甬江建闸前后冲淤特性的初步数值模拟

本文建立了纵向一维和垂向二维两种泥沙运动数值模式,以模拟甬江建闸前后泥沙冲淤规律。模式成功地进行了三汊点(即宁波三江口)水力、盐度、泥沙要素的计算。应用一维模式计算,对甬江建闸前后泥沙冲淤特性及动力机理作了探讨分析;垂向二维的计算结果,说明了泥沙的垂向效应及其对冲淤的影响程度。模式结果也反映建闸后涨潮流阶段泥沙过饱和淤积状态加强,落潮流阶段泥沙次饱和冲刷状态减弱,此是造成甬江大量淤积的主要原因。     

水利工程影响下双台子河上溯潮水分流比的研究

盘锦双台子河口湿地拥有亚洲面积最大的芦苇种植区,但随着工农业用水增多,加之气候干旱和降雨偏少,苇田灌溉得不到保证。为了更好地解决双台子河流域苇田灌溉用水不足的问题,本文利用实测水位和流量等资料,基于Mike11建立了双台子河口的水动力学模型,并使用2008和2009年的实测潮位资料对模型进行了率定和验证,拟合精度较高,表明所建模型能反映河口区的水动力特征。通过设置水工建筑物的不同运行方式,模拟了上溯潮水分流到支流绕阳河与双台子河上游的流量比值。结果表明,水闸和橡胶坝对于研究区域内上溯潮水的分流比影响较大,在现状基础上橡胶坝建成之后能将绕阳河的分流比提高约50%,同时下游河口上溯潮水会减少20%～30%,但分流比对橡胶坝高度的变化并不敏感。不同调水方案以及水泵提水对分流影响甚微。     

人工神经网络在台风风暴潮模拟中的解释应用

将BP人工神经网络引入到风暴潮数值预报的解释应用中,并以惠州站为例,根据台风参数与增水的关系建立3套神经网络模型,对风暴潮的数值预报结果进行订正,计算结果显示:BP人工神经网络可以改进风暴潮数值模式的预报精度,可以作为惠州站数值预报结果解释应用的一种方法,同时也为台风风暴潮数值预测的解释应用提供了新思路。     

入海河口闸下河道泥沙淤积危害评估研究

入海河口闸下河道淤积会带来防洪排涝安全问题、影响上游的排灌环境、恶化下游的通航条件、威胁水闸的正常运行等,本文主要针对其增大防洪排涝灾害风险进行探讨。首先介绍了海河流域主要入海河口和苏北里下四港闸下河道的淤积情况和排水能力的变化,然后根据闸下淤积影响因子、洪涝灾害发生频率和抗灾能力等指数建立了风险评估体系,以海河流域和江苏里下四河为例,划分闸下淤积危害为五级,分别为极轻危害、轻危害、中危害、较重危害和重危害。计算分析表明:海河流域的海河闸和永定河闸闸下河道淤积为较重危害,泥沙淤积为严重淤积;独流减河闸下淤积为中危害,泥沙淤积为相对严重淤积。江苏里下四河的射阳河闸和黄沙港闸闸下淤积为较重危害,泥沙淤积为严重淤积;新洋港闸和斗龙港闸闸下淤积为中危害,泥沙淤积为相对严重淤积。     

浮游植物密度的人工神经网络预测研究

将人工神经网络模型应用于藻类密度数据的预测计算之中,并利用遗传算法对其网络结构进行优化计算以保证计算结果的准确性且自动确定网络结构,分别对神经网络的“当天模型”和“预测模型”进行了计算。结果显示：几种人工神经网络模型在计算精度以及预测数据的趋势上都有较好的效果,目前国内学者使用的人工神经网络“当天模型”无法对其后数据进行预测,不能起到实际预测的作用,而经过遗传算法优化后的人工神经网络“预测模型”不仅达到了很好的预测效果,而且网络结构简单,适用于浮游植物密度的预测计算。     

沿海挡潮闸闸下淤积分析与疏浚技术

近年来随着流域水资源利用率的提高,下泄流量逐年减少,粉沙淤泥质海岸带挡潮闸闸下港道淤积加重,且日趋板结,仅靠水力冲淤已无法满足防洪排水的要求,机械疏浚愈来愈重要。通过对挡潮闸闸下淤积特性及发展趋势、常用防淤减淤措施、河床疏浚标准、疏浚技术及时机的分析,论述了只有进行基础试验,找出淤积规律,选择最佳时机,控制闸门运行,充分利用水力冲淤,同时加强测量观测,确定合理施工标准,采用科学疏浚方法,才能使港道淤积危害降低到最小。     

新沂河海口控制工程闸下河道冲刷试验研究

新沂河海口控制工程深泓闸闸下泓道长约１．３ｋｍ,河床由淤积历时较长的淤泥质粘性土组成。试验中首先取原状土土样,通过水槽试验确定起动流速,据此选择模型沙和进行模型设计。试验表明,下游河道冲刷主要由过闸水流及河口跌水造成,其中,前者形成的冲刷坑为设计的控制条件。根据试验结果认为,对于新沂河海口控制工程这样流量大、河口潮位低的闸下泓道,冲刷是不可避免的,建议放弃海漫防冲的方法,改设板桩截墙。试验中采用的某些观点和方法,对于淤泥质粘土海岸地区河口段闸下冲刷研究具有一定的参考价值。     

