北半球阻塞高压的维持Ⅰ:准地转和Ertel位涡分析

从北半球不同地区的４个阻塞高压个例，研究了阻塞高压维持机制及其地域性差异。对阻塞高压区域３００ｈＰａ时间平均准地转让涡低值区的维持机制的分析表明，该位涡低值区的维持机制存在显著的地域性差异。其中，在２个太平洋阻高个例中，时间平均流的位涡平流使低位涡向阻高西北部输送，从而有利于位涡低值区经向度的维持；时变扰动的位涡输送则有抵消平均流作用的倾向，从而对位涡低值区的维持起耗散作用。在大西洋和东亚阻高个例中，平均流的位涡平流使低位涡区向东移动，而时变扰动的位涡输送则有抵消平均流位涡平流的作用，从而有利于位涡低值区在原地稳定维持。以上主要是相对涡度输送的差异所致。等熵面Ｅｒｔｅｌ位涡分析表明，阻高区域３３０Ｋ时间平均等熵位涡低值区的维持机制与３００ｈＰａ时间平均准地转位涡低值区的维持机制十分相似，从而表明以上等压面准地转位涡分析可以近似用来代表等熵Ｅｒｔｅｌ位涡分析。     

2003年淮河大水期间亚洲北部阻塞高压的形成特征

利用观测资料和NCEP再分析资料分析2003年淮河大水期间亚洲北部阻塞高压的形成维持机制, 结果表明, 2003年淮河梅汛期亚洲中高纬地区阻塞高压的异常活动中, 波流作用十分显著。6月上旬, 阻高建立前期和维持过程中, 上游地区天气尺度波动活跃, 欧洲斜压区不断有瞬变动能生成, 并在阻塞区向阻高平均流转化。从瞬变涡动的作用来看, 上游传播而来的瞬变波不断将较低纬度的低位涡空气向阻塞区输送, 有利于阻塞高压的建立维持; 平均流则使位涡呈相反形势发展, 引导阻塞高压向东频散, 削弱了扰动位涡输送的作用, 对阻高的维持起到耗散作用。阻高建立前, 瞬变涡位涡输送作用强于平均流位涡平流, 造成阻塞区位涡降低, 有利于阻高生成; 阻高维持期间, 瞬变涡位涡输送与平均流位涡平流输送量相当; 6月25～30日, 阻塞高压明显西退, 该阶段瞬变涡动明显强于平均耗散作用, 引导低位涡场向西移动。研究表明, 大气内部的波波作用对阻高的建立维持也十分重要。1波与5波在一定范围内的共同作用可能是阻高建立维持的决定因素, 而天气尺度波动扰动则对阻塞高压的建立、 维持和崩溃起到重要的作用。波波作用表明, 2003年6月份阻塞高压建立、 维持时, 尺度较长的波一般从平均动能得到扰动动能的转化, 尤其5波, 斜压能的转换不但是其能量的来源, 同时非线性作用也使得尺度更小或更长的波向其提供能量; 阻高衰退时, 5波则通过非线性作用向其他波动输送能量, 同时也存在斜压耗散, 能量逐渐失去。     

1986年7月阻塞高压过程的位涡诊断分析

用含有非绝热加热、湍流输送和摩擦作用的等压面位涡方程对1986年7月两次阻塞高压的酝酿建立、维持和减弱消失3个阶段做了诊断分析。发现东亚阻塞高压是一个具有均匀低位涡的深厚高压系统，低值位涡在高层最明显；高压区内对流层偏暖，以低层为最明显，250hPa以上却明显偏冷。阻高低位涡暖空气主要来自伊朗高原。阻高建立时除伊朗高原低位涡空气向东北移动外，还要有下游低位涡空气向北移动与之配合。位涡方程各项中以高层平流项作用最大，阻高建立时有显著正作用；其次为高层的垂直平流项；第三是低层热成风偏差项；湍流项有削弱阻高的作用；扭转项和摩擦项可忽略。     

