Strong Tides in 1964 and 1982

The differential rotation between solid and fluid caused by tidal force can explain a 1500 to 1800-year cycle of the climate change. Strong tide increases the vertical and horizontal mixing of water in ocean by drawing the cold Pacific water from the depths to the surface (or by making the warm water flow from the West Pacific to the East as well as from the North to the South). It cools or warms the atmosphere above and makes La Nina or El Nino occur in the whole world. Astronomical data have shown that strong tide is often associated with El Nino events. Volcanic activities at submarine are also controlled by strong tide. Volcanic activities can also draw warm water from the depths to the surface in the Pacific and volcanic ash can keep out sunlight, which is the most important external forcing factor for El Nino. If volcanic ash reaches into the stratosphere, finer aerosols will spread throughout the globe during a few months and will float in it for one to three years to weaken the sun's direct radiation to the areas. It is one of the factors to postpone EI Nino just like the process of solar eclipse.     

The Latest Research Progress on El Ninod

1　ＭａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃＭｏｄｅｌｏｆＴｉｄａｌＶｉｂｒａｔｉｏｎＳｕｐｐｏｓｅｔｈａｔ 3ｓｅｍｉ -ａｘｅｓｏｆａｅｌｌｉｐｓｏｉｄａｒｅａ ,ｂａｎｄｃ (ａ >ｂ >ｃ) ,ｌａｔｉｔｕｄｅｉｓθ ,ｌｏｎｇｉｔｕｄｅｉｓψ(ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇｆｒｏｍ 0°ｔｏ 90°) ,     

The Latest Research Progress on El Nino

Cold water in the deep Pacific can be drawn up to the surface (or west warm water drifts eastwards) because strong tide increases the mixing of seawater both in vertical and horizontal. In this way greenhouse effect is decreased or in-creased by means of absorbing (or releasing) CO2. Therefore, La Nina cold event (or El Nino warm event) may occur, which is caused by wanning - up or cooling - down air above the ocean. Volcanic action at sea bottom is also controlled by strong tide.     

The Latest Research Progress on El Nino

Cold water in the deep Pacific can be drawn up to the surface (or west warm water drifts eastwards ) because strong tide increases the mixing of seawater both in vertical and horizontal. In this way greenhouse effect is decreased or increased by means of absorbing (or releasing) CO2. Therefore, La Nina cold event (or El Nino warm event) may occur,which is caused by wanning - up or cooling - down air above the ocean. Volcanic action at sea bottom is also controlled by strong tide.     

The Effect of Tide on the Global Climate Change

1　ＰｒｅｓｅｎｔＳｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｆｏｒＧｌｏｂａｌＣｌｉｍａｔｅＲｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ ,ｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｆｏｒｔｈｅｇｌｏｂａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｅｃｈａｎｇｅｓｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｉｄｅｈａｓａｃｈｉｅｖｅｄｒｅｍａｒｋａｂｌｅｒｅｓｕｌ     

The Effect of Tide on the Global Climate Change

The differential rotation between the solid and fluid spheres caused by tidal force could explain the 1500 to 1800 - year cycle of the worlds temperature. Strong tide increases the vertical and horizontal mixing of water in the oceans,dra-wing the cold Pacific water from the depths to the surface and the warm water from the west to the east, where it cools or warms the atmosphere above, absorbs or releases CO2 to decrease or increase greenhouse effect and to make La Nina or El Nino occur in the global. The moons declination and obliquity of the ecliptic affect the tidal intensity. The exchange of tidal energy and tide -generating force caused by the sun, moon and major planets makes the earths layers rotate in different speeds. The differenti-al rotation between solid and fluid of the earth is the basic reason for El Nino and global climate change.     

The Effect of Tide on the Global Climate Change

The differential rotation between the solid and fluid spheres caused by tidal force could explain the 1500 to 1800-year cycle of the world's temperature. Strong tide increases the vertical and horizontal mixing of water in the oceans, drawing the cold Pacific water from the depths to the surface and the warm water from the west to the east, where it cools or warms the atmosphere above, absorbs or releases CO2 to decrease or increase greenhouse effect and to make La Nina or El Nino occur in the global. The moon's declination and obliquity of the ecliptic affect the tidal intensity. The exchange of tidal energy and tide-generating force caused by the sun, moon and major planets makes the earth's layers rotate in different speeds. The differenti-al rotation between solid and fluid of the earth is the basic reason for El Nino and global climate change.     

