Optimization of the microwave-assisted extraction of phlorotannins from Saccharina japonica Aresch and evaluation of the inhibitory effects of phlorotannin-containing extracts on HepG2 cancer cells

The use of a microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) method for the extraction of phlorotannins from Saccharina japonica Aresch(S.japonica) has been evaluated with particular emphasis on the influential parameters,including the ethanol concentration,solid/liquid ratio,extraction time,extraction temperature,and microwave power.The MAE procedure was optimized using single-factor design and orthogonal array design(OAD).The content of total phlorotannins in S.japonica was determined using a Folin-Ciocalteu(FC) assay.A maximum total phlorotannin content of 0.644 mg of phloroglucinol equivalent per gram of dry weight plant(mg PGE/g DW) was obtained using the optimized model,which included an ethanol concentration of 55%,solid/liquid ratio of 1:8,extraction time of 25 min,irradiation power of 400 W,and temperature of 60°C.Under similar conditions,the application of a conventional extraction method led to a lower phlorotannin yield of 0.585 mg PGE/g WD.These results demonstrated that the MAE approach provided better results for the extraction of phlorotannins from S.japonica and was a promising technique for the extraction of phenolic compounds from S.japonica and other materials.In addition,screening tests for the inhibitory activity showed that the phlorotannin-containing extracts significantly inhibited the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells(HepG2) by inducing their apoptosis.The morphological changes that occurred during cell apoptosis were characterized using Hoechst33258 staining.     

基于时序栅格的海洋异常事件提取方法

海洋异常事件（Marine Abnormal Event,MAE）可为区域海气相互作用和全球气候变化研究提供重要的时空特征参考,具有重要的科学意义。鉴此,本文基于长时间序列的栅格数据集,提出了一种海洋异常事件时空提取算法（Marine Abnormal Event Spatio-Temporal Extraction Method,MAESTEM）。MAESTEM的核心步骤包括事件的时间维度提取、事件的空间维度提取和事件追踪。在时间维度提取方面,将每一个栅格像元作为一维时间序列,计算其平均值和标准差作为判断每个时刻是否异常的标准,并根据异常持续发生的时间长短来提取时间维度的海洋异常事件（Temporal MAE,TMAE）。在空间维度提取方面,利用空间邻域统计方法,统计栅格像元的空间邻域中属于TMAE的个数,并通过空间维度异常判断规则获取空间维度的海洋异常事件（Spatial MAE,SMAE）。利用时刻状态的SMAE的空间拓扑关系,根据事件前后时刻覆盖的空间区域是否重叠以及事件持续的时间长短,实现异常事件的追踪。最后,通过提取太平洋海域1993年1月至2012年12月的月均海面高度异常（Sea Level Anomaly,SLA）事件,验证了该算法的有效性和实用性。     

Diethylstilbestrol in fish tissue determined through subcritical fluid extraction and with GC-MS

As the key point in sex hormone analysis, sample pre-treatment technology has attracted scientists' attention all over the world, and the development trend of sample preparation forwarded to faster and more efficient technologies. Taking economic and environmental concerns into account, subcritical fluid extraction as a faster and more efficient method has stood out as a sample pre-treatment technology. This new extraction technology can overcome the shortcomings of supercritical fluid and achieve higher extraction efficiency at relatively low pressures and temperatures. In this experiment, a simple, sensitive and efficient method has been developed for the determination of diethylstilbestrol(DES) in fish tissue using subcritical 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane(R134a) extraction in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). After extraction, freezing-lipid filtration was utilized to remove fatty co-extract. Further purification steps were performed with C_(18) and NH_2 solid phase extraction(SPE). Finally, the analyte was derived by heptafluorobutyric anhydride(HFBA), followed by GC-MS analysis. Response surface methodology(RSM) was employed to optimizing the extraction condition, and the optimized was as follows: extraction pressure, 4.3 MPa; extraction temperature, 26℃; amount of co-solvent volume, 4.7 m L. Under this condition, at a spiked level of 1, 5, 10 μg kg~(-1), the mean recovery of DES was more than 90% with relative standard deviations(RSDs) less than 10%. Finally, the developed method has been successfully used to analyzing the real samples.     

