文化遗产保护现状、潜力及对策研究（英文）

浙江省是中国面积最小、经济最活跃的省份之一,同时也是农业文化遗产保护工作开展最早,成效最显著的省份之一。分析与评价浙江省农业文化遗产保护的现状与问题,对指导其它地区农业文化遗产保护工作具有重要借鉴意义。本文基于近10年浙江省农业文化遗产保护工作的实践,对浙江省农业文化遗产保护工作进行了分析,并对遗产保护的潜力进行了评价,同时给出了针对性的发展建议。研究表明:浙江省农业文化遗产保护有利于挖掘传统农业内涵,传承优秀农耕文化,发挥农业遗产价值以及保护农村生态环境,同时可促进农业持续发展、农村文化繁荣、农民就业增收以及美丽乡村建设。此外,浙江省传统农产品品质优良,特色经济林果种类众多,茶文化底蕴深厚,海洋资源利用独具特色,水土资源利用经验丰富,生态农业形式多样,为农业文化遗产保护提供了巨大发展潜力。研究可为浙江省农业文化遗产的保护与传承以及农业可持续发展和农业功能拓展提供一定的参考。     

低洼地地区典型水土地利用为特征的全球重要农业文化遗产——以兴化垛田传统农业系统为例(英文)

兴化垛田传统农业系统具有典型的水土利用方式,于2014年4月被联合国粮农组织评选为全球重要农业文化遗产。基于文献资料和实地调研,本文分析了兴化垛田传统农业系统的历史与发展、结构与特征、以及功能与价值。兴化垛田传统农业系统具有悠久的历史、丰富的生物多样性、重要的生态服务功能、传统农业技术和文化、以及独特水土利用方式形成的优美景观,并对当地农民的生计安全做出了重要的贡献。然而,这一宝贵的全球重要农业文化遗产系统面临着一系列威胁和挑战。本文的研究一方面可以更深入地认识兴化垛田传统农业系统,为其保护与发展提供科学支持,另外一方面也为我国及世界上的类似地区提供经验借鉴。     

关于中国农业文化遗产保护若干问题的解答（英文）

Although the urgency of their conservation has been recognized, Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) since 2002 and China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(ChinaNIAHS) certified by the Ministry of Agriculture(MOA) of China since 2012 are faced with questions as to why to conserve them, what is to be conserved, who should conserve them, and how? This paper attempts to clarify and respond to such questions focusing on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China based on a review of both theoretical and practical progress. Agricultural heritage systems exhibit a multitude of values for sustainable and equitable development and therefore should be conserved for both present and future generations. Unlike most conventional heritages, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems is a complex, systematic "engineering" in which both physical and biological components and associated socio-cultural processes should be conserved in a dynamic way. Farmers and heritage sites must benefit from the continuance of traditional agricultural production under the premise of ecological functions being sustained and traditional culture being inherited. For a more effective conservation, a multi- stakeholder process should be established involving governments at different levels, multi-disciplinary scientists, communities and farmers, and business enterprises as well as social organizations. As has been demonstrated, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems aims to promote the regional sustainable development, to improve the livelihood, food security and well-being of farm people, and to provide references for the development of modern agriculture in China.     

Responding to common questions on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China

Although the urgency of their conservation has been recognized, Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) since 2002 and China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China- NIAHS) certified by the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) of China since 2012 are faced with questions as to why to conserve them, what is to be conserved, who should conserve them, and how? This paper attempts to clarify and respond to such questions focusing on the conservation of agricultural heritage systems in China based on a review of both theoretical and practical progress. Agricultural heritage systems exhibit a multitude of values for sustainable and equitable development and therefore should be conserved for both present and future generations. Unlike most conventional heritages, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems is a complex, systematic “engineering” in which both physical and biological components and associated socio-cultural processes should be conserved in a dynamic way. Farmers and heritage sites must benefit from the continuance of traditional agricultural production under the premise of ecological functions being sustained and traditional culture being inherited. For a more effective conservation, a multi- stakeholder process should be established involving governments at different levels, multi-disciplinary scientists, communities and farmers, and business enterprises as well as social organizations. As has been demonstrated, the conservation of agricultural heritage systems aims to promote the regional sustainable development, to improve the livelihood, food security and well-being of farm people, and to provide references for the development of modern agriculture in China.     

