Genetic inverse algorithm for retrieval of component temperature of mixed pixel by multi-angle thermal infrared remote sensing data

After carefully studying the results of retrieval of land surface temperature(LST) by multi-channel thermal infrared remote sensing data, the authors of this paper point out that its accuracy and significance for applications are seriously damaged by the high correlation coefficient among multi-channel information and its disablement of direct retrieval of component temperature. Based on the model of directional radiation of non-isothermal mixed pixel, the authors point out that multi-angle thermal infrared remote sensing can offer the possibility to directly retrieve component temperature, but it is also a multi-parameter synchronous inverse problem. The results of digital simulation and field experiments show that the genetic inverse algorithm (GIA) is an effective method to fulfill multi-parameter synchronous retrieval. So it is possible to realize retrieval of component temperature with error less than 1K by multi-angle thermal infrared remote sensing data and GIA.     

HJ-1B/IRS热红外数据反演太湖水温的方法比较

太湖是我国典型的富营养化湖泊,水温是影响太湖藻类生长的重要环境因子之一,我国环境减灾卫星HJ-1B搭载的红外多光谱相机IRS对太湖水温动态遥感监测具有较大的性能优势.利用6景过境太湖的IRS热红外遥感影像,分别采用单通道普适性算法、辐射传输模型法和单窗算法反演太湖水温,并与实测水温和同期的TERRA/MODIS温度产品进行对比.结果表明,普适性单通道算法反演水温偏高,而辐射传输模型法和单窗算法则偏低;3种算法反演水温的均方根误差在1.001 K以内,单窗算法反演精度最高,其次是辐射传输模型法,再次为普适性单通道算法,而同期MODIS温度产品的均方根误差为1.507 K.3种算法从IRS热红外数据反演的水温直方图均呈正峰态、尖峰状态分布,反演结果能真实地反映太湖水温的空间分布特征.本研究对只有单个热红外通道的卫星传感器开展内陆水体水温遥感监测具有一定的参考意义.     

A comparison of SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> retrieval techniques using mini-UV spectrometers and ASTER imagery at Lascar volcano,Chile

The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) is a useful tool for detecting low quantities of sulfur dioxide at passively degassing volcanoes such as Lascar volcano, Chile. Two mini-UV spectrometers (MUSes) were used to make transects of Lascar volcano’s sulfur dioxide plume on December 7, 2004, during a coordinated overpass of ASTER. SO₂ burdens were retrieved using the thermal infrared channels of the acquired ASTER image. This allowed for a direct comparison between the two methods in order to validate the ASTER SO₂ retrieval. The results were extremely encouraging with ASTER deriving SO₂ fluxes within the range of fluxes obtained by the MUSe.     

Synchronous retrieval of land surface temperature and emissivity

This is an old topic for more than ten years to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) from satellite data, but it has not been solved yet. At first, people tried to transplant traditional split window method of sea surface temperature (SST) to the retrieval of LST, but it was found that the emissivities of land surface (ε_i) must be involved in atmospheric correction. Then many different formulas appeared with assumption of emissivities known. In fact, emissivities of land surface with pixel size cannot be known beforehand because of various reasons, so in recent years the focus of attention has been transferred to retrieving emissivities (ε_i) and LST at the same time. Therefore, we have to solve missing equations problem. For this some people try to introduce middle infrared information, but new problems will be brought in which means that it is very difficult to describe middle infrared BRDF of targets with high accuracy and the scattering of atmospheric aerosol cannot be ignored. Therefore a different way is offered to solve this problem only using two thermo-infrared bands data based on three assumptions, constant emissivities in two measurements, and the same atmospheric parameters for neighbouring pixels and the difference of emissivity (Δε) of two channels can be known beforehand. Results of digital simulations show that it is possible to retrieve LST with its root mean square (RMS) of errors less than 1 K and RMS of relative error of ground radiance at 7% if the error of atmospheric temperature at ± 2°C and the relative error of atmospheric water vapor at ± 10% can be satisfied. Results have been confirmed by initial field test. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49471056) and China’s National Key Basic Research Plan.     

