双体波浪能装置运动及系泊系统特性研究

波浪能是一种清洁、可再生的新型能源,波浪能发电装置在海上作业时会受到变化的风、浪、流载荷作用,需要系泊系统保证其稳性和安全性。以适用于中国南海500 m水深的振荡双浮体式波浪能发电装置为研究对象,运用频域计算与时域计算结合的方法对双浮体及其系泊系统的运动响应和动力载荷进行计算,获取极端海况与工作海况下浮体运动和系泊缆索张力的时历数据。参照BV船级社NR-493规定的海上浮式结构物系泊安全系数规范,对3种系泊方案进行安全校核和对比分析。选定其中一种系泊方案,通过改变系泊系统以及能量转换器（PTO）的参数,探究参数变化对双体波浪能装置运动响应以及系泊系统特性的影响,为类似应用于深水的双体波浪能装置系泊系统的设计提供参考。     

海冰热力模式的辐射参数化方案在渤海和波罗的海应用的比较

研究了海冰热力模式中的各种辐射参数化方案,对比了模式计算的太阳短波辐射、大气长波辐射以及海冰热力变化,并利用渤海和波罗的海观测资料进行比较和误差分析.冬季大部分时间太阳短波辐射对海冰热力过程的作用有限.简单计算方案一般满足海冰模式要求.误差主要受云和冰雪表面与大气之间的多重反射影响.长波辐射对表面热平衡和海冰质量变化起重要作用.长波辐射参数化方案的计算结果受环境因素影响.云量参数化有待进一步改进.海冰模式计算结果的精度与长波辐射计算精度有一致性.     

Information System for Ocean Wave Resources and Its Application to Wave Power Utilization

An information system for ocean wave resources and its application to wave power utilizationare indtroduced.It can manage,analyze and process the data in the monthly report of ocean wave observa-tion records of the State Ocean Administration,and can provide various kinds of curves and numericalcharacters of statistics.This system has been put into utility in Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion(GIEC),the Chinese Academy of Sciences since 1996.An application example is given of theinverstigation and analysis on ocean wave resource of the Nan Ao Island,Guangdong Province,where a100 kW onshore OWC(oscillating water column)wave power station will be built.The wave power distri-bution is obtained in different wave directions for different wave periods.It is found that 70 percent of thewave power comes from the direction of ENE,and more than 95 percent of the wave power is related withdirection E.The average wave power density is about 3 kW/m,and more than 80 percent of the wavepower is distributed in the     

Inter-comparisons of thermodynamic sea-ice modeling results using various parameterizations of radiative flux

1 Introduction The solar and terrestrial radiations are the major energy sources and sinks for the earth climate system. Climatologically, in high latitudes and polar regions, the radiative fluxes are often an order of magnitude larger than the other surf…     

一种基于波浪能的海洋立体观测系统及应用

随着海洋波浪能发电技术的发展和成熟,其在海洋观测领域的应用受到关注和研究。自主设计并研制了一种集波浪能发电、海表/海底同步观测、实时4G 通信传输、远程无线控制于一体的海洋立体观测系统,于2021 年7 月在珠江口万山岛海域通过锚泊系留方式布放,开展海上波浪能供电和观测应用试验。海试期间连续获取了海底原位观测视频数据,以及海表波浪变化和波浪能发电参数等监测数据,并对波浪能发电电流、电压和功率进行了统计分析,讨论了波浪能发电水平受波浪变化的影响,分析了两者之间的相关性。试验结果表明：利用波浪能供电的海洋观测系统具备连续、长周期、全天候观测的优势和潜力,源源不断的波浪能可保障海洋观测系统的稳定观测和数据可靠传输,实现了海洋观测系统长期独立运行所需的绿色高效供能,验证了波浪能在海洋观测领域应用的可行性和先进性。     

一个中国边缘海的风-浪-流预报系统

海洋预报是进行海上活动的安全保障,海洋预报系统技术已经成为现代海洋气象业务的技术支撑。海洋观测、数据同化、数值模拟和高性能计算机等技术的进步极大地推动着海洋业务化预报的发展。采用大气数值模式（WRF）、海洋数值模式（CROCO）和海浪数值模式（SWAN）的多模式高分辨率离线耦合方式,添加南京信息工程大学“海洋数值模拟与观测实验室”团队自主研发的一系列海洋模式参数化方案,包括浪致混合参数化方案、亚中尺度参数化方案、海山诱导混合参数化方案以及涡旋诱导的沿等密度面和跨等密度面混合参数化方案,并通过同化技术和最新的人工智能技术与观测资料相结合,构建一种面向中国边缘海的风浪流多参数耦合预报系统,用于海上风电功率的预报和其他海洋灾害预警。实际观测资料的验证表明,该预报系统能较准确地模拟海上风场、海流、海温、波浪、潮汐等海洋气象要素。同时实现了按需实时可视化全景展示。     