Agri-cultural Heritage: An Interdisciplinary Field with Development Prospects

Traditional agricultural heritage research has a very long history. Programme on “The conservation and adaptive management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)” initiative launched by FAO in 2002, aimed at not only preserving agricultural heritage system, but also applying the principle of dynamic conservation to promote rural development to benefit local community, to assure food security and maintaining the ecosystem. Since then, many more scientists have been enrolled in the new field focusing on the function and value, application and management, conservation and development and other aspects of these traditional agricultural systems which facilitate an emerging cross-discipline. In this paper, based on the concepts and characteristics of GIAHS and China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS), the author specifies that Agri-cultural Heritage is a compound heritage that integrates the characteristics of natural, cultural and intangible cultural heritage, and a typical social-economic-natural complex ecosystem composed of economic, biological, technological, cultural and landscape components. For their conservation and development, the joint efforts of scientists from economics, ecology, geography, history, management sciences, culturology, ethnology, sociology and other subjects are needed. Based on progresses studies and perspectives of the field, the author felt that although a good start of the research on Agri-cultural Heritage has been made, there is still much room for development which show a steady growth trend and suggested 32 priority areas in research; a new subject of Agroheritology could emerge in the near future.     

Progress and Prospects in Tourism Research on Agricultural Heritage Sites

Agricultural heritage is an important type of world heritage. The special features of this kind of heritage are that they are "living" or "real life" systems, in both the ecosystem and in the cultural sense. So, agricultural heritage needs to be conserved in a special way. In a well-reasoned approach to dynamic conservation of agricultural heritage, careful development of heritage sites can realize greater sustainability of the traditional agriculture by considering both conservation and development though tourism. This paper examines the Global Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) as designated by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and listed by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as agricultural heritages sites. Currently, the research in China focuses on tourism resources evaluation and development, production design and marketing, tourism perception and the impacts of tourism development and so forth. There is less emphasis on research about benefit sharing of heritage tourism evolution mechanisms, environmental impacts of agricultural heritage tourism and study methods which should be analyzed in-depth, so as to illuminate the theories and practices of development in a living landscape.     

Agricultural Heritage Systems: A Bridge between Urban and Rural Development

In the early 1990s, China stepped into the stage of rapid urbanization with a flourishing economy and new technological development. Surplus labor from rural areas flooded into cities and became the main force of urban development. However some severe threats to human survival emerged from urbanization, such as over- extensive urban development, excessive resource consumption, ecological degradation, food security and safety risks and social crises. It has become an imperative to balance urban and rural development to achieve greater harmony between nature and society. This paper firstly tried to focus on public dietary change, agricultural industry development, institutional guarantee, ecological restoration, as well as cultural tourism in urban and peri-urban agricultural heritage sites. Then, it established a development model, balanced the urbanization and urban-supported agriculture. This paper proposed “Agricultural heritage systems” as an entry point for balancing the development of urban areas and rural areas. Agricultural heritage systems can inherit local traditional culture, keep the green and organic agriculture cultivation systems, exploit the distinct landscape tourism, and the like for diversified development; In addition, agricultural heritage systems can take full advantage of abundant funds, firm the institutional guarantee and advanced technologies from the nearby urban complex for regurgitation-feeding of rural enterprises. With the help of these strategies, we can achieve the harmony of “Ecological Urban” and “Garden Countryside”.     