The retrieval of two-dimensional distribution of the earth''''s surface aerodynamic roughness using SAR image and TM thermal infrared image

The research for the land surface fluxes has madea quiet great progress for its breakthroughs in the fieldof regional or global interactions between land surfaceand atmosphere. However, many remote sensing mod-els for estimating the land surface fluxes need the pa-rameters of surface momentum, heat, resistance ofwater vapor at a referenced height, which are the func-tion of aerodynamic surface roughness zad. It hasbeen validated that the retrieval of the land surfacefluxes is very sensitive to…     

An improved TES algorithm based on the corrected ALPHA difference spectrum

Different from visible signals, thermal infrared radiances depend on both temperature and emissivity. It is a key problem for us to separate temperature and emissivity in thermal infrared remote sensing re- search. Another difficulty encountered in the retrieval of surface temperature is the correction of downwelling sky irradiance, because it is closely related to surface emissivity. When emissivity is un- known, the downwelling sky irradiance is difficult to be removed. In this paper, we introduce a correc- tion term of downwelling sky irradiance developed by Li and Becker into Wien’s approximation, to de- rive an improved ALPHA difference spectrum which is independent of temperature, and furthermore develop a correction term to remove the error of Wien’s approximation. Under the support of the above work, attractive features of Alpha derived emissivity method and ASTER TES algorithm are combined together to acquire a new Improved TES algorithm based on Corrected ALPHA Difference Spectrum (ICADS TES). Because a multi-band inversion technique is applied, and the operations of band ratios and differences are included in the algorithm, it can partly remove the influence of atmosphere and noises. Numerical simulation experiments show that for various combinations of atmosphere, land covers and surface temperatures, the algorithm is applicable and stable. Its accuracy for temperature is 0―1.5 K, and that for emissivity is 0―0.015. Compared with current TES algorithms, our method has clear physical meaning, is easy to be implemented, and is applicable for a wide temperature range and surface types. The results are not influenced by the directional characteristic of emissivity. Because ICADS TES does not need the support of a priori information of surface types, it is also not influenced by the accuracy of classification and the problem of mixture pixels. Compared with our former TES algorithm based on corrected Alpha difference spectra (CADS TES), the new algorithm takes the effect of downwelling atmospheric radiation into account. When the quantity of atmosphere radiation can be estimated precisely, the performance of ICADS TES is much better.     

Probable satellite thermal infrared anomaly before the Zhangbei M s=6.2 earthquake on January 10, 1998

This paper used the thermal infrared data of the satellite NOAA-AAVHRR of the north part of North China (113°～119° E, 38°～42° N), and processed the remote sensing data through radiation adjustment, geometric adjustment and so on by the software ＂The Monitoring and Fast Process System of Earthquake Precursor Thermal Infrared Anomaly＂, inversed the earth surface temperature. Some disturbances effect had been excluded, and thermal infrared temperature anomaly had been extracted by the picture difference method. The Zhangbei MS=6.2 earthquake is used as the example in the paper, so that in the paper thermal infrared characteristics on time-space before earthquake and the relationship between the anomaly and the earthquake prediction have been summarized.Within more than ten days before the Zhangbei earthquake, the thermal infrared anomaly had emerged widely along Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic belt, and the anomalous region seemed like a belt and it is also consistent with the tectonic background there; the anomaly expanded from the outside toward the earthquake focus, but the focus lay at the edge of the thermal infrared region. So it is possible to explore a new anomaly observation method for earthquake prediction by observing and studying the satellite thermal infrared anomaly before big earthquakes happen.     

合成孔径雷达风场反演变分方案评估

利用合成孔径雷达获取高空间分辨率的海面风场,对于研究沿岸海域大气海洋过程具有重要意义.应用CMOD地球物理模型直接反演风速受先验风向误差影响较大,30°的风向误差可导致高达40%的风速误差.变分方法考虑了雷达观测值及背景风场的不确定性,能够较好地降低先验风向对反演风速的影响.但不同的观测误差或地球物理模型选择会形成不同的变分方案,使得反演风场存在差异.本文基于Sentinel-1合成孔径雷达数据及NDBC浮标数据,对不同变分方案进行了系统评估.试验结果表明,当观测误差选取常值0.1 dB、地球物理模型选取CMOD7时,反演风速均方根误差为1.11 m·s^-1,总体最小;但在特定风速区间内,其他变分方案能获得相对更好的反演精度;各变分方案反演风速精度均显著高于背景风速及CMOD直接反演风速精度,但反演风向相对背景风向没有明显改善.试验结果可为变分方法在不同应用需求下的选择提供参考依据.