海域无人机带状网络接力测控系统研究

为解决目前海域无人机单点作业模式难以满足海域大范围监测和无人机系统规模化运行需求的问题,提出了无人机接力测控方案。结合现有的通信测控技术,提出了4种切实可行的接力测控方案:双通道接力测控、基于FDMA的接力测控、基于CDMA的接力测控、基于TDMA的接力测控。通过对比各方案之间的优缺点,结合目前现有条件,在保证方案安全性和可实施性的情况下,最终提出了一套多种技术结合的过渡型接力测控实施方案。     

垂向混合参数化方案对模拟黄海夏季上层温度结构的影响研究

采用POMgcs(Princeton Ocean Model with generalized coordinate system)和MITgcm(MIT General Circulation Model)两个海洋数值模式,研究了M-Y2.0、基于固壁近似假定的M-Y2.5、基于波浪破碎作用的M-Y2.5和KPP 4种垂向混合参数化方案对模拟黄海夏季上层温度结构的影响。结果表明,M-Y2.0和基于固壁近似假定的M-Y2.5方案低估了黄海上层的湍动能,模拟的黄海夏季温度上混合层的效果与实测相比均偏浅,不能够很好地重构黄海夏季温度的垂直结构。而基于波浪破碎作用的M-Y2.5和KPP方案均可以增加海洋上层湍动能的输入量,模拟的黄海夏季温度上混合层的效果与实测较为一致。故推测黄海夏季的上层结构是受波浪混合和流场剪切等物理机制共同调节的,若通过合理的垂向混合参数化方案将这些物理机制的作用加以体现,将会较真实地模拟和重构出黄海夏季海温上层结构。     

多点液压式波浪能海水淡化系统建模与仿真

为缓解淡水资源短缺及化石能源过度使用问题,提出多点液压式波浪能海水淡化系统,该系统主要由采能装置、液压传递系统与反渗透膜海水淡化设备组成。系统的采能装置采用振荡浮子式,可将波浪能转换为浮子振荡从而被液压系统吸收达到采集波浪能的目的。为了提高液压式波浪能海水淡化系统的采能效率及淡水率,利用AMEsim软件对液压传递系统进行建模与仿真,分析了蓄能器、浮子个数及波高对液压传递系统输出响应的影响。结果表明:蓄能器能够使液压马达的输出响应更加稳定;当浮子的数量增加时,液压系统达到稳定的运行状态所需的时间更短,从而有利于提高系统的效率;波高在2 m左右时,本系统的产水量达到最大。     

一种新型的海上浪风光综合发电船

提出了一种新型综合发电船,其主要由驳船、波浪能转换装置、风能转换装置、太阳能转换装置和其余发电相关设施五个部分组成;本装置基于驳船这一可移动载体,能够根据实时能源情况更改工作场地,是一个可移动的分布式能源供应系统,它能够综合利用选定区域内的波浪能、风能和太阳能进行发电,解决现有海上能源发电系统存在的发电效率低、稳定性差和单元发电成本高等问题。文中详细阐述了该发电装置的结构和工作原理,并从设计、运用等方面浅析了该发电装置的优点。这种综合发电船具有较大的推广性和实用性。     

Power capture performance of an oscillating-body WEC with nonlinear snap through PTO systems in irregular waves

Compared with solar and wind energy, wave energy is a kind of renewable resource which is enormous and still under development. In order to utilize the wave energy, various types of wave energy converters (WECs) have been proposed and studied. And oscillating-body WEC is widely used for offshore deployment. For this type of WEC, the oscillating motion of the floater is converted into electricity by the power take off (PTO) system, which is usually mathematically simplified as a linear spring and a damper. The linear PTO system is characteristic of frequency-dependent response and the energy absorption is less powerful for off resonance conditions. Thus a nonlinear snap through PTO system consisting of two symmetrically oblique springs and a linear damper is applied. A nonlinear parameter γ is defined as the ratio of half of the horizontal distance between the two oblique springs to the original length of both springs. JONSWAP spectrum is utilized to generate the time series of irregular waves. Time domain method is used to establish the motion equation of the oscillating-body WEC in irregular waves. And state space model is applied to replace the convolution term in the time domain motion equation. Based on the established motion equation, the motion response of both the linear and nonlinear WEC is numerically calculated using 4th Runge–Kutta method, after which the captured power can be obtained. Then the influences of wave parameters such as peak frequency, significant wave height, damping coefficient of the PTO system and the nonlinear parameter γ on the power capture performance of the nonlinear WEC is discussed in detail. Results show that compared with linear PTO system, the nonlinear snap through PTO system can increase the power captured by the oscillating body WEC in irregular waves.     

