贵州铝土矿中伴生元素综合利用前景

矿产资源是一种有限的不可再生的资源,其综合利用将成为今后某些金属的重要来源.贵州铝土矿床多富含镓、钪、稀土元素等稀有伴生有用元素,且矿石冶炼后的残渣-赤泥中更加富集这些元素,具有巨大潜在经济价值,本文认为通过对铝土矿中这些伴生元素的赋存状态、分布规律、控制因素和规模的系统研究,并结合合理的工业技术,不仅可为我国稀有金属元素提供战略基地,同时也能为铝工业注入新的活力,增加新的产业及经济增长点.     

贵州修文小山坝铝土矿中镓等伴生元素分布规律研究

通过ICP-MS等分析方法对贵州小山坝铝土矿中伴生元素的研究,发现该矿床TiO2、Ga、Ge、Sc、Nb、Li和REE等有用伴生元素在铝土矿矿体中均有较高富集,其含量大多接近或超过了工业综合利用标准,具有较大的经济价值,特别是矿区富铁铝土矿石中Ga和Sc等含量异常高.贵州铝土矿资源丰富,其伴生元素在铝土矿冶炼过程中所产生的赤泥中更为富集,因此,贵州铝土矿综合利用前景十分巨大,这些元素潜在的经济价值,在某种程度上,甚至会超过主导产品氧化铝的价值.开展铝土矿中镓等伴生有用元素的分布及赋存状态的研究,对于镓等稀散元素在特殊地质地球化学环境中超常富集机制、矿产资源综合价值的重新认识评估和矿产资源的综合利用将十分重要,不仅可为铝工业注入新的活力,增加新的经济增长点,而且还可以解决大量赤泥堆放和利用问题,同时获得较大的社会效益与环境效益.     

桂西铝土矿中伴生元素研究现状

桂西铝土矿中除了丰富的铝资源,其中还伴生有大量的稀有、稀散和稀土金属元素,这些元素虽然都未能形成独立矿床,但其含量却不容忽视,个别元素含量已经达到了大型或超大型矿床规模(曾德启,2000),如果善加利用,其价值将远远超过铝土矿本身。但是,由于长期以来的粗放型开采,致使铝土矿中大部分伴生元素都被残留在赤泥之中,造成了极大的资源浪费。     

贵州主要铝土矿矿集区成矿特征对比研究

贵州铝土矿资源丰富,是中国第二大铝土矿资源基地,其铝土矿资源量约占全国总量的17％;主要分布在修文—清镇、凯里—黄平、遵义—瓮安和正安—道真4个矿集区.对贵州4个铝土矿矿集区成矿特征的研究表明,铝土矿的含矿层位主要有3个（下石炭统、上石炭统和中二叠统）,含矿层位在空间分布上具有由南向北、由西向东逐渐变新的特点;下伏地层提供了成矿物质和聚矿空间;矿床类型为古风化壳再沉积型,含矿岩段均为铝质岩段,开采矿物为—水硬铝石;矿石自然类型以土状,碎屑状和致密状为主,矿石工业类型以低铁低硫型矿石为主;3个矿集区铝土矿的化学组分和矿物组分相似,只是在含量上有所差别;铝土矿中的伴生有用元素较多,尤以Ga元素为代表,具有较大的经济价值.     