Conservation of the Important Agricultural Heritage Systems in the Economically Developed Area：Experiences,Problems and Solutions—A Case Study of Zhejiang Province

Zhejiang Province, located in the Yangtze River Delta region, is representative of China's economically developed areas. It enjoys superior natural conditions and a long history of agriculture, and is a comprehensive agricultural area with integrated development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. It has nurtured the farming culture represented by Hemudu culture and Liangzhu culture, which have given rise to numerous precious Agricultural Heritage Systems. At present, Zhejiang Province has three of the world’s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) and 12 China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS), so it not only has the largest number of heritages in China, but it has also attained remarkable achievements in heritage conservation. Taking Zhejiang Province as an example in combination with the rural revitalization strategy, this paper summarizes the achievements in the protection of Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (IAHS) in Zhejiang Province during the past 15 years from the aspects of increasing farmers’ income, cultural Inheritance and industrial upgrading, as well as the conservation experiences in government promotion, community initiative, enterprise participation, technology driving and social linkage. Further, in view of the problems that exist in the current heritage protection,such as imperfect management of heritage sites, low participation of community residents, lack of special protection funds, and imperfect provincial management system,the following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: (1) Improve the management mechanism for the conservation and development of Agricultural Heritage Systems; (2) Develop regional public branding of agricultural products in Agricultural Heritage System sites; (3) Increase the Agricultural Heritage System science education as well as cultural and creative product development; (4) Carry out the evaluation and recognition of IAHS at the provincial level; and (5) Provide substantial support and input to the conservation and utilization of IAHS. This study can provide some guidance for the conservation of IAHS in Zhejiang Province and it provides important reference for IAHS in the economically developed areas in China.     

Status,Potentials and Development Strategies of Agricultural Heritage Systems in Zhejiang Province

Zhejiang province is one of China’s smallest provinces in terms of land area, but one of the most active economically. It was also the first to conserve agricultural heritage systems and achieve great results in this area. An analysis and evaluation of the status and problems of agricultural heritage systems in Zhejiang province can serve as a useful example for other places to develop agricultural heritage systems protection. Based on nearly a decade of practice in conserving agricultural heritage systems in Zhejiang province, this thesis analyzes the significance, status and problems, evaluates the potential in terms of traditional agricultural products, special cash trees and fruit trees, tea cultures, marine resource utilization, water-land resources use and eco-agricultural models, and gives targeted development advice. Studies have shown that heritage conservation nurtures traditional agriculture and promotes its sustainable development, fosters the passing on of farming culture and cultural prosperity in rural areas, helps to develop the value of agricultural heritage systems and increase farmers’ income, has value in protecting the ecological environment of rural areas and promoting the construction of the countryside. Meanwhile, the development potential of agricultural heritage systems in Zhejiang province is great because of the excellent quality of traditional agricultural products, a variety of special cash trees and fruit trees, an extensive tea culture, unique utilization of maritime resources, rich experience in water-land resources utilization, and various forms of eco-agriculture. This research provides certain references to help Zhejiang province to protect and pass on its agricultural heritage systems, to promote agricultural sustainability and to expand agricultural functions.     

The Qingyuan Mushroom Culture System as Agricultural Heritage

Qingyuan County, Zhejiang, China is recognized as a source of mushrooms around the world and as Mushroom City in China. Because of a favorable ecological environment and abundant forest resources, mushroom farmers in Qingyuan have engaged in mushroom production for 800 years and continued to form unique mushroom production systems where people and nature live in a harmonious way, and a rich and colorful mushroom culture. The Qingyuan Mushroom Culture System was named the Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage systems of China in 2014. Based on analysis of the importance of agricultural heritage and the necessity and urgency of protection, here we examine the agricultural heritage of the Qingyuan mushroom culture system as a research case study and comprehensively describe its heritage values, including supply materials and production, ecosystem services, cultural inheritance and multi-function agricultural development. These results provide reference values for agricultural heritage protection and inheritance of edible fungi in China, agricultural sustainable development and extension of agricultural function.