An energy conversion system based on deep-sea pressure

A novel seawater pressure energy conversion system that utilizes seawater pressure to generate electricity has been studied in this paper. The energy conversion system utilizes the pressure difference between the pressurized seawater and the empty pressure container to drive hydraulic motor and the coaxially coupled generator to generate electric power. The output electric energy is recorded by the data logger throughout the process. In the current study, technical analysis is performed with the emphasis on conversion efficiency between seawater pressure energy and output electric energy. The analysis is conducted at various pressure differences through the throttle valve so as to obtain maximum conversion efficiency. Research shows that the optimum pressure difference through the throttle valve and the maximum conversion efficiency can be theoretically calculated when the properties of the conversion system are given. Simulation results have demonstrated the influence of pressure difference on conversion efficiency. The test apparatus has been designed, built and tested in 2004. It successfully generated electric energy of approximately 0.85 kW h at the depth of 2400 m with empty pressure container's holding capacity of 200 L in the voyage “DY105-16” in South China Sea on June 12, 2004. The actual conversion efficiency from seawater pressure energy to electric energy reaches as high as 63.8% which is attractive for underwater equipments. The success of the experiment has tested the feasibility of utilizing seawater pressure energy and brings a new power supply way for long-term in-situ underwater equipments.     

海洋热能的利用

海洋热能是一种重要的可再生能源,对其进行开发利用是解决当前人类所面临的能源短缺和由于矿物燃料燃烧和大量使用空调所造成的环境效应的有效途径。文章综述了海洋热能利用的3个领域：海洋温差发电、海水冷却和海水源空调,介绍了几种利用方式的现状、优缺点及其应用前景。重点对海水作为空调热源的可行性进行分析和讨论,在对空调系统进行yong分析的基础上,针对间接换热和热泵方式的缺点,提出了两种高效的节能环保海水空调的应用方案,即海水直接换热供冷供热和热泵 直接换热方案。     

Large capacity multi-float configurations for the wave energy converter M4 using a time-domain linear diffraction model

The moored three-float line absorber WEC M4 has been developed to optimise power capture through experiments and linear diffraction modelling. With the progression down wave from small to medium to large floats, the device heads naturally into the wave direction. The bow and mid floats are rigidly connected by a beam and a beam from the stern float is connected to the hinge point above the mid float for power take off (PTO). Increasing the bow to mid float spacing to be more than 50% greater than the mid to stern float spacing has been found to improve power capture. To increase power capture further and potentially reduce electricity generation cost the number of mid floats and stern floats is increased while maintaining a single bow float for mooring connection. The bow and mid floats still form a rigid body while the stern floats may respond independently. A time domain linear diffraction model based on Cummins method has been applied to configurations of 121, 123, 132, 133, and 134 floats where the numbers indicate the number of floats: bow, mid, stern. This shows how power capture is increased while response remains similar. We only consider uni-directional (long-crested) waves with narrow band width typical of swell. By considering scatter diagrams for various offshore sites capacities may range from 3.7 MW to 17.3 MW for the eight float system with a capacity factor of 1/3 while the cost of electricity assuming capital cost to be a fixed multiple of steel cost is reduced from that for the three-float system.     

A Study of the Performances of Different Turbulence Schemes in Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamics of a Semi-Closed Sea (Persian Gulf)

Complex process of turbulent mixing in Persian Gulf that is a semi-closed sea makes it a good media to test the performance of different turbulence schemes. In this research, we used the 3D ocean model COHERENS (COupled Hydrodynamical Ecological model for REgioNal Shelf seas) for the Persian Gulf with the open boundary in the Hormuz Strait. Of the turbulence schemes for the vertical diffusion available in the COHERENS, we tested four models to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of the Persian Gulf. The results show that all of the schemes presented the sea surface salinity (SSS) distribution rather accurately but the k-l and flow-dependent models results have better agreements with observations. The most noticeable difference between the results of four schemes is the differences found in the simulation of turbulent parameters. The turbulent closure schemes generally provide better results, but the algebraic schemes show turbulent parameters far from reality and they do not show substantial changes with time. Generally, the vertical structures of turbulence in the water basins and parameterization of turbulence in water column is very sensitive to the selection of the type of the turbulence scheme. However, large-scale structures that take place within the inflow and outflow area are approximately quasi-horizontal, and the vertical small-scale turbulence does not affect them as much. As a result, they show less sensitivity to the performance of various turbulence schemes.     