西南地区稀散元素伴生成矿的主要类型及伴生富集规律

西南地区稀散元素资源丰富,主要以伴生元素矿床产出,寄主矿床类型主要为沉积岩容矿型铅锌矿(伴生Cd、Ge、Ga、Tl)、锡石硫化物矿床(伴生In、Cd)和沉积型铝土矿(伴生Ga)及含锗煤等。这些矿床往往集中产出,主要分布在三江铅锌铜银多金属矿成矿域、川滇黔铅锌多金属成矿域、滇东南锡多金属矿成矿域、黔西北铝土矿含矿带及滇西第三系含煤盆地。本文以滇东南锡石硫化物矿床(个旧、都龙、白牛场)及沉积岩容矿型铅锌矿(包括兰坪金顶铅锌矿和川滇黔铅锌银多金属成矿域中的会泽、大梁子、天宝山和富乐铅锌矿等)等为主要对象,开展了不同金属硫化物中稀散元素含量及电子探针面扫描分析,查定了稀散元素伴生富集的赋存状态,并在矿床地球化学研究基础上,综合分析了这些稀散元素的伴生富集规律。研究结果进一步表明,稀散元素(In、Cd、Ge、Ga、Tl)伴生富集都具有明确的载体矿物专属性:热液矿床中In、Cd、Ge、Ga主要富集在闪锌矿中,Tl主要富集在黄铁矿中;沉积铝土矿中Ga的载体矿物主要是一水铝石,含锗煤中Ge主要以有机质结合态赋存在腐殖体中。在伴生富集规律上,In主要伴生富集在锡石硫化物矿床中,滇东南三大锡石硫化物矿床(个旧、都龙、白牛场)具有相似的地质地球化学特征,成因上与燕山晚期花岗岩侵入密切相关。沉积岩容矿型铅锌矿普遍含有Cd、Ge、Ga、Tl,但不同矿床在不同稀散金属富集程度上存在明显差异,其中,金顶矿床中的闪锌矿高度富Cd,平均含量达1.23%,其成因可能与生物有机作用有关。临沧盆地西缘含锗煤产出在以花岗岩为基底的帮卖陆相含煤碎屑岩盆地中,具有工业意义的Ge只集中在第一含煤段的煤层中,其含煤段有硅质岩和薄层含碳硅质灰岩,在上部缺乏硅质岩的两个含煤段的煤中无Ge矿化。Ga在铝土矿中的伴生富集具有全球性特点,不同成矿时代和不同工业类型铝土矿中都具有镓的伴生富集,含量一般在50×10~(-6)～200×10~(-6),贵州铝土矿床主要形成于石炭纪,其矿石以硬水铝石及少量黏土等为主,Ga含量在70×10~(-6)～143×10~(-6),略高于中国和世界铝土矿中镓的平均值。     

重庆大佛岩铝土矿床地质特征、矿床成因及伴生矿产综合利用

重庆大佛岩铝土矿床位于渝南黔北成矿带内.铝土矿含矿岩系分布在二叠系栖霞组灰岩或二叠系梁山组炭质页岩之下、志留系韩家店组粉砂质页岩或石炭系黄龙组灰岩之上,为一套含铝黏土岩组合,矿体一般在含矿岩系中部,平面上连续分布;矿石以土状和致密状铝土矿为主,含少量砾屑状和土豆状铝土矿;矿石矿物主要由硬水铝石组成,次为高岭石.通过对含矿岩系微量以及稀土元素的分析,认为重庆大佛岩铝土矿床主要是在弱酸性、氧化环境中形成的具陆相沉积特点的铝土矿床,铝土矿物源主要来自陆源;从含矿岩系中稀土元素与基底页岩中稀土元素相关系数、稀土元素配分模式曲线来看,成矿物质来源主要为下伏志留系韩家店组粉砂质页岩.大佛岩铝土矿床不仅具丰富的铝土矿资源,同时伴生有REO(rare earth oxides)、Ga、Sc、Li以及V等多种有益元素.铝土矿中伴生Ga、V等的综合利用可同主元素铝的利用结合起来,但REO、Sc、Li等因受到多方制约,目前尚无综合开发利用的可行性.因此在开发铝土矿的同时,开展伴生元素综合利用研究具有重要意义.     

