Nitrate Pollution In Groundwater In Selected Districts Of Nepal

A survey was made of the nitrate concentrations in groundwater from one hundred wells in the Patan and Bhaktapur districts of the Bagmati zone and the Chitwan district of the Narayani zone, Nepal. The former districts are urban and the latter rural. Although the survey is small, it has demonstrated that there is a significant incidence of nitrate concentrations that exceed the World Health Organization's recommended limit for drinking water and that drinking-water supplies from many other wells are approaching this limit. A need exists for a larger study to determine how widespread the problem is. The primary cause is probably nitrification of nitrogen excreted by humans and to a lesser extent by animals inside settlements. RÉSUMÉ: Un inventaire des teneurs en nitrates dans les eaux souterraines a été dressé à partir d'une centaine de puits des districts de Patan et Bhaktapur de la région de Bagmati et du district de Chitwan dans la région de Narayani, au Népal. Les premiers districts sont urbains et le dernier, rural. Bien que l'inventaire soit limité, il a été démontré q'il existe des teneurs en nitrates dépassant les normes recommandées par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour les eaux potables, et que l'eau de nombreux autres puits, utilisés pour l'eau potable approche cette limite. Il est necessaire d'effectuer une étude plus détaillée pour connaître l'extension de ce problème. La cause première en est probablement la nitrification de l'azote de la pollution domestique et, à un moindre niveau, celle des animaux en étables. RESUMEN: Se llevó a cabo una campaña de muestreo de las concentraciones de nitrato en el agua subterránea en 100 pozos localizados en los distritos de Patan y Bhaktapur, en la zona de Bagmati, y en el distrito de Chitwan, en la zona de Narayani, Nepal. Los primeros distritos son urbanos y el último rural. Aunque la campaña es reducida, se ha manifestado que hay una incidencia significativa de concentraciones de nitrato que exceden el límite recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la salud (OMS) para agua potable; asimismo, los suministros de agua potable de otros pozos se están acercando a dicho límite. Haría falta un estudio más completo para determinar la extensión del problema. La causa fundamental probablemente sea la nitrificación de residuos orgánicos humanos y en menor medida, procedentes de animales.     

对伸展域变换构造研究的两点思考

在变换构造研究现状的基础上，从概念和分类两方面提出了研究中存在的两个问题：传递带和调节带的分类不清以及变换构造带的识别问题，并对这两个问题做出了探讨。针对传递带和调节带的分类不明确、两者具体范围和边界混淆的问题，对传递带和调节带的关系作了研究；对变换构造带的识别问题，从应力机制、运动学特征和几何形态三方面论述了变换构造带和走滑断裂带的异同：     

山岭隧道在忠武输气管道工程上的应用

介绍了忠武管道山岭隧道工程的特点、隧道内管道敷设的形式。并指出：管道设计人自应该了解或掌握隧道设计技术，只有这样．在线路技术方案比选时，才能将隧道和管道线路结合考虑，使其达到最优化的组合；管道用隧道的选用应根据管道工程的功能要求，结合现场地形地质条件和各线路比连方案，经经济技术综合比选确定；管道用隧道轴线的布置既要考虑管道敷设的要求，也要考虑隧道施工的可行性和安全性要求。     

In memorian Ciro Andreatta

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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In memorian Ciro Andreatta

     

华南碳酸盐岩型铀矿床中有机质及其与铀成矿的关系

华南碳酸盐岩铀矿床,分布广泛,产于泥盒—二叠纪的各地层中。矿床受岩相、构造、水文地球化学等多种条件控制。矿化与有机质关系密切,而有机质的分布受泻湖相带控制。经研究对比,与成矿有关的有机质属于腐泥型,来源于海相微体生物和藻类。铀在各地层中的含量不均匀,富里酸和腐殖酸是含铀的主要有机质。     

In defense of magmatic diapirs

Diapirism as a crustal magma ascent mechanism has been recently criticized. We contend that this reflects an overly simplistic view that diapirs must resemble modeled hot-Stokes diapirs and the perception that magma ascent in dikes is a more problem-free mechanism for the construction of plutons. We describe four Cordilleran plutons that have characteristics much more compatible with diapirs than dike-fed chambers. These plutons were emplaced at depths ranging from ∼10 to 30 km and record different parts of diapiric ascent paths. Most ascended during complex visco-elastic flow of host rock during regional deformation, have narrow structural aureoles indicating power-law behavior of host rock, and were constructed of multiple batches of magma, attributes enabling them to ascend greater distances than single hot-Stokes diapirs. Some features of these plutons are not typically attributed to diapirs, and thus we introduce the term visco-elastic diapir for bodies consisting of one or more batches of magma rising together, with length to width ratios <100, surrounded by host rock deforming by brittle and ductile processes, and for which ascent is driven by buoyancy plus regional stress. We conclude that diapirism remains a valid magma ascent mechanism for the crust.     

钢结构设计中的经济性

钢结构设计中影响经济性指标的因素有很多:结构形式、柱网布置、材料等级、节点设计、新产品和新技术的应用等等。简练的设计能够节省制造和安装的成本;适当的杆件截面,可以避免节点区域的加强;结构设计还应兼顾到制造安装的工艺条件。