Impact of the El Nino on the Variability of the Antarctic Sea Ice Extent

1　IntroductionManymeteorologistsandoceanographerspaidmuchattentiontothestudyofthemechanismofENSOformanyyears,suchasBjerknes(1 966) ,Wyrtki(1 975) ,McCreary(1 983 ) ,Philander(1 984) ,ZhangandChao(1 993 )andMcCPhaden(1 998)havemadegreatdevelopmentinthestudyofENSO .Especiallyinthe 1 990’s,withtheincreasingofthedatainthedeepocean ,thesomeonearguedthattheENSOepisodehadcloserelation shipwiththeeasterntransportationoftheanomalousseasurfacetemperatureinthewestPacific(LiandMu 1 999;Huang 2…     

Earthquake, strong tide and global low temperature

"La Madre" is a kind of upper atmospheric air current, and occurs as "warm phase" and "cold phase" in the sky of Pacific Ocean alternately. There exists this phenomenon, called "Oscillation Decade in the Pacific" (ODP), for 20～30years. It is concerned with 60 year cycle of the tides. Lunar oscillations explain an intriguing 60-year cycle in the world's temperature. Strong tides increase the vertical mixing of water in the oceans, drawing cold ocean water from the depths to surface, where it cools the atmosphere above. The first strong seismic episode in China was from 1897 to 1912; the second to the fifth was the in1920-1937, 1946-1957, 1966-1980, 1991-2002, tsrectruely. The alternative boundaries of"La Madre" warm phase and cold phase were in 1890, 1924, 1946 and 2000, which were near the boundaries of four strong earthquakes. It indicated the strong earthquakes closedly related with the substances' motion of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, the change of gravity potential, and the exchange of angular momentum. The strong earthquakes in the ocean bottom can bring the cool waters at the deep ocean up to the ocean surface and make the global climate cold. the earthquake, strong tide and global low temperature are close inrelntion for each othen.     

Earthquake, strong tide and global low temperature

" La Madre " is a kind of upper atmospheric air current, and occurs as " warm phase " and " cold phase " in the sky of Pacific Ocean alternately. There exists this phenomenon, called " Oscillation Decade in the Pacific" (ODP), for 20-30 years. It is concerned with 60 year cycle of the tides. Lunar oscillations explain an intriguing 60-year cycle in the world's temperature. Strong tides increase the vertical mixing of water in the oceans, drawing cold ocean water from the depths to surface, where it cools the atmosphere above. The first strong seismic episode in China was from 1897 to 1912; the second to the fifth was the in1920-1937, 1946-1957, 1966-1980, 1991-2002, tsrectruely. The alternative boundaries of "La Madre " warm phase and cold phase were in 1890, 1924, 1946 and 2000, which were near the boundaries of four strong earthquakes. It indicated the strong earthquakes closedly related with the substances' motion of atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, the change of gravity potential, and the exchange of angular momentum. The strong earthquakes in the ocean bottom can bring the cool waters at the deep ocean up to the ocean surface and make the global climate cold, the earthquake, strong tide and global low temperature are close inrelntion for each othen.     

Global influenza in cold phase of Pacific Decade Oscillation

Based on the study of the cold phase of the Pacific Decade Oscillation, pandemic influenza is related to climate. The relation of low temperature, Pacific Decade Oscillation, strongest earthquake, Influenza, hurricane and El Nino is researched in this study. In the cold period of Pacific Decade Oscillation, the strongest earthquake, hurricane with La Nina, Pandemic Influenza with El Nino will occur stronger and stronger. From 1950 to 1976, the strongest dust-storm is connected with Pandemic Influenza one by one. So, dust-storm is one of factors to spread pandemic influenza viruses.     

Impact of El Nino on Large—scale Circulation of Southeast Asian Summer Monsoon

Multi-year SST and NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed wind data were employed to study the impacts of El Nino on the Southeast Asian summer monsoon(SEASM),It was found that the impacts of El Nino on the SEASM differed distinctly from those on the East Asian Summer monsoon (EASM) and the Indian summer monsoon(ISM).Composite analysis indicated that the “gear point“of coupling between the Indo-mosoon circulation and the Pacific-Walker circulation was located in the western margins of Southeast Asia when the developing stage of El Nino events covered the boreal summer.The anomalous circulations in the lower and upper troposphere and divergent circulation are all favorable for the strengthening of the SEASM during this period.Following the evolution of El Nino,the “gear point“ of the two cells shifted eastward to the central Pacific when the mature or decaying period of El Nino events covered the boreal summer.The anomalous circulations are favorable for the weakening of the SEASM ,The anomalous indexes of intenstity of SEASM accord well with the above resultsl.Additionally,the difference of SSTA patterns in the tropical In-do-Pacific OCean between the two stages of the El Nino may play an important role.     