铝土矿(岩)中伴生的锂资源

我国铝土矿资源丰富,铝土矿在成矿过程中通常会富集锂(Li)等对现代工业至关重要的关键金属元素,成矿潜力巨大.铝土矿(岩)中的Li主要富集在矿体顶底板的铝土岩或黏土岩以及低品质铝土矿矿石中,而这些正是铝土矿开采过程中产生的无用的尾矿,对其中伴生的Li加以利用,不仅能进一步提高铝土矿矿山的价值,还能改善矿山环境污染及缓解我国Li资源短缺的状况.目前针对铝土矿(岩)中伴生Li的赋存状态的研究还比较薄弱,争议较大.已有的研究指出Li在铝土矿(岩)中可能以离子吸附的形式赋存在黏土矿物和铁锰氧化物表面或以类质同象的形式替代镁铁硅酸岩矿物、黏土矿物及铁锰矿物晶格中的Mg2+和Fe2+.而铝土矿(岩)中是否存在独立矿物,如类似粘土岩中的锂绿泥石,还缺少实际证据.铝土矿(岩)中Li的富集规律与铝土矿的成矿过程关系密切,物源、沉积古地理、气候、沉积环境和矿物的分化及新矿物的形成都可能是控制Li活化、迁移和富集的主要因素,但目前相关研究还十分薄弱.铝土矿(岩)伴生的Li有可能成为我国锂矿资源开发利用的另一个重要发展方向,开展相关研究,不仅可以为铝土矿中伴生Li的综合利用和评价提供依据,而且也将拓宽我国Li矿资源开发利用思路.     

金矿床上元素的地球化学组合

本文分析了金矿床的地球化学特点和主要伴生元素；确定了这些伴生元素在金矿化形成中的量明了地壳一些地段物质（元素）的某些部分在迁移过程中由分散状态转变为工业富集的依存关系。     

黔北务—正—道地区典型铝土矿床伴生有益元素锂、镓和钪分布规律

Li、Ga和Sc是重要的"三稀"矿产资源,在铝土矿中广泛分布。贵州北部务—正—道铝土矿矿集区现已探明10个大型矿床,其中伴生的Li、Ga和Sc金属资源量巨大。文章以务川瓦厂坪、道真新民和正安新木—晏溪3个大型铝土矿床为研究对象,通过对含矿岩系及其上覆和下伏岩石中Li、Ga和Sc分布规律的系统研究,发现含矿岩系垂向上,Li、Ga和Sc含量表现为矿层中部最高,下部次之,上部最低;矿石类型上,Li在鲕状、致密块状矿石中的含量高于碎屑状矿石,土状矿石中Li的含量最低,Ga在土状和鲕状、致密块状矿石中更富集,而Sc则在碎屑状矿石中相对富集;区域上Li、Ga和Sc含量总体呈北高南低的态势,暗示这些有益伴生元素的空间分布可能与源岩岩性、风化作用和沉积分异等有关。由于Li、Ga和Sc与Al、Ti等元素常呈类质同象置换或以离子吸附态形式赋存于金红石、锆石、磷钇矿等矿物的表面,重视这些重矿物的选矿,对综合利用Li、Ga和Sc等伴生有益元素具有重要意义。此外,通过Li、Sc和Ga分布特征和富集规律的研究,进一步佐证了务—正—道地区铝土矿形成于陆相河湖盆地环境。     

铝土矿中伴生三稀元素研究进展

近年来国内外铝土矿中伴生三稀元素的研究表明,众多铝土矿及赤泥中的三稀元素具有巨大的综合利用潜力,部分矿床甚至已到达了工业生产的要求.三稀元素通常以类质同相形式进入矿物晶格和离子态吸附于矿物表面两种形式产出,但在很多铝土矿中均发现有少量稀土独立矿物的存在.影响铝土矿床中三稀元素富集因素复杂,包括成矿原岩、pH值、氧化还原环境和赋存矿物等.目前,电解铝的尾矿-赤泥中三稀元素的回收工艺也日渐成熟,酸浸-萃取(离子交换)是主要提取方法.由于铝土矿中矿物组成细小且复杂,其中三稀元素种类众多,含量相对较低,因此,未来分辨率和精度更高的显微测试技术的应用将推动三稀元素在铝土矿分布、赋存形式和富集机理研究深入.     