     

祁连山地震带中强地震前热红外异常研究

对祁连山地震带1991—2004年间发生的13次中强地震,采用NOAA卫星热红外遥感资料数据库进行地面温度的时空网格化扫描,获得多年连续的热红外时序,研究地震前后的温度演化过程,提取震前地表温度的异常特征。研究结果表明,有38%的地震在震前出现了热红外异常现象,有的表现为温度降低,有的则表现为温度升高,体现了地震诱发因素的复杂性;温度异常幅度均为2~3℃,异常出现的时间均在2个月内;震级越大,异常越明显,但并非所有6级以上地震都比5~6级地震的热红外异常明显。     

新型Landsat 8卫星影像的反射率和地表温度反演

Landsat 8卫星自2013年2月发射以来,其影像的定标参数经过了不断调整和完善,针对Landsat 8开发的各种算法也相继问世.本文采用最新的参数、算法和引入COST算法建立的大气校正模型,对Landsat 8多光谱和热红外波段进行了处理,反演出它们的反射率和地表温度,并与同日的Landsat 7数据和实测地表温度数据进行了对比.结果表明,现有Landsat 8多光谱数据的定标参数和大气顶部反射率反演算法已有很高的精度,本文引入COST算法建立的Landsat 8大气校正模型也与Landsat 7的COST模型所获得的结果几乎相同,相关系数可高达0.99.但是现有针对Landsat 8提出的地表温度反演算法仍不理想,已提出的劈窗算法误差都较大.鉴于TIRS 11热红外波段的定标参数仍不理想,因此在现阶段建议采用单通道算法单独反演TIRS 10波段来求算地表温度,但要注意根据大气水汽含量的情况选用正确的大气参数计算公式.     

XCO2 satellite retrieval experiments in short-wave and infrared spectra with SCIATRAN model for Sahara Desert

The spectra of O_2 A-band(0.76 μm) and CO_2 near-infrared emissions(1.6 μm) are simulated by the SCIATRAN radiative transfer model(V3.1.23), and compared with those observed by GOSAT-FTS(Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite-Fourier Transform Spectrometer). Systematic deviations between the observed and simulated spectra are found to exist,especially for the O_2 A-band. The discrepancies are characterized by their mean differences averaged over the observed spectral ranges. A correction is applied to the observed GOSAT-FTS L1B(V141.141) spectra by scaling the spectral intensity measured by TANSO-FTS(Thermal and Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer) onboard GOSAT.The average columnar CO_2 concentrations(XCO_2) are retrieved from the observed and the corrected GOSAT-FTS spectra by using the SCIATRAN inversion algorithm. Compared with the GOSAT-FTS L2 XCO_2 data products retrieved from the observed spectra of GOSAT-FTS, the SCIATRAN retrievals from the corrected spectra show a much better agreement, with the relative error less than 1%. But the results of GOSAT TANSO-FTS(V161.160) show smaller residuals than GOSAT TANSO-FTS(V141.141) without mean residual correction. The results indicate that the mean residual correction would increase the precision of XCO_2 retrieval for spectra with systematic deviations.     

