岩石节理粗糙度系数的分形特征

岩石节理粗糙度系数JRC是估算节理抗剪强度和变形指标最重要的参数。通过对简易纵剖面仪获取的节理表面轮廓曲线的分形研究,讨论了节理表面轮廓曲线的自相似性和JRC的自相似性,并根据实测统计资料的分析,指出了分形理论研究JRC的适用条件和有效的使用方法。由实测统计资料的JRC尺寸效应自相似性分析,认为JRC尺寸效应具分形结构。本文介绍了一种确定JRC尺寸效应分维数D的方法,由此确定的分维数D具有明确的物理意义。     

节理粗糙度系数的分形估算

节量剖面粗糙度可以被认为是具有有限生长的分形结构。为了模拟节理粗糙度，基于传统的科契曲线，本文建立了节理剖面的广义分形模型。根据节理凸起体的平均基底长度L^*和平均高度h^*两参数，可直接得到节理剖面的分维数，即：D=log4/log[2(1 cos tan^-1(2h/L)]，此分维数D与节理粗糙度系数具有密切关系。其经验关系是：JRC＝85．2671（D－1）^0.5679。因此，可以说本文所提出的分形分析技术为估算JRC值提供了一种新的方法。     

一种新的岩石节理面三维粗糙度分形描述方法

研究并提出一种新的岩石节理面三维粗糙度分形描述方法。首先,基于激光扫描数据将节理表面离散成三角网,并建立与剪切方向相关的三维均方根抵抗角的计算方法。其次,运用分形数学理论,提出一种新的基于三维均方根抵抗角的节理面粗糙度分形描述方法。最后,采用新方法对天然玄武岩节理和花岗岩张拉型节理的粗糙特性进行分析。研究结果表明,提出的新方法能够较全面地反映节理面的三维几何形貌信息,并能描述节理粗糙度的各向异性特性。研究成果为进一步建立岩石节理面的三维剪切强度公式和剪切本构理论奠定了基础。     

岩石断裂表面的分形模拟

根据岩石断裂表面粗糙度所具有的统计自仿射分形的特征,提出了改进的自仿射分形插值的概念。运用改进的自仿射分形插值方法,根据实测岩石断裂表面粗糙度数据,对岩石断裂表面粗糙形态进行了分形模拟,给出了二元分形插值数学模型。将以不同数量的观测数据模拟出的插值曲面与实际测量的岩石断裂表面相比较,得出了不同数量信息点的模拟精度,它们之间的关系曲线显示为幂函数关系的规律。这就意味着不仅可以得到模拟结果,还可以得到模拟结果的估计精度。运用少量已知数据值,模拟出未知曲面,给出了由局部模拟整体的方法这对于根据少量数据研究、模拟和直观显示复杂物体的几何形态,如地形地貌、断层表面和材料裂隙表面,具有重要的应用意义。     

分形节理的强度和变形研究

首次运用“分形实验法”人为地生成具有分形结构的节理试件进行实验分析。利用光弹实验可视性特点详细研究了具有不同粗糙度（不同分形维数）的节理在单压和压剪两种加载方式下对试件力学特性影响，得出了一些规律性的结果     

估算岩石断裂面粗糙度的一种分形模型

提出了一种更为简单的估算岩石断裂面粗糙度值的分形模型,可用来模拟岩石断裂面剖面线。断裂面愈粗糙,其分维值也愈大,并建立了分维值与ＪＲＣ值之间的经验方程。     

分形节理力学性质的光弹研究

本文从分形几何的观点出发，根据Ｗｅｉｅｒｓｔｒａｓｓ函数，用计算机生成６条维数不同的分形曲线，在聚碳酸脂板上加工出贯通节理模型，来模拟节理剖面的粗糙度。对试样进行了一系列的单向压缩光弹实验，并用概率统计的方法分析了定量刻画节理粗糙度的分维对节理变形、强度的影响，其理论分析结果与实验吻合较好。     

基于孔内影像的岩石节理粗糙度特征研究

目前对岩石结构表面粗糙度的研究往往只局限于地表,难以反映深部岩石节理粗糙度的特征。钻孔孔壁上节理轮廓线包含有三维信息的特点,本文开展了基于数字钻孔摄像技术的岩石节理粗糙度分形特征的研究,利用数字钻孔摄像系统获取地下深度岩石节理全景图,采用边缘检测技术从全景图中提取出节理轮廓线,对其进行空间变换和视距离变换得到地下岩石节理粗糙表面轮廓线的真实状况。与Barton提出的10条标准剖面曲线进行对比得到每条轮廓线的JRC值,并计算其分形维数,根据最小二乘法原理拟合出JRC与分形维数之间的关系为:(D)=JRC=-541.9x2+1362x-818.53。本文研究内容为描述地下深部天然节理的结构及其特征提供了基础,对更深入地研究地下深部岩石节理的表面空间状况有重要的意义。     