Artificial reef effect and fouling impacts on offshore wave power foundations and buoys – a pilot study

Little is known about the effects of offshore energy installations on the marine environment, and further research could assist in minimizing environmental risks as well as in enhancing potential positive effects on the marine environment. While biofouling on marine energy conversion devices on one hand has the potential to be an engineering concern, these structures can also affect biodiversity by functioning as artificial reefs. The Lysekil Project is a test park for wave power located at the Swedish west coast. Here, buoys acting as point absorbers on the surface are connected to generators anchored on concrete foundations on the seabed. In this study we investigated the colonisation of foundations by invertebrates and fish, as well as fouling assemblages on buoys. We examined the influence of surface orientation of the wave power foundations on epibenthic colonisation, and made observations of habitat use by fish and crustaceans during three years of submergence. We also examined fouling assemblages on buoys and calculated the effects of biofouling on the energy absorption of the wave power buoys. On foundations we demonstrated a succession in colonisation over time with a higher degree of coverage on vertical surfaces. Buoys were dominated by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Calculations indicated that biofouling have no significant effect in the energy absorption on a buoy working as a point absorber. This study is the first structured investigation on marine organisms associated with wave power devices.     

Hydrodynamic analysis and shape optimization for vertical axisymmetric wave energy converters

The absorber is known to be vertical axisymmetric for a single-point wave energy converter (WEC). The shape of the wetted surface usually has a great influence on the absorber’s hydrodynamic characteristics which are closely linked with the wave power conversion ability. For complex wetted surface, the hydrodynamic coefficients have been predicted traditionally by hydrodynamic software based on the BEM. However, for a systematic study of various parameters and geometries, they are too multifarious to generate so many models and data grids. This paper examines a semi-analytical method of decomposing the complex axisymmetric boundary into several ring-shaped and stepped surfaces based on the boundary discretization method (BDM) which overcomes the previous difficulties. In such case, by using the linear wave theory based on eigenfunction expansion matching method, the expressions of velocity potential in each domain, the added mass, radiation damping and wave excitation forces of the oscillating absorbers are obtained. The good astringency of the hydrodynamic coefficients and wave forces are obtained for various geometries when the discrete number reaches a certain value. The captured wave power for a same given draught and displacement for various geometries are calculated and compared. Numerical results show that the geometrical shape has great effect on the wave conversion performance of the absorber. For absorbers with the same outer radius and draught or displacement, the cylindrical type shows fantastic wave energy conversion ability at some given frequencies, while in the random sea wave, the parabolic and conical ones have better stabilization and applicability in wave power conversion.     

点吸收式波浪能发电装置姿态特性分析

点吸收式波浪能发电装置是一种最简单的振荡体式波浪能发电装置, 但其安装成本高、生存能力较差。本文针对点吸收式波浪能发电装置的姿态稳定性问题, 开展了其在波浪作用下的运动姿态和发电功率之间的关系研究。首先介绍了点吸收波浪能发电装置的工作原理; 然后,根据我国南海海域的自然资源条件, 划定波况范围, 利用相似理论在实验室中模拟波浪参数,选定工况, 建立模型, 设计测量系统, 开展物理模型试验; 最后, 利用试验结果分析了发电装置的最佳发电周期、波高对装置发电功率的影响, 装置姿态对发电功率的影响等。本文为点吸收式波浪能发电装置设计及测试提供了参考。     

"凤凰"台风模拟对陆面方案敏感性的分析

为研究台风模拟对不同陆面过程方案的敏感性,本文以0808号登陆台风"凤凰"为例,采用中尺度数值模式WRFv3及NCEP同化资料,进行了48 h的数值研究。结果表明,每一陆面方案与大气模式耦合模拟时台风中心位置及台风最大风速都呈现出该耦合系统独特的模拟特征,如与观测台风中心位置相比,NOAH方案模拟移动路径平均偏差最小,PX模拟偏差最大,NOAH-PX两方案差异可达NOAH方案模拟移动路径平均偏差的40%,可见台风模拟可因陆面方案的不同而呈现系统性的差异,且台风模拟对陆面方案的选择是敏感的;不同陆面方案通过模拟地表通量的差异导致温压场差异,并进一步影响模拟台风路径及台风强度。这些结果都表明了在台风的模式预报中,选择适当陆面方案的重要性。