Thermal characterization of the Vulcano fumarole field

Ground-based thermal infrared surveys can contribute to complete heat budget inventories for fumarole fields. However, variations in atmospheric conditions, plume condensation and mixed-pixel effects can complicate vent area and temperature measurements. Analysis of vent temperature frequency distributions can be used, however, to characterise and quantify thermal regions within a field. We examine this using four thermal infrared thermometer and thermal image surveys of the Vulcano Fossa fumarole field (Italy) during June 2004 and July 2005. These surveys show that regions occupied by low temperature vents are characterised by distributions that are tightly clustered around the mean (i.e., the standard deviation is low), highly peaked (positive kurtosis) and skewed in the low temperature direction (negative skewness). This population is associated with wet fumaroles, where boiling controls maximum temperature to cause a narrow distribution with a mode at 90–100°C. In contrast, high temperature vent regions have distributions that are widely spread about the mean (i.e., the standard deviation is high), relatively flat (negative kurtosis) and skewed in the high temperature direction (positive skewness). In this dry case, fumaroles are water-free so that maximum temperatures are not fixed by boiling. As a result greater temperature variation is possible. We use these results to define two vent types at Vulcano on the basis of their thermal characteristics: (1) concentrated (localized) regions of high temperature vents, and (2) dispersed low temperature vents. These occur within a much larger region of diffuse heat emission across which surfaces are heated by steam condensation, the heat from which causes elevated surface temperatures. For Vulcano's lower fumarole zone, high and low temperature vents occupied total areas of 3 and 6 m², respectively, and occurred within a larger (430 m²) vent-free zone of diffuse heat emission. For this lower zone, we estimate that 21–43 × 10³ W of heat was lost by diffuse heat emission. A further 4.5 × 10³ W was lost by radiation from high temperature vents, and 6.5 × 10³ W from low temperature vents. Thus, radiative heat losses from high and low temperature vents within Vulcano's lower fumarole zone respectively account for 10% and 15% of the total heat lost from this zone. This shows that radiation from open vents can account for a non-trivial portion of the total fumarole field heat budget.     

Physical statistical algorithm for precipitable water vapor inversion on land surface based on multi-source remotely sensed data

Water vapor plays a crucial role in atmospheric processes that act over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales, from global climate to micrometeorology. The determination of water vapor distribution in the atmosphere and its changing pattern is very important. Although atmospheric scientists have developed a variety of means to measure precipitable water vapor(PWV) using remote sensing data that have been widely used, there are some limitations in using one kind satellite measurements for PWV retrieval over land. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for retrieving PWV over land by combining different kinds of remote sensing data and it would work well under the cloud weather conditions. The PWV retrieval algorithm based on near infrared data is more suitable to clear sky conditions with high precision. The 23.5 GHz microwave remote sensing data is sensitive to water vapor and powerful in cloud-covered areas because of its longer wavelengths that permit viewing into and through the atmosphere. Therefore, the PWV retrieval results from near infrared data and the indices combined by microwave bands remote sensing data which are sensitive to water vapor will be regressed to generate the equation for PWV retrieval under cloud covered areas. The algorithm developed in this paper has the potential to detect PWV under all weather conditions and makes an excellent complement to PWV retrieved by near infrared data. Different types of surface exert different depolarization effects on surface emissions, which would increase the complexity of the algorithm. In this paper, MODIS surface classification data was used to consider this influence. Compared with the GPS results, the root mean square error of our algorithm is 8 mm for cloud covered area. Regional consistency was found between the results from MODIS and our algorithm. Our algorithm can yield reasonable results on the surfaces covered by cloud where MODIS cannot be used to retrieve PWV.     

Molecular approach to the chemical characterization of fish-exuded kairomone: a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study

Diel vertical migration (DVM) bioassay-guided Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy can be a prominent non-destructive and innovative approach for ecological studies. During the characterization of the nature of the fish-exuded kairomone, the peak area results from the spectroscopic analysis of the control, fish-conditioned (F) and temperature incubated fish-conditioned (IF) treatments of the DVM bioassays demonstrated that there was a strong correlation between the alterations of the amine N–H, amide II, amide IV and CH₃ asymmetric vibrations, suggesting that both N–H and CH₃ molecules may be main components of the fish-exuded kairomone cocktail. The IF treatment, which showed similar results with the control treatment, supported that the kairomone is inactivated by bacterial biodegradation. The seasonal variations in the peak areas of the N–H and CH₃ bands suggested that DVM response varied seasonally, where migration response developed quickly in warmer seasons. The peak area of the amine N–H band of the F and IF treatments relative to control conditions can be used as an ideal indicator of the absence or presence and the promptness of migration, at all seasons.     