Extraction of organochlorine pesticides in sediments using soxhlet,ultrasonic and accelerated solvent extraction techniques

The application of soxhlet, ultrasonic and accelerated solvent extraction techniques to the analysis of six organochlorine pesticides (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, o, p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and p, p'-DDE) in Taihu Lake sediment samples is described. It was found that the limits of quantification ranged from 0.002μgg-1 to 0.004μgg-1, and the recoveries of organochlorine pesticides with the three extraction techniques were acceptable (>80.7%). With a mass selective detector, better results were obtained by accelerated solvent extraction using hexane-acetone (1:1) as compared with soxhlet and ultrasonic extraction. It was shown that the accelerated solvent extraction was the optimum technique for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in sediments. The general features of the three extraction techniques are also presented.     

GA辅助NLS的GNSS-IR土壤湿度反演方法北大核心CSCD

采用具有阻尼因子的函数模型,使用遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)辅助非线性最小二乘(nonlinear least squares,NLS)方法对相位参数进行求解。结果表明:1)相较于标准余弦函数模型,该方法的反演相位与土壤湿度的相关系数有较为明显的提升,反演结果也更加稳定,在5°~15°、5°~20°、5°~25°三个高度角范围内的相关系数均大于0.68,不同高度角之间的相关系数差值小于0.07;2)反演精度有不同程度提高,R 2提高5.72%~76.06%,RMSE减小6.12%~24.24%,MAE减小2.7%~28.3%,将该方案所求相位用于多星线性回归模型后平均RMSE减小10%。     

A terrain openness index for the extraction of karst Fenglin and Fengcong landform units from DEMs

The Fenglin and Fengcong landform units are considered to be an important representation for defining the degree of development of Karst landforms. However, these terrain features have been proven difficult to delineate and extract automatically because of their complex morphology. In this paper, a new method for identifying the Fenglin and Fengcong landform units is proposed. This method consists of two steps: (1) terrain openness calculation and (2) toe line extraction. The proposed method is applied and validated in the Karst case area of Guilin by using ASTER GDEM with one arc-second resolution. The openness of both the positive and negative terrain and a threshold were used to extract toe lines for segmenting depressions and pinnacles in Fenglin and Fengcong landforms. A comparison between the extracted Fenglin and Fengcong landform units and their real units from high resolution images was carried out to evaluate the capability of the proposed method. Results show the proposed method can effectively extract the Fenglin and Fengcong landform units, and has an overall accuracy of 93.28%. The proposed method is simple and easy to implement and is expected to play an important role in the automatic extraction of similar landform units in the Karst area.     

Optimization of pectin extraction and antioxidant activities from Jerusalem artichoke

Jerusalem artichoke is an economic crop widely planted in saline-alkaline soil. The use of Jerusalem artichoke is of great significance. In this study, the response surface method was employed to optimize the eff ects of processing variables(extraction temperature, p H, extraction time, and liquid-tosolid ratio) on the yield of Jerusalem artichoke pectin. Under the optimal extraction conditions: p H 1.52, 63.62 min, 100°C and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 44.4 m L/g, the maximum pectin yield was predicted to be 18.76%. Experiments were conducted under these optimal conditions and a pectin yield of 18.52±0.90% was obtained, which validated the model prediction. The eff ects of diff erent drying methods(freeze drying, spray drying and vacuum drying) on the properties of Jerusalem artichoke pectin were evaluated and they were compared with apple pectin. FTIR spectral analysis showed no major structural diff erences in Jerusalem artichoke pectin samples produced by various drying treatments. The antioxidant activities of pectin dried by diff erent methods were investigated using in vitro hydroxyl and DPPH radical scavenging systems. The results revealed that the activities of spray dried pectin(SDP) and apple pectin(AP) were stronger than those of vacuum oven dried pectin(ODP) and vacuum freeze dried pectin(FDP). Therefore compared with the other two drying methods, the spray drying method was the best.     