北半球阻塞高压的维持Ⅱ:瞬变扰动强迫和平均流位涡平流的形成

着重探讨大西洋阻高和东亚阻高个例中瞬变扰动位涡（涡度）输送强迫和太平洋阻高中平均流位涡平流的形成机理。结果表明，扰动在阻高西南部西风分流区因形变而产生的扰动拟能向更小尺度串级过程，并不是扰动位涡输送强迫形成的必要机理。扰－流相互作用在阻高西（北）部非分流气流中也十分显著。数值试验表明，这一相互作用也可能是扰动强迫作用形成的机理。而青藏高原和附近海陆对比的强迫作用则可能是太平洋阻高中平均流的位涡平流形成的重要因素。对比分析表明，阻高维持机制的地域性差别可能与其上游（如青藏高原地区、落基山脉）地形和热源强迫作用不同有关。     

东亚夏季两类阻塞高压维持的诊断分析

文章对两类东亚阻塞高压维持进行了诊断分析,结果表明:两类阻高的准地转位涡的平均流输送和瞬变扰动气流输送的分布是不同的,阻高维持机制也可能不同;两类阻高的瞬变扰动在分流区呈现南北向拉长,产生形变,对阻高维持有一致的作用;天气尺度扰动在东移过程中尺度缩小,当能量转化服从双向转化原则时,有大量扰动动能向平均场转化,使阻高维持。     

东亚寒潮高压的位涡诊断研究

用位势涡度方程对1980年1月26—30日东亚寒潮高压的演变做了诊断研究，表明高压中心地区低层是低值位涡区，位涡值随高压增强（减弱）而变小（变大）；随着高压的发展加强，位涡最小值由对流层中层降到近地面层，随着高压的减弱，最小值中心又上升；对流层高层的位涡值随着地面高压的增强而加大，反映高空冷槽、地面高压同时在发展。位涡收支方程各项对高压发展、减弱有着不同的作用。作用最大的是地转风水平平流项和地转偏差风的散度项，其次是地转偏差风的平流项和辐射项，扭转项和热成风偏差项均甚小，可忽略不计。     

东北冷涡持续活动的分析研究

本文首先分析了东北冷涡的持续性活动特征，然后讨论了东亚大气10～20天低频振荡及瞬变扰动对东北冷涡持续活动的影响。结果表明，准双周振荡在我国东北地区十分活跃，从时间连续的低频天气图上发现，该地区附近周期性循环出现的低频气旋同东北冷涡的形成和发展关系密切，并且其传播路径也较有规律。另外，本文还通过→E矢量分析以及月平均准地转位涡的收支计算，研究了东亚大气瞬变扰动对形成时间平均冷涡的影响，得出，在时间平均东亚阻高／东北冷涡偶极子系统控制的区域附近有瞬变扰动动能向时间平均气流动能转换，同时这里也存在有明显的→E矢量辐合，导致平均西风减弱，而有利于经向环流的发展。时间平均气流的位涡平流不利于阻高／冷涡偶极子系统的存在，且使偶极子系统高、低压中心的经向距离拉大，而瞬变扰动的位涡输送则有利于冷涡高位涡值和阻高低位涡值在原地维持，阻止它们向下游传播。     

1991年江淮梅雨期一个阻塞个例的Lagrange诊断分析

利用等熵面轨迹法,对1991年江淮梅雨期7月1日至7日的阻塞过程持续异常进行了诊断分析.等熵面位涡的分析表明,阻塞的维持与演变与等熵面上其高低压中心所对应的负正位涡中心的变化相一致.等熵面上等位涡线的轨迹积分表明,阻塞的形成、维持及衰减,对应着物质线裹卷的形成、维持(或加深)及不可逆形变和高低位涡的输送及积累的变化.同时发现,阻塞附近位涡系统的移动、演变和阻塞上游分流区位涡系统形变引起的瞬变涡度源的强迫作用,对阻塞的形成也有一定的作用.     