Wind-forced equatorial wave dynamics of the Pacific Ocean during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 E1 Ni?o events

The equatorial wave dynamics of interannual sea level variations between 2014/2015 and2015/2016 El Nino events are compared using the Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics,Institute of Atmospheric Physics Climate Ocean Model(LICOM) forced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) reanalysis I wind stre s s and heat flux during 2000-2015.In addition,the LICOM can reproduce the interannual variability of sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) and sea level anomalies(SLA) along the equator over the Pacific Ocean in comparison with the Hadley center and altimetric data well.We extracted the equatorial wave coefficients of LICOM simulation to get the contribution to SLA by multiplying the meridional wave structure.During 2014/2015 El Nino event,upwelling equatorial Kelvin waves from the western boundary in April2014 reach the eastern Pacific Ocean,which weakened SLA in the eastern Pacific Ocean.However,no upwelling equatorial Kelvin waves from the western boundary of the Pacific Ocean could reach the eastern boundary during the 2015/2016 El Nino event.Linear wave model results also demonstrate that upwelling equatorial Kelvin waves in both 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 from the western boundary can reach the eastern boundary.However,the contribution from stronger westerly anomalies forced downwelling equatorial Kelvin waves overwhelmed that from the upwelling equatorial Kelvin waves from the western boundary in 2015.Therefore,the western boundary reflection and weak westerly wind burst inhibited the growth of the 2014/2015 El Nino event.The disclosed equatorial wave dynamics are important to the simulation and prediction of ENSO events in future studies.     

The Relation between Tectonic Movement and Climatic Change

1SeesawphenomenonofoceaniccrustSince 1996, Yoshino etal.(2002) have been us-ing the space geodetic techniques to observe crustal deformation at four sites in Tokyo metropolitan area. It is called Keystone project (KSP). At the end of June in 2000, volcanic and seismic events star-ted at Izu islands, south of Tokyo. Following the ev-ent, extraordinary crustal deformation was observed not only around the Izu islands, but also at the Key-stone network, where the closest site is over 100…     

The Relation between Tectonic Movement and Climatic Change

Climate and tectonics are two interactive factors in the earth's system. They are controlled by astronomical cycles. It has been unheeded for a long time that large-scale material motion caused by global climatic change is one of the powers for tectonic movement. Tectonic movement makes the distributional pattern of continent and ocean change and makes global climate type change strongly in large scale. It is a good example that the change of the sea-ice around Antarctic Continent and in the Drake Passage has the switch process for global climatic changes. Tide makes the oceanic crust of the East Pacific Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean rise or fall 60 cm oppositely. Before and after El Nino events,the oceanic level of the East Pacific Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean may rise or fall 40 cm oppositely. Because of isostasy, oceanic crust may fall or rise 13 or 20 cm. They are the reasons why El Nino events are interrelated with the earthquakes and volcanoes. This is so called seesaw phenomenon of oceanic crust.     

Impacts of SST anomalies in the Indian-Pacific basin on Northwest Pacific tropical cyclone activities during three super El Ni?o years

This study investigated the impact of sea surface temperature(SST)in several important areas of the Indian-Pacific basin on tropical cyclone(TC)activity over the western North Pacific(WNP)during the developing years of three super El Ni?o events(1982,1997,and 2015)based on observations and numerical simulations.During the super El Ni?o years,TC intensity was enhanced considerably,TC days increased,TC tracks mostly recurved along the coasts,and fewer TCs made landfall in China.These characteristics are similar to the strong ENSO-TC relationship but further above the climatological means than in strong El Ni?o years.It indicates that super El Ni?o events play a dominant role in the intensities and tracks of WNP TCs.However,there were clear differences in both numbers and positions of TC genesis among the different super El Ni?o years.These features could be attributed to the collective impact of SST anomalies(SSTAs)in the tropical central-eastern Pacific and East Indian Ocean(EIO)and the SST gradient(SSTG)between the southwestern Pacific and the western Pacific warm pool.During 2015,the EIO SSTA was extremely warm and the anomalous anticyclone in the western WNP was enhanced,resulting in fewer TCs than normal.In 1982,the EIO SSTA and spring SSTG showed negative anomalies,followed by an increased anomalous cyclone in the western WNP and equatorial vertical wind shear.This intensified the conversion of eddy kinetic energy from large-scale flows,favorable for the westward shift of TC genesis.Consequently,anomalous TC activities during the super El Ni?o years resulted mainly from combined SSTA impacts of different key areas over the Indian-Pacific basin.     