Effects of DNA extraction and universal primers on 16S rRNA gene-based DGGE analysis of a bacterial community from fish farming water

Among many reports investigating microbial diversity from environmental samples with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), limited attention has been given to the effects of universal primers and DNA extraction on the outcome of DGGE analysis. In this study, these effects were tested with 16S rRNA gene-based DGGE on a bacterial community from farming water samples. The results indicate that the number of discernable bands in the DGGE fingerprint differed with the primer pairs used; the bands produced by 63f/518r, 341f/926r and 933f/1387r primer pairs were obviously fewer than those by 968f/1401r. Also, we found that each DNA extraction method resulted in different community profiles, reflected by the number and intensity of bands in the DGGE fingerprint. Furthermore, the main bands (theoretically representing dominant bacteria) differed with the extraction methods applied. It is therefore believed that the effects of universal primers and DNA extraction should be given more attention and carefully chosen before performing an investigation into a new environment with DGGE.     

Cultivated land information extraction in UAV imagery based on deep convolutional neural network and transfer learning

The development of precision agriculture demands high accuracy and efficiency of cultivated land information extraction. As a new means of monitoring the ground in recent years, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) low-height remote sensing technique, which is flexible, efficient with low cost and with high resolution, is widely applied to investing various resources. Based on this, a novel extraction method for cultivated land information based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network and Transfer Learning (DTCLE) was proposed. First, linear features (roads and ridges etc.) were excluded based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN). Next, feature extraction method learned from DCNN was used to cultivated land information extraction by introducing transfer learning mechanism. Last, cultivated land information extraction results were completed by the DTCLE and eCognition for cultivated land information extraction (ECLE). The location of the Pengzhou County and Guanghan County, Sichuan Province were selected for the experimental purpose. The experimental results showed that the overall precision for the experimental image 1, 2 and 3 (of extracting cultivated land) with the DTCLE method was 91.7%, 88.1% and 88.2% respectively, and the overall precision of ECLE is 90.7%, 90.5% and 87.0%, respectively. Accuracy of DTCLE was equivalent to that of ECLE, and also outperformed ECLE in terms of integrity and continuity.     

CTAB对改善Cr(VI)萃取的研究

以煤油为溶剂,TBP为萃取剂,研究了CTAB对于Cr(VI)萃取率的影响。结果表明,CTAB能够有效改善Cr(VI)迁移效果,且在一定条件下,可使Cr(VI)萃取率提高到98%,应用于实际电镀废液,回收率在90%以上。     

Screening of extraction methods for glycoproteins from jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) oral-arms by high performance liquid chromatography

In order to select an optimum extraction method for the target glycoprotein (TGP) from jellyfish (Rhopilema esculentum) oral-arms, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-assay for the determination of the TGP was developed. Purified target glycoprotein was taken as a standard glycoprotein. The results showed that the calibration curves for peak area plotted against concentration for TGP were linear (r = 0.9984, y = 4.5895x+47.601) over concentrations ranging from 50 to 400 mgL-1. The mean extraction recovery was 97.84% (CV2.60%). The fractions containing TGP were isolated from jellyfish (R. esculentum) oral-arms by four extraction methods: 1) water extraction (WE), 2) phosphate buffer solution (PBS) extraction (PE), 3) ultrasound-assisted water extraction (UA-WE), 4) ultrasound-assisted PBS extraction (UA-PE). The lyophilized extract was dissolved in Milli-Q water and analyzed directly on a short TSK-GEL G4000PWXL (7.8 mm×300 mm) column. Our results indicated that the UA-PE method was the optimum extraction method selected by HPLC.     

EVALUATION OF GEOCHEMICAL QUALITY CONTROL IN DETERMINATION OF Mn IN SOILS USING A SEQUENTIAL CHEMICAL EXTRACTION

Sequential chemical extraction procedure has been widely used to partition particulate trace metals into vari-ous fractions and to describe the distribution and the statue of trace metals in geo-environment.One sequential chemical extraction procedure was employed here to partition various fractions of Mn in soils.The experiment was designed with quality controlling concept in order to show sampling and analytical error.Experimental results obtained on duplicate analy-sis of all soil samples demonstrated that the precision was less than 10%(at 95% confidence level).The accuracy was estimated by comparing the accepted total concentration of Mn in standard reference materials (SRMs) with the measured sum of the individual fractions.The recovery of Mn from SRM1 and SRM2 was 94.1% and 98.4%,respectively.The detection limit,accuracy and precision of the sequential chemical extraction procedure were discussed in detailed.All the results suggest that the trueness of the analytical method is satisfactory.     