基于改进投影覆盖法结构面粗糙度尺寸效应分析

研究结构面粗糙度的尺寸效应特征对全面理解结构面的力学性质有重要的意义。基于此,将随机数应用于投影覆盖法中,改进了投影覆盖法计算结构面分维数时三角形单元划分方法;在分辨率相同情况下,应用改进投影覆盖法计算了两个形貌特征不同的结构面（2 m×2 m）尺寸大小不同时的分维数;探讨了用取自不同区域位置相同尺寸结构面的最大分维数差值来判定结构面合理尺寸的方法。研究结果表明:（1）形貌特征不同的结构面尺寸效应特征不尽相同,一般情况下,随尺寸增大,结构面粗糙度先增大而后减小,即在小尺寸时表现为正尺寸效应,而后为负尺寸效应;（2）对于某一特定结构面,不同尺寸范围选取位置不同,其尺寸效应特征也不尽相同;（3）不同区域位置相同尺寸结构面最大分维数差值随尺寸的增大,其总体趋势为先减小而后逐渐趋于稳定。该研究结果是全面认识结构面粗糙度尺寸效应的有益补充,为确定结构面合理尺寸提供一条新途径。     

Fractal characteristics of sand grain group changes under freeze-thaw cycles and its correlation with long-term strength北大核心CSCD

Seasonally frozen soils are widely distributed in China in terms of area,and the freeze-thaw cycle effect generated by the alternation of cold and warmth is one of the causes of engineering damage in cold areas during construction,and it is particularly important to restore the nature and state of the soil when it is subjected to freeze-thaw action. Therefore,sandy soil specimens with different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were prepared,and the long-term strength of frozen sandy soil was tested using a spherical template indenter. Using fractal theory and the microstructure image processing software ImageJ,the change law of grain group and long-term strength of two frozen sandy soils under different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles were studied. The results show that：for fine sand（FS）,the fractal dimension DB has a highly significant positive correlation with the long-term strength variation,among which ≥0. 15~0. 20 mm and ≥0. 25~0. 40 mm have the best fit with the long-term strength,and are the dominant grain classes of FS. For medium sand（MS）,the fractal dimension DB is slightly positively correlated with the long-term strength,and the variation shows a“vertical N”trend,in which the grain size content of ≥0. 30~0. 40 mm and ≥0. 40 mm fits better with the long-term strength,and is the dominant grain class for MS. The content of other grain groups did not correlate significantly with the long-term strength change. The freeze-thaw action changed the content ratios of coarse and fine grain agglomerates in the soil. With the increase of the overall particle size interval,the dominant particle size also increases,which shows that the long-term strength of frozen sandy soil tends to decrease and then increase with the increase of the content of some particle sizes. The results of the study can provide theoretical reference for the determination of long-term strength in areas subject to freeze-thaw action. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

高含沙泥浆模型试验及其糙率纠正

国内许多年久失修的地下设施在废弃时面临巨大的安全隐患,而利用高含沙泥浆进行填充是有效而经济的方法。在进行填充前,对管道填充的可行性需要建立模型进行试验研究。在模型试验研究时遇到的模型不相似问题是影响模型试验准确性的重要因素,因此要对试验所得数据进行修正。在本次研究中我们通过对于试验所得流速数据进行糙率纠正解决了糙率不相似的问题。     

珊瑚砂高压力下一维蠕变分形破碎及颗粒形状分析

珊瑚砂是一种含钙极高的海洋生物成因材料,具有高棱角性、形状不规则、易破碎等特点。通过珊瑚砂的高压一维蠕变试验,研究颗粒破碎引起颗粒分布曲线和形状因子的演化规律。借助于高速动态图像的激光粒度粒形仪器,从统计学的角度分析试验前后颗粒形状随压力演化的关系,发现颗粒的形状因子,如长宽比、球形度和凹凸度等,随压力增加而逐渐增加。不同粒径的颗粒形状因子均向一个窄幅范围趋近,说明颗粒破碎具有无尺度性和自相似性的分形特性,分形维数随压力增加而逐渐增大,且趋近分形破碎极限。采用Hardin和Einav的方法计算相对破碎量,发现在两种计算方法下相对破碎量与压力呈幂函数关系,且幂指数相同。相对破碎量随时间增加的现象并不明显,说明在高压力下颗粒破碎主要为压缩破碎,且颗粒细化滑移填充孔隙引起的变形是造成蠕变的主要原因。     