2016年3月21日甘肃金塔4.7级地震热红外亮温异常分析

使用中国静止气象卫星FY-2E/G红外遥感亮温产品为基础数据,针对2016年3月21日甘肃金塔4.7级地震前后出现在震中区附近的显著热红外异常,运用小波变换和相对功率谱法进行异常提取和资料分析,结果表明,地震热红外异常范围主要分布在震中以北的大范围区域,震前10天左右出现功率谱增强现象,随着时间推移,异常范围逐渐向北扩大,一直持续到震时,震后14天异常开始收缩并减弱。通过对比同地区相似震例发现,本次地震与2012年5月3日金塔5.4级地震的热异常特征有许多共同点,其中相同的特征周期可为热红外地震前兆特征的归纳提供典型的参考信息,同时可为建立区域热异常统计模型积累可靠的判定依据。     

analysis on modis satellite thermal infrared information before and after the jinggu ms6.6 earthquake

Continuous MODIS/Terra satellite thermal infrared remote sensing data of the Jinggu M_S6.6 earthquake area from July 2014 to January 2015 is collected, and after cloud-removing, the thermal infrared data between 5:00a.m.-7:00a.m. Beijing Time, which is the best period for observation, is selected to perform land surface temperature data retrieval and analyze the temporal evolution of land surface temperature anomalies before and after the earthquake, as well as the relationship between abnormal spatial distribution and active fault. The impacts of non-structural factors such as topography, landform and seasonal weather of the earthquake zone on land surface temperature anomalies are discussed. The result shows that: a)there was thermal infrared anomalous temperature increase appearing near the epicenter two months before the M_S6.6 Jinggu earthquake and there was a certain correspondence between the anomalous temperature increase and earthquake occurrence time. The significant temperature increase happened in the first half of the month, reached its peak 7 days before the earthquake, and dropped rapidly after the earthquake. At the same time, there was also anomalous temperature increase to a certain extent appearing about half month before the strong aftershocks of magnitude 5.8 and 5.9; b)Through the correlation analysis of non-structural factors such as topography, landform and seasonal weather of the earthquake zone, it is found that the structural "temperature increase" before the Jinggu M_S6.6 earthquake was the information indicating the anti-season change of temperature increase in the earthquake zone; c)The anomalous temperature increase was cross-developed from the epicenter along the NS-NE trending conjugate faults, which is consistent roughly with the NNE-SSW predominant direction of the maximum principal stress of the regional tectonic stress field. After full consideration of the influence of non-structural factors such as topography, landform and seasonal weather on the abnormal temperature increase, it is inferred that this thermal infrared temperature increase is possibly a short-imminent anomaly before the earthquake.     

A new algorithm for microwave radiometer remote sensing of sea surface salinity and temperature

The microwave radiation of the sea surface, which is denoted by the sea surface brightness temperature, is not only related with sea surface salinity (SSS) and temperature (SST), but also influenced by sea surface wind. The errors of wind detected by satellite sensor have significant influences on the accuracy of SSS and SST retrieval. The effects of sea surface wind on sea surface brightness temperature, i.e. △Th,v, and the relations among △Th,v, wind speed, sea surface tempera- ture, sea surface salinity and incidence angle of observation are investigated. Based on the investi- gations, a new algorithm depending on the design of a single radiometer with double polarizations and multi-incidence angles is proposed. The algorithm excludes the influence of sea surface wind on SSS and SST retrieval, and provides a new method for remote sensing of SSS and SST.     

Infrared Radiation in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: Energetic Effects and Remote Sensing

This paper discusses the formation mechanisms of infrared radiation in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT), the energetic effects of the radiative absorption/emission processes, and the retrieval of atmospheric parameters from infrared radiation measurements. In the MLT and above, the vibrational levels of the molecules involved in radiative transitions are not in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) with the surrounding medium, and this then requires specific theoretical treatment. The non-LTE models for CO₂, O₃, and H₂O molecules are presented, and the radiative cooling/heating rates estimated for five typical atmospheric scenarios, from polar winter to polar summer, are shown. An optimization strategy for calculating the cooling/heating rates in general circulation models is proposed, and