结合ICESat-2和GEDI的中国东南丘陵地区ASTERGDEM高程精度评价与修正

星载激光雷达ICESat-2和GEDI可以为数字高程模型产品的精度评价与修正提供全球覆盖的、可靠的高精度参考数据源。然而,现有的DEM修正方法主要是针对DEM误差中的植被高信号且多采用线性回归模型。为此,本文分析了ASTER GDEM v3精度与土地覆盖类型、高程、坡度、起伏度及植被覆盖率的关系。在此基础上,提出了一种考虑上述多种精度影响因素并结合XGBoost和空间插值的DEM误差修正方法。结果分析表明:原始ASTER GDEM的误差整体呈正态分布,平均误差为-3.463 m,存在较大负偏差,高程精度随着高程、坡度、起伏度及植被覆盖率VCF的增大呈降低趋势;经过修正后,ASTER GDEM平均误差降低到了-0.233 m,负偏差得到有效改善,整体平均绝对误差降低了26.04%,整体均方差降低了23.56%,耕地、林地、草地、湿地、水域及人造地表的DEM平均绝对误差和均方差都有不同程度的降低;本文提出的方法对多种特征要素与地形误差间的非线性关系进行拟合建模,在研究区取得了较好的修正效果。     

广西非气象参数Tm模型研究

通过分析广西4个探空站资料，结合GGOS Atmosphere格网Tm数据，建立随高程增大的温度递减率模型。根据温度递减率模型分别采用反距离加权法、双线性插值法、新反距离加权法和新双线性插值法计算探空站Tm，通过分析插值误差建立广西非气象参数Tm模型，并与Bevis模型、中国东部模型、广西模型进行比较。结果表明，温度递减率模型的Tm插值精度相对其他3种模型有比较明显的提升，4种方法的平均绝对误差（MAE）和均方根误差（RMSE）在1~2 K之间；广西非气象参数Tm模型的插值精度得到进一步提高，百色站的MAE约为2 K，其余站点的MAE和RMSE均在1 K左右，能满足可降水量反演的精度要求。     

Molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction of crystal violet from natural seawater coupled with high-performance liquid chromatographic determination

Molecularly imprinted polymers(MIPs) were prepared by the bulk polymerization using crystal violet as the template molecule, and the methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimetheacrylate as functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. Systematic investigations of synthetic conditions were conducted. The surface morphology and recognition mechanism of the obtained polymers were studied using scanning electron microscope and spectrophotometric analysis. MIPs showed high affinity to template molecule and were successfully applied as special solid-phase extraction sorbent for selective extraction of crystal violet from natural seawater. An off-line molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction(MISPE) method followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with diodearray detection for the analysis of crystal violet was also established. MISPE columns have good recoveries for crystal violet standard solutions and good linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 0-200 μg L-1(R2 0.99). Finally, two natural seawater samples were investigated. The recoveries of spiked seawater on the MISPE columns were from 44.47% to 62.34%, the relative standard deviation(n=3) being in the range of 2.89%-5.96%.     

国产遥感传感器大气层外波段平均太阳光谱辐照度计算

目前,我国大部分遥感传感器的大气层外波段平均太阳光谱辐照度(Mean solar exoatmospheric irradiances over band b,简称ESUN_b)尚未公布,这给遥感图像表观反射率的计算带来了不便,在一定程度上影响了数据资料的应用和推广。本文基于已有官方ESUN_b值的EO1/ALI、Terra/ASTER、QuickBird等多种中、高空间分辨率传感器,对9条常见的太阳光谱曲线进行比较分析。结果表明,WRC太阳光谱曲线最合适计算中分辨率传感器的ESUN_b,而Wehrli太阳光谱曲线最合适计算高分辨率传感器的ESUN_b。基于WRC太阳光谱曲线和Wehrli太阳光谱曲线计算,得到了ZY-1 02C/PMS相机、ZY-3/TLC相机和MUX相机,以及GF-1/WFV相机和PMS相机各波段ESUN_b值,并对ESUN_b值的不确定性进行了分析。结果显示,太阳光谱选取的不同,对ESUN_b的取值会产生-1.94%至1.48%的偏差。本文使用多种卫星传感器交叉比较的方式确定了最佳的太阳光谱,给出了ZY-1 02C、ZY-3和GF-1等卫星搭载的遥感传感器各波段的ESUN_b值,为这些国产卫星遥感数据的广泛应用提供便利。此外,本文所用方法简便易行,在其他新的遥感传感器上具有推广应用价值。     