广西铝业可持续发展的战略思考

广西铝土矿资源十分丰富，铝业发展具有得天独厚的优势。针对广西铝业的发展现状，分析、阐述了铝业循环经济发展的一系列问题，提出了广西铝业循环经济的战略对策。     

Russian Bauxite Resources: Current Assessment

The bauxite resource base for the aluminum industry of independent Russia is examined generally in terms of deposit geology and mineralogy, feasibility of processing based on conventional methods, world aluminum markets, and the general economic environment within Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Plans to develop new mines and to expand existing mine production are examined critically in light of aluminum content and impurities in ores, physical conditions at deposits, and competing opportunities for potential outside investors. Important non-bauxite ore sources also are investigated to the extent they represent alternative sources of aluminum supply. Russia and the former USSR traditionally have had to rely either on supplemental bauxite imports or upon the development of its non-bauxite ore deposits. The future depletion of a Urals bauxite ore base in Russia is making it necessary for industry planners to assess the feasibility of developing the North Onega and Middle Timan monohydrate bauxite deposits and expanding imports from Guinea and elsewhere.     

中国铝土矿可供性分析

在市场经济条件下中国铝土矿的储量与产量可供性受价格波动影响明显。本文基于DCF财务现金流折现估值模型,编制2016—2020年中国铝土矿储量、产量与价格关系图,可直观地看到在不同市场价格、不同内部收益率时,2016—2020年中国铝土矿储量和产量供应能力,从而为我国编制铝土矿资源规划。通过分析可以看出:虽然眼下矿业形势低迷,但未来五年中国铝土矿仍然储量充沛、供应旺盛。已查明保有资源在2016年最大可供储量为31.82亿吨,最大可供产量为6 400万吨,到2020年最大可供储量为28.78亿吨,最大可供产量为7 300万吨。当务之急是合理布局并缩减过剩产能,促使铝土矿资源的开发利用健康可持续。     

发展生态矿业保障贵州省铝土矿资源的可持续利用

贵州省是我国的铝资源大省,然而当前贵州铝工业蓬勃发展的背后,不仅面临铝土矿资源紧缺压力,而且铝工业发展水平甚至落后于没有铝土矿资源支撑的其它省区。通过对贵州铝土矿资源开发与利用的分析找到了原因,并从发展生态矿业,建立现代矿业发展模式的角度,提出了保障贵州省铝土矿资源可持续利用及建立生态文明的策略。     

Development and Utilization of the World’s and China’s Bulk Mineral Resources and their Supply and Demand Situation in the Next Twenty Years