长江口潮间带九段沙浅滩潮水沟形态分析

潮水沟演化是潮滩滩面对环境动力和生物过程的适应,分析潮水沟的形态特征有助于反推解读滩面的响应机制。借助于滩面水位高程计算模型和参数统计分析,提出九段沙上沙滩面潮水沟存在集中和分散两种发育模式。与分散模式相比,集中模式的水动力条件更强,潮沟数量更少,等级更高,规模更大。在研究区内,单支潮水沟的汇水形式彼此不同,但两种模式的总体汇水形式相近,潮水沟均以显著线性关系随汇水面积增大而扩展,最后两侧滩面产生同等的沟化程度。     

一维水动力模型在河口潮流推算中的应用

针对河口地区潮流特点,建立了潮流量推算一维水动力数学模型。该模型将Sa in t-V enan t方程组进行求解,并根据涨、落潮流的水动力特性,分别进行涨、落潮糙率率定,准确计算出逐时段河道各断面的水位和流量。应用该模型对宁波三江口地区的潮流量进行推算,结果表明,计算的潮流量与该地区实测的潮流量吻合得较好。     

利用潮汐动力减轻深圳河污染的水力条件计算分析

建立了深圳河非恒定流数学模型，模型中考虑了过闸水头突变的计算方法，采用拉格朗日法研究深圳河上游的罗芳污水处理厂和滨河污水处理厂所排出污水沿深圳河的运动过程，计算分析了利用潮汐动力减轻深圳河污染的水力条件。结果表明，深圳河口建闸3种不同调控方案下污水运移至深圳河口的总时间有所增加，这对于减轻深圳河的污染情况不利；从大鹏湾抽调清水以增加上游来水量则会大大缩短污水运移至深圳河口的时间，从而减轻深圳河的污染状况。     

江苏淤泥质海岸入海河道闸下淤积研究

通过建立ARIMA模型,分析了江苏淤泥质海岸四条入海河道(射阳河、新洋港、斗龙港和黄沙港)建闸后闸下河道的冲淤演变过程,预测闸下河道淤积量的变化情况。结果表明,射阳河闸下淤积量将会持续增加,到2010年预计量可达2.47×107m3,淤积量为四条河中最大;黄沙港和斗龙港有波动上升的趋势,但无射阳河明显,淤积量有小幅度增加;新洋港变化不大,已达到冲淤平衡的状态。     

Wavelet and artificial neural network analyses of tide forecasting and supplement of tides around Taiwan and South China Sea

In multi-resolution analysis (MRA) by wavelet function Daubechies (db), we decompose the signal in two parts, the low and high-frequency contents. We remove the high-frequency content and reconstruct a new “de-noise” signal by using inverse wavelet transform. The calculation of tidal constituent phase-lags was made to determine the input and output data patterns used in building network structure of Artificial Neuron-Network (ANN) model. The “de-noise” signal was, then, used as the input data to improve the forecasting accuracy of the ANN model. The wavelet spectrum, conventional energy spectrum (fast Fourier transform, FFT), and harmonic analysis were used to analyze the characteristics of tidal data.Using only a very short-period data as a training data set in Artificial Neuron-Network Back-Propagate (ANN-BP) model, the developed ANN+Wavelet model can accurately predict or supply the missing tide data for a long period (1–5 years). The results also show that the concept of tidal constituent phase-lags can improve ANN model of tidal forecasting and data supplement. The addition of the wavelet analysis to ANN method can prominently improve the prediction quality.     

Tidal modification and its effect on sluice-gate outflow after completion of the Saemangeum dike,South Korea

This study examined tidal modification and change in tidal currents caused by the construction of the Saemangeum dike, based on field observations and a numerical model. The Saemangeum dike was completed in April 2006, enclosing an estuarine area along the mid-western coast of South Korea. After closure of the dike, the tidal range outside the dike decreased slightly but significantly, while the inside tidal range decreased drastically. The numerical model results show that the dike construction has influenced tidal energy propagation and the tidal system in the Yellow Sea. The tidal current speed near the dike decreased abruptly following closure of the dike, except in front of the sluice gates. Since completion of the dike, outflow water discharged from the sluice gates has longer residence times due to the weakened tidal current; the change in the tidal current field has also caused greater northward expansion of outflow water. The sluice gates release fresher water, which spreads over the sea surface mainly by inertial momentum near the gate; this water is then gradually mixed with sea water farther from the gate. The less saline, possibly more contaminated outflow impacts the marine environment near the Saemangeum dike. Controlling the discharge and gate-opening timing can partially mitigate these impacts on the marine environment.     