Impact of Colonization of an Invasive Species on Genetic Differentiation in New Environments: A Study on American Artemia franciscana(Crustacea: Anostraca) in the United Arab Emirates

Artemia franciscana, native to America, has recently colonized as non-indigenous population in Asia, Europe, North Africa, and Australia. We evaluated the effects of the colonization of A. franciscana on genetic differentiation in new environments in the United Arab Emirates(UAE). We used the COI marker to determine the genetic structure and origins of exotic populations in the UAE. Results confirmed the colonization of A. franciscana in two localities. Invasive populations of A. franciscana had significantly lower genetic variation than native populations in the Great Salt Lake and San Francisco Bay. Results showed that the studied populations could not have colonized directly from natural American habitats, and they possibly were from secondary introduction events of other non-indigenous populations. Genetic analysis yielded different demographic patterns for the studied invasive populations. The population in Al Wathba Wetland Reserve(AWWR) demonstrated demographic expansion, whereas in Godolphin Lakes(GL), it reached a demographic equilibrium. Neutrality tests showed an excess of recent and historical mutations in the COI gene pool of invasive AWWR Artemia in the new environment. The results suggest that different ecological conditions in new environments can exert selective pressures during the introduction of an exotic population, which can affect genetic variation.     

基于DTS组件数据的自动抽取

DTS组件是SQL Server提供的实现数据抽取和转换的工具，基于DTS组件，通过ODBC连接多种数据源，能够实现数据的自动抽取，并且提出了该方法的实现原理和部分基于C#的实现代码。     

Comparison between BCR sequential extraction and geo-accumulation method to evaluate metal mobility in sediments of Dongting Lake,Central China

The form in which a metal exists strongly influences its mobility and thus, the effects on the environment. Operational methods of speciation analysis, such as the use of sequential extraction procedures, are commonly applied. The Dongting Lake, the second largest fresh-water lake in China, contains three China wetlands of international importance, the East Dongting Lake, South Dongting Lake, and West Dongting Lake. In this work, an optimized BCR sequential extraction procedure was used to assess the environmental risk of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in contaminated sediment of the Dongting Lake. The procedure was evaluated by using a certified reference material, BCR701. The results of the partitioning study indicated that in the lake sediments, more easily mobilized forms （acid exchangeable） were predominant for Cd, particularly in the samples from the East Dongting Lake. In contrast, the largest amount of Pb was associated with the iron and manganese oxide fractions and Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni analyzed were mainly distributed in residual phase at an average percentage greater than 60% of the total metals. The potential risk to the lake＇s water contamination was highest in the East Dongting Lake based on the calculated contamination factors. On the other hand, the total metal content was determined as well by inductively coupled plasma and mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） and assessed by using geo-accumulation index. The assessment results using geo-accumulation index were compared with the information on metal speciation. Both were correspondent with each other.     

Aquaculture area extraction and vulnerability assessment in Sanduao based on richer convolutional features network model

Sanduao is an important sea-breeding bay in Fujian, South China and holds a high economic status in aquaculture. Quickly and accurately obtaining information including the distribution area, quantity, and aquaculture area is important for breeding area planning, production value estimation, ecological survey, and storm surge prevention. However, as the aquaculture area expands, the seawater background becomes increasingly complex and spectral characteristics differ dramatically, making it difficult to determine the aquaculture area. In this study, we used a high-resolution remote-sensing satellite GF-2 image to introduce a deep-learning Richer Convolutional Features(RCF) network model to extract the aquaculture area. Then we used the density of aquaculture as an assessment index to assess the vulnerability of aquaculture areas in Sanduao. The results demonstrate that this method does not require land and water separation of the area in advance, and good extraction can be achieved in the areas with more sediment and waves, with an extraction accuracy 93%, which is suitable for large-scale aquaculture area extraction. Vulnerability assessment results indicate that the density of aquaculture in the eastern part of Sanduao is considerably high, reaching a higher vulnerability level than other parts.