Analyzing the influences of two types of El Nino on Tropical Cyclone Genesis with a modified genesis potential index

To understand the impacts of large-scale circulation during the evolution of El Nino cycle on tropical cyclones(TC) is important and useful for TC forecast.Based on best-track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and reanalysis data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction for the period 1975-2014,we investigated the influences of two types of El Nino,the eastern Pacific El Nino(EP-El Nino) and central Pacific El Nino(CP-E1 Nino),on global TC genesis.We also examined how various environmental factors contribute to these influences using a modified genesis potential index(MGPI).The composites reproduced for two types of El Nino,from their developing to decaying phases,were able to qualitatively replicate observed cyclogenesis in several basins except for the Arabian Sea.Certain factors of MGPI with more influence than others in various regions are identified.Over the western North Pacific,five variables were all important in the two El Nino types during developing summer(July-August-September) and fall(OctoberNovember-December),and decaying spring(April-May-June) and summer.In the eastern Pacific,vertical shear and relative vorticity are the crucial factors for the two types of El Nino during developing and decaying summers.In the Atlantic,vertical shear,potential intensity and relative humidity are important for the opposite variation of EP-and CP-E1 Ninos during decaying summers.In the Southern Hemisphere,the five variables have varying contributions to TC genesis variation during peak season(January-February-March) for the two types of El Nino.In the Bay of Bengal,relative vorticity,humidity and omega may be responsible for clearly reduced TC genesis during developing fall for the two types and slightly suppressed TC cyclogenesis during EP-El Nino decaying spring.In the Arabian Sea,the EP-El Nino generates a slightly positive anomaly of TC genesis during developing falls and decaying springs,but the MGPI failed to capture this variation.     

Distribution of the tropical Pacific surface zonal wind anomaly and its relation with two types of El Niño

El Nio events with an eastern Pacific pattern(EP) and central Pacific pattern(CP) were first separated using rotated empirical orthogonal functions(REOF).Lead/lag regression and rotated singular value decomposition(RSVD) analyses were then carried out to study the relation between the surface zonal wind(SZW) anomalies and sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the tropical Pacific.A possible physical process for the CP El Ni o was proposed.For the EP El Ni o,strong westerly anomalies that spread eastward continuously produce an anomalous ocean zonal convergence zone(ZCZ) centered on about 165°W.This SZW anomaly pattern favors poleward and eastward Sverdrup transport at the equator.For the CP El Nio,westerly anomalies and the ZCZ are mainly confined to the western Pacific,and easterly anomalies blow in the eastern Pacific.This SZW anomaly pattern restrains poleward and eastward Sverdrup transport at the equator;however,there is an eastward Sverdrup transport at about 5°N,which favors the warming of the north-eastern tropical Pacific.It is found that the slowness of eastward propagation of subsurface warm water(partly from the downwelling caused by Ekman convergence and the ZCZ) is due to the slowdown of the undercurrent in the central basin,and vertical advection in the central Pacific may be important in the formation and disappearance of the CP El Nio.     

Intraseasonal variability of the equatorial Pacific Ocean and its relationship with ENSO based on Self-Organizing Maps analysis

We investigated the intraseasonal variability of equatorial Pacific subsurface temperature and its relationship with El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) using Self-Organizing Maps(SOM) analysis.Variation in intraseasonal subsurface temperature is mainly found along the thermocline.The SOM patterns concentrate in basin-wide seesaw or sandwich structures along an east-west axis.Both the seesaw and sandwich SOM patterns oscillate with periods of 55 to 90 days,with the sequence of them showing features of equatorial intraseasonal Kelvin wave,and have marked interannual variations in their occurrence frequencies.Further examination shows that the interannual variability of the SOM patterns is closely related to ENSO;and maxima in composite interannual variability of the SOM patterns are located in the central Pacific during CP El Nino and in the eastern Pacific during EP El Nino.The se results imply that some of the ENSO forcing is manife sted through changes in the occurrence frequency of intraseasonal patterns,in which the change of the intraseasonal Kelvin wave plays an important role.     

An ENSO-like oscillation system

INTRODUCTIONElNi no SouthernOscillation (ENSO)istheinterannualinteractionofocean atmosphereinthetropical (especiallyequatorial)Pacific,andisconsideredtobethedominantmechanismoftheearth’sinterannualclimatechange.ThereareseveralparadigmsproposedforinterpretingENSO .Bjerknes’ (1 966,1 969)pio neeringworkvisualizedacloseassociationbetweenoceanandatmosphereandexplainedhowthedis turbancecoulddevelopthroughtheocean atmosphereinteraction .Heproposedapositivefeedbackmechanism .ButENSOisan…