基于Eshelby张量和Mori-Tanaka等效方法的砂卵石土等效弹性模量研究

砂卵石土是物理力学性质既不同于砂土也不同于完整岩体的离散体,将其简化为砂土为基体,卵石为椭球形夹杂的两相复合材料。在小变形条件下,考虑卵石的含量和分布,采用Eshelby张量和Mori-Tanaka等效方法,运用替换迭代方式,从理论上推导出等效柔度张量一般性计算方程;重点研究卵石为球形时（椭球的一种特殊情况）砂卵石土等效弹性模量,通过编写程序求得其数值解,并与相关数值试验和理论进行对比。结果表明,此理论计算方法精度较以前的理论计算方法精度有大幅提高,当卵石体积分数小于50%时,理论计算结果与数值试验结果吻合较好,其结果可用于判断砂卵石土宏观力学特性,有利于地下工程应用;当体积分数大于50%时,理论计算结果和数值试验结果有一定误差。     

土粒度分维的确定方法探讨

本文通过对目前国内外研究土的粒度分维的三种方法的理论进行分析并一实际土样进行了比较,得到利用质量法求得土的粒度是三维方法中最方便实用的方法。     

Characterization of the Structure of River-Bed Gravels Using Two-Dimensional Fractal Analysis

This paper is concerned with the application of fractal analysis to understand the structure of water-worked gravel-bed river surfaces. High resolution digital elevation models, acquired using digital photogrammetric methods, allowed the application of two-dimensional fractal methods. Previous gravel-bed river studies have been based upon sampled profiles and hence one-dimensional fractal characterisation. After basic testing that bed elevation increments are Gaussian, the paper uses two-dimensional variogram surfaces to derive directionally dependent estimates of fractal dimension. The results identify mixed fractal behavior with two characteristic fractal bands, one associated with the subgrain scale and one associated with the grain scale. The subgrain scale characteristics were isotropic and sensitive to decisions made during the data collection process. Thus, it was difficult to differentiate whether these characteristics were real facets of the surfaces studied. The second band was anisotropic and not sensitive to data collection issues. Fractal dimensions were greater in the downstream direction than in other directions suggesting that the effects of water working are to alter the level of surface organisation, by increasing surface irregularity and hence roughness. This is an important observation as it means that water-worked surfaces may have a distinct anisotropic signal, revealed when using a fractal type analysis.     

基于等效粒径的无粘性泥沙起动条件对比研究

通过将等效粒径引入非均匀沙起动条件表达式,得到了基于等效粒径的非均匀沙起动条件统一表达式,并从反映泥沙的非均匀性引起的荫蔽(暴露)作用与分选作用角度对当前有一定影响的非均匀沙起动条件的等效粒径表达式进行了对比研究。结果表明,各家公式都能够反映泥沙的非均匀性引起的荫蔽(暴露)作用,较粗泥沙颗粒的等效粒径小于其自身粒径,容易起动,较细泥沙颗粒的等效粒径大于其自身粒径,较难起动。但是不同公式之间还是有一定的差异,主要反映在细颗粒的荫蔽作用方面。不同公式区分非均匀沙颗粒间荫蔽(暴露)作用的特征粒径是不同的。韩其为、张启卫、刘兴年公式能较好的反映泥沙起动时的分选作用。对于细颗粒泥沙而言,Egiazaroff、Hayashi与秦荣昱公式在冲刷时体现由于床沙粒径不同而产生的分选作用相对较差。     

Regulation of sand transport in the Colorado River by changes in the surface grain size of eddy sandbars over multi-year timescales

In settings where the transport of sand is partially or fully supply limited, changes in the upstream supply of sand are coupled to changes in the grain size of sand on the bed. In this manner, the transport of sand under the supply-limited case is ‘grain-size regulated’. Since the closure of Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, the downstream reach of the Colorado River in Marble and Grand Canyons has exhibited evidence of sand-supply limitation. Sand transport in the river is now approximately equally regulated by changes in the discharge of water and changes in the grain sizes of sand on the channel bed and eddy sandbars. Previous work has shown that changes in the grain size of sand on the bed of the channel (driven by changes in the upstream supply of sand owing to both tributary floods and high dam releases) are important in regulating sand transport over timescales of days to months. In this study, suspended-sand data are analysed in conjunction with bed grain-size data to determine whether changes in the grain size of sand on the bed of the channel or changes in the grain size of sand on the surface of eddy sandbars have been more important in regulating sand transport in the post-dam Colorado River over longer, multi-year timescales. The results of this study show that this combined theory- and field-based approach can be used to deduce which environments in a complicated setting are the most important environments for regulating sediment transport. In the case of the regulated Colorado River in Marble and Upper Grand Canyons, suspended-sand transport has been regulated mostly by changes in the surface grain size of eddy sandbars.