Bulk mineral resources of iron ores, copper ores, bauxite, lead ores, zinc ores and potassium salt play a pivotal role on the world’s and China’s economic development. This study analyzed and predicted their resources base and potential, development and utilization and their world’s and China’s supply and demand situation in the future 20 years. The supply and demand of these six bulk mineral products are generally balanced, with a slight surplus, which will guarantee the stability of the international mineral commodity market supply. The six mineral resources(especially iron ores and copper ores) are abundant and have a great potential, and their development and utilization scale will gradually increase. Till the end of 2014, the reserveproduction ratio of iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc ores and potassium salt was 95 years, 42 years, 100 years, 17 years, 37 years and 170 years, respectively. Except lead ores, the other five types all have reserve-production ratio exceeding 20 years, indicative of a high resources guarantee degree. If the utilization of recycled metals is counted in, the supply of the world’s six mineral products will exceed the demand in the future twenty years. In 2015–2035, the supply of iron ores, refined copper, primary aluminum, refined lead, zinc and potassium salt will exceed their demand by 0.4–0.7 billion tons(Gt), 5.0–6.0 million tons(Mt), 1.1–8.9 Mt, 1.0–2.0 Mt, 1.2–2.0 Mt and 4.8–5.6 Mt, respectively. It is predicted that there is no problem with the supply side of bulk mineral products such as iron ores, but local or structural shortage may occur because of geopolitics, monopoly control, resources nationalism and trade friction. Affected by China’s compressed industrialized development model, the demand of iron ores(crude steel), potassium salt, refined lead, refined copper, bauxite(primary aluminum) and zinc will gradually reach their peak in advance. The demand peak of iron ores(crude steel) will reach around 2015, 2016 for potassium salt, 2020 for refined lead, 2021 for bauxite(primary aluminum), 2022 for refined copper and 2023 for zinc. China’s demand for iron ores(crude steel), bauxite(primary aluminum) and zinc in the future 20 years will decline among the world’s demand, while that for refined copper, refined lead and potassium salt will slightly increase. The demand for bulk mineral products still remains high. In 2015–2035, China’s accumulative demand for iron ores(crude steel) will be 20.313 Gt(13.429 Gt), 0.304 Gt for refined copper, 2.466 Gt(0.616 Gt) of bauxite(primary aluminum), 0.102 Gt of refined lead, 0.138 Gt of zinc and 0.157 Gt of potassium salt, and they account for the world’s YOY(YOY) accumulative demand of 35.17%, 51.09%, 48.47%, 46.62%, 43.95% and 21.84%, respectively. This proportion is 49.40%, 102.52%, 87.44%, 105.65%, 93.62% and 106.49% of that in 2014, respectively. From the supply side of China’s bulk mineral resources, it is forecasted that the accumulative supply of primary(mine) mineral products in 2015–2035 is 4.046 Gt of iron ores, 0.591 Gt of copper,1.129 Gt of bauxite, 63.661 Mt of(mine) lead, 0.109 Gt of(mine) zinc and 0.128 Gt of potassium salt, which accounts for 8.82%, 13.92%, 26.67%, 47.09%, 33.04% and 15.56% of the world’s predicted YOY production, respectively. With the rapid increase in the smelting capacity of iron and steel and alumina, the rate of capacity utilization for crude steel, refined copper, alumina, primary aluminum and refined lead in 2014 was 72.13%, 83.63%, 74.45%, 70.76% and 72.22%, respectively. During 2000–2014, the rate of capacity utilization for China’s crude steel and refined copper showed a generally fluctuating decrease, which leads to an insufficient supply of primary mineral products. It is forecasted that the supply insufficiency of iron ores in 2015–2035 is 17.44 Gt, 0.245 Gt of copper in copper concentrates, 1.337 Gt of bauxite, 38.44 Mt of lead in lead concentrates and 29.19 Mt of zinc in zinc concentrates. China has gradually raised the utilization of recycled metals, which has mitigated the insufficient supply of primary metal products to some extent. It is forecasted that in 2015–2035 the accumulative utilization amount of steel scrap(iron ores) is 3.27 Gt(5.08 Gt), 70.312 Mt of recycled copper, 0.2 Gt of recycled aluminum, 48 Mt of recycled lead and 7.7 Mt of recycled zinc. The analysis on the supply and demand situation of China’s bulk mineral resources in 2015–2035 suggests that the supply-demand contradiction for these six types of mineral products will decrease, indicative of a generally declining external dependency. If the use of recycled metal amount is counted in, the external dependency of China’s iron, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and potassium salt will be 79%, 65%, 26%, 8%, 16% and 18% in 2014, respectively. It is predicted that this external dependency will decrease to 62%, 64%, 20%,-0.93%, 16% and 14% in 2020, respectively, showing an overall decreasing trend. We propose the following suggestions correspondingly.(1) The demand peak of China’s crude steel and potassium salt will reach during 2015–2023 in succession. Mining transformation should be planned and deployed in advance to deal with the arrival of this demand peak.(2) The supply-demand contradiction of China’s bulk mineral resources will mitigate in the future 20 years, and the external dependency will decrease accordingly. It is suggested to adjust the mineral resources management policies according to different minerals and regions, and regulate the exploration and development activities.(3) China should further establish and improve the forced mechanism of resolving the smelting overcapacity of steel, refined copper, primary aluminum, lead and zinc to really achieve the goal of "reducing excess production capacity".(4) In accordance with the national strategic deployment of "One Belt One Road", China should encourage the excess capacity of steel, copper, alumina and primary aluminum enterprises to transfer to those countries or areas with abundant resources, high energy matching degree and relatively excellent infrastructure. Based on the national conditions, mining condition and geopolitics of the resources countries, we will gradually build steel, copper, aluminum and lead-zinc smelting bases, and potash processing and production bases, which will promote the excess capacity to transfer to the overseas orderly.(5) It is proposed to strengthen the planning and management of renewable resources recycling and to construct industrial base of renewable metal recycling.(6) China should promote the comprehensive development and utilization of paragenetic and associated mineral species to further improve the comprehensive utilization of bulk mineral resources.     