数值剖析0411号热带气旋位置不连续变化和强度突变

为探究竟0411号热带气旋(TC0411)出现数小时内向北"走"了300多公里且急剧加强的异常现象,根据TC0411经向环流特征(辐合抬升ω<0的水汽多来自偏南风v>0)及其与第2类条件不稳定(CISK)机制的密切关系,运用反映南海经向环流的线性诊断模式(包含边界效应、各稳定度及17个内力因子),对TC0411进行定量诊断。结果表明:南海东北部深厚强盛的偏南风急流及其造成的弱惯性稳定度为TC0411发生发展(向北不连续位移)提供了有利水汽输送和抬升(驱动)条件。其中,对偏南风有突出正贡献的边界效应与5°N西南夏季风和西太平洋东南风的辐合有关;驱动地转南风的气压梯度力与中南半岛季风槽、西太平洋高压和高层东风扰动有关。驱动非地转南风的内力因子主要是与斜压不稳定有关的平均经向温度平流、与西南风急流切变场有关的涡动西风动量经向输送、与夏季风环流和高层东风扰动相互作用有关的平均西风动量纬向输送及与非对称动力热力场有关的涡动温度平流。TC0411向北不连续位移实质为22.7°N附近生成新热带低压(TD)和19°N附近TD消亡的结果。2004年7月26日20时—27日02时激发22.7°N附近上升运动(19°N附近下沉运动)的主要因子是平均经向温度平流和涡动西风动量水平输送(平均西风动量纬向输送和涡动温度平流)。27日02—14时使新TD加强为热带风暴(TS)并维持的主要因子是潜热加热和平均经向温度平流。根据以上分析,建议业务预报应着眼于深厚强盛西南风急流和温度平流的共同作用。     

2008年初瞬变涡在中高纬阻高异常中的作用分析

2008年1月中旬到2月上旬,我国南方地区发生了历史罕见的、大范围的严重冰冻雨雪天气,中高纬大气环流异常尤其是乌拉尔阻塞高压(下称乌阻)异常发展、维持是非常重要的原因之一。为了探究中高纬阻塞高压(阻高)稳定维持的内在物理机制,以2008年初中高纬的一次阻塞过程为例,利用NCEP逐日再分析资料,从瞬变涡对平均经向、纬向气流的强迫作用、瞬变涡的动量输送以及瞬变涡的热量输送等方面分析和讨论了瞬变涡在中高纬阻高发展维持过程中所起的作用。结果表明,瞬变涡通过对平均流的强迫作用来加强阻高周围的反气旋气流。阻高区域内纬向气流的平均动能不断地转化成瞬变涡动能,而阻高北侧西风气流区域内瞬变涡动能则不断地向纬向气流的平均动能转化,这使得西风急流得以维持,有利于阻高的维持和发展。阻高区域内具有较强的瞬变涡热量输送,使得该区域内的温度梯度强度减弱,这在一定程度上又导致了平均西风气流的减弱,有利于阻高的发展和维持。     

Study on cut-off low-pressure systems with floods over Northeast Asia

Summary The cut-off lows (COLs) during the period from June to August 1998 leading to the record flood in Northeast Asia, especially in Northeast China, has been investigated in this paper. The results are as follows: the blocking highs benefited significantly the formation and maintenance of COLs over Northeast China; an obvious frontogenesis zone existed in Northeast China and it implies that baroclinity played an important role in the initiation of COLs, especially in middle and upper troposphere; the maxima of the potential vorticity anomaly were located in the upper troposphere, then extended downwards to the middle and the lower troposphere. The pronounced interaction between systems in upper-middle and low troposphere can be revealed; the moisture supply was from South China, and even from East China Sea and South China Sea. The strong southerly current transported very rich moisture to Northeast China. The maximum of the convergence of moisture flux was below 850 hPa. Obvious interaction between the middle and lower latitude systems was found in the study. Also, the summer monsoon showed significant impacts on the sustained heavy rainfalls related with the COLs over Northeast China; the upward motion could be caused by the lifting of the large scale dynamic forcing and there was no obvious releasing of latent heating in the upper-middle troposphere. The cold dome in the COLs was quite different both from the warm core in tropical cyclone and from the weaker warm core in Meiyu (Baiu) front low. The calculation of vorticity budget shows that both the horizontal advection term and horizontal divergence term contributed importantly to the maintenance and the strengthening of positive relative vorticity. Finally, the complex dynamical characteristics regarding the COLs are discussed and further investigation is proposed.     

ON THE MAINTENANCE OF BLOCKING ANTICYCLONES OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE—PART I:QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS

Four observed blocking anticyclones in different regions of the Northern Hemisphere are in-vestigated.Analyses show that there exist distinct differences in the maintenance of the time-meanquasi-geostrophic potential vorticity(PV)low in 300 hPa within blocking areas.In two Pacificblocking cases,the PV advection by time-mean flow tends to flow the PV low to northwestern partof the blocking highs,and thus is beneficial to the maintenance of the blockings'strength.Thetransfer by transient eddies acts to balance the effect of the time-mean flow.In the Atlantic andAlaska blocking cases,however,the advection of mean flow tends to flow the PV low eastward.The PV transfer by transient eddies acts to flow potential vorticity low to the western part of theblocking ridges and also to balance the time-mean flow's effect.Thus,in the latter two cases,it isthe transfer by the transient eddies that acts to maintain the blockings.     