Silting in the Lower Courses of Tidal Sluices in China

Serious sediment deposition often occurs after the construction of tidal sluices in snrall or medium-sized tidal muddy estuaries, so desilting or dredging is needed to meet the demands of flood diseharge, saltwater retaining, and navigation in those areas. In this paper, the problem of sediment deposition induced by construction of tidal sluices is analyzed.Different problems of silting near tidal sluices for different types of estuaries are summed up. at the same time, corresponding methods are given to solve these probleras, and a few successful examples are also given. The idea of comprehensive regulation and utilization of estuaries is put forward, and some proposals for solution of sediment deposition in this kind of estuaries are made.     

Application of artificial neural networks in tide-forecasting

An accurate tidal forecast is an important task in determining constructions and human activities in ocean environments. Conventional tidal forecasting has been based on harmonic analysis using the least squares method to determine harmonic parameters. However, a large number of parameters are required for the prediction of a long-term tidal level with harmonic analysis. Unlike conventional harmonic analysis, this paper presents an artificial neural network (ANN) model for forecasting the tidal-level using the short term measuring data. The ANN model can easily decide the unknown parameters by learning the input–output interrelation of the short-term tidal records. Three field data with three types of tides will be used to test the performance of the proposed ANN model. The numerical results indicate that the hourly tidal levels over a long duration can be predicted using a short-term hourly tidal record.     

珠江三角洲网河区径流潮流相互作用分析

在大量实测资料基础上采用小波分析方法对珠江三角洲网河区径流与潮汐的相互作用进行分析,得出如下结果:网河区潮差和潮位的周期变化既有典型潮汐的半日周期和全日周期以及半月周期,也有径流量的周期变化如64.8 d的周期变化,即同时具有径潮的周期变化.不同河段潮差及各分潮波振幅与径流量的大小具有明显的反相关关系,径流量越大,潮差越小,三水站潮差随流量以-0.0002的速度减小,网河区下游河段则减小得较慢.上游径流量越大,因克服径流的阻碍作用而消耗的能量越大,潮汐作用强度迅速减弱,各分潮潮波振幅和潮差沿程减小越快.随着径流量的增大,三水站潮簇D₁,D₂和D₄的振幅明显减小,D₂的振幅衰减得最快.     

Numerical study on tidal currents and seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, Bali, Indonesia

A three-dimensional （3-D） finite volume coastal ocean model （FVCOM） was used for the study of water cir culation and seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, Bali Island. The M2 tidal component was forced in open boundary and discharge from six rivers was included in the numerical calculation. The M2 tidal elevation produced by the FVCOM has a good agreement with the observation data. The M2 tidal current is also suc cessfully calculated under the ebb tide and flood tide conditions. The non-linear M2 tidal residual current was produced by the coastline geometry, especially surrounding the narrow strait between the Serangan Is- land and the Benoa Peninsula. The tidal residual current also generated two small eddies within the bay and one small eddy in the bay mouth. The salinity distribution influenced by river discharge could be success- fully calculated, where the numerical calculation and the observation results have a good correlation （r2） of 0.75. Finally in order to examine the seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, the Lagrangian particle tracking method and calculation of residence time are applied. The mechanism of particle transport to the flushing of seawater is depicted clearly by both methods.     

南汇东滩圈围工程对长江口河势影响的数值模拟分析

基于验证的MIKE21软件长江口二维潮流数值模型,计算和重点分析了南汇东滩促淤圈围工程对长江口南槽、北槽和横沙通道的影响。结果表明:南汇东滩促淤圈围工程束窄了南槽下段河道,较大幅度地减小了该段的潮流量;但南槽中段以下河段流速增加幅度较大,河槽将会刷深,河势将得到发展;江亚北槽将会得到发展,北槽中段泥沙淤积现象将会加剧;横沙通道涨落潮流量大幅减少,横沙通道涨落潮流量与南槽涨落潮流量存在非常高的相关性,这对横沙通道作为航道开发和利用会带来较为不利的影响。     

长江河口潮波传播机制及阈值效应分析

河口潮波传播过程受沿程地形(如河宽辐聚、水深变化)及上游径流等诸多因素影响,时空变化复杂。径潮动力非线性相互作用研究有利于揭示河口潮波传播的动力学机制,对河口区水资源高效开发利用具有重要指导意义。本文基于2007—2009年长江河口沿程天生港、江阴、镇江、南京、马鞍山、芜湖的逐日高、低潮位数据及大通站日均流量数据,统计分析不同河段潮波衰减率与余水位坡度随流量的变化特征,结果表明潮波衰减率绝对值与余水位坡度随流量增大并不是单调递增,而是存在一个阈值流量和区域,对应潮波衰减效应的极大值。为揭示这一阈值现象,采用一维水动力解析模型对研究河段的潮波传播过程进行模拟。结果表明,潮波传播的阈值现象主要是由于洪季上游回水作用随流量加强,余水位及水深增大,导致河口辐聚程度减小,而余水位坡度为适应河口形状变化亦有所减小,从而形成相对应的阈值流量和区域。