贵州铝土矿基本地质特征及勘查开发的思考--以凯里-黄平铝土矿为例

贵州铝土矿资源相当丰富，尚有较大找矿潜力。暂难利用的坑采资源占50％以上，制约了铝工业的发展。在总结分析铝土矿基本地质特征和开发利用现状的基础上，提出应统筹规划，综合勘查与开发，合理有效地利用资源。     

Outline of Metallogenic Regularity of Bauxite Deposits in China

Among the abundant aluminum ore resources in China, bauxite is dominated, which is mainly distributed in 19 provinces and regions, including Shanxi, Henan, Guizhou and Guangxi. The major deposit type of bauxite is paleo-weathering crust sedimentary type, and the other one is the accumulation type. The main metallogenic period is the late Paleozoic Era followed by the Cenozoic Era. The metallogenic tectonic background is characterized by a cratonic environment. This paper summarizes the bauxite metallogenic regularity based on the characteristics of bauxite resources, bauxite deposit type, bauxite metallogenic belt and metallogenic series in China, and 15 bauxite metallogenic belts, 8 bauxite metallogenic series and 7 bauxite ore concentrated areas were identified in the study. This paper also provides a theoretical basis for the evaluation of the potential of bauxite resources.     

中国铝土岩系中伴生钪资源富集规律及富集机制初探

钪(Sc)作为新世纪的重要资源,广泛分布于自然界中,但其分布极为稀散,钪的独立矿物稀少,独立矿床几乎没有。铝土岩系中的钪资源储量巨大,本文统计了中国各铝土矿成矿带Sc数据,在对比山西(断隆)成铝区、华北陆块南缘成铝区、渝南—黔北成铝带、黔中成铝区和滇东南—桂西成铝区的数据基础上,发现滇东南—桂西成铝区的Sc含量最高,含钪铝土岩系形成时代主要为石炭纪和二叠纪。通过对比分析A/S与钪的关系,在A/S小于2.5,钪的含量总体较高,且与A/S正相关,大于2.5后,与A/S负相关。从而得出在铝土岩系中,Sc分布在顶层的黏土岩、中部的铁质铝土矿以及底部的铁质黏土岩、铁质岩,尤其是在含铁铝土岩系中高度富集。通过对比分析铝土岩系各元素含量,发现钪与铁、铌、钒、铬元素成正相关,综合铝土岩系中其他元素的矿物表现形式,推测钪在铝土岩系中的赋存形式可能为:类质同象、离子吸附、和超显微非结构混入物。本文初步探讨总结钪在铝土岩系中可能的赋存形式、时空分布规律及钪的迁移转化机制,为铝土矿中伴生钪资源的综合利用开发提供理论支撑。