ON THE MAINTENANCE OF BLOCKING ANTICYCLONES OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE-PARTⅠ:QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS

Four observed blocking anticyclones in different regions of the Northern Hemisphere are investigated.Analyses show that there exist distinct differences in the maintenance of the time-mean quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity(PV) low in 300 hPa within blocking areas.In two Pacific blocking cases,the PV advection by time-mean flow tends to flow the PV low to northwestern part of the blocking highs,and thus is beneficial to the maintenance of the blockings'strength.The transfer by transient eddies acts to balance the effect of the time-mean flow.In the Atlantic and Alaska blocking cases,however,the advection of mean flow tends to flow the PV low eastward.The PV transfer by transient eddies acts to flow potential vorticity low to the western part of the blocking ridges and also to balance the time-mean flow's effect.Thus,in the latter two cases,it is the transfer by the transient eddies that acts to maintain the blockings.     

Progress in Research of Stratosphere-Troposphere Interactions： Application of Isentropic Potential Vorticity Dynamics and the Effects of the Tibetan Plateau

This paper reviews recent progress in understanding isentropic potential vorticity （PV） dynamics during interactions between the stratosphere and troposphere, including the spatial and temporal propagation of circulation anomalies associated with the winter polar vortex oscillation and the mechanisms of stratosphere- troposphere coupling in the global mass circulation framework. The origins and mechanisms of interannual variability in the stratospheric circulation are also reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the role of the Tibetan Plateau as a PV source （via its thermal forcing） in the global and East Asian atmospheric circulation. Diagnosis of meridional isentropic PV advection over tile Tibetan Plateau and East Asia indicates that the distributions of potential temperature and PV over the east flank of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia favor a downward and southward isentropic transport of high PV from the stratosphere to the troposphere. This transport manifests the possible influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the dynamic coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere during summer, and may provide a new framework for understanding the climatic effects of the Tibetan Plateau.     

平流层-对流层相互作用研究进展：等熵位涡理论的应用及青藏高原影响

系统介绍了近年来应用等熵位涡理论研究平流层-对流层动力相互作用所发现的一些新的事实和机理,包括平流层冬季极涡振荡过程中平流层、对流层环流异常的时空传播特征,以及等熵质量理论框架下的平流层-对流层动力耦合机理,还介绍了影响平流层环流年际尺度异常的因子及影响过程。回顾了夏季青藏高原的热力作用所激发的负位涡强迫源对东亚及全球大气环流的影响。并基于对夏季高原周边等熵位涡经向输送垂直分布的诊断进一步说明,夏季青藏高原的存在使高原东缘及东亚地区成为平流层和对流层物质交换的独特区域,探讨了夏季青藏高原影响平流层-对流层动力耦合的一种重要途径及其影响全球气候的重要意义。     

The dynamical effects of divergent wind on the intraseasonal variability of the East Asian circulation

In this paper, the dynamical effects of divergent wind on the intraseasonal variability of atmospheric circulation over East Asia are analyzed by using the function of Rossby-wave source and the energy exchanging function be-tween divergent component and rotational component of the flow.The results analyzed from the observed data show that the advection of vorticity by divergent wind caused by the heating due to the monsoon rainfall in the south to the Yangtze River and the strong convective activities around the Philippines may play an important role in the northward jump of westerly jet stream during the seasonal transition from spring circulation to summer circulation over East Asia. Due to the northward movement of the advection of vorticity by the divergent wind, the energy transformation from divergent component into rotational component can be caused over the Yellow River basin and Northwest China and will cause the intensification of the zonal flow there. Thus, the jet stream abruptly shifts northward to North China.Moreover, the analysed results also show that the advection of vorticity by divergent wind caused by the heating due to the strong convective activities around the Philippines also plays an important role in the intraseasonal varia-bility of the circulation over East Asia during the seasonal transition from summer to winter. With the southward movement of the advection of vorticity by the divergent wind, the energy transformation from divergent component into rotational component can be caused over East Asia, especially over the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin. Therefore, the jet stream gradually moves southward from North China to the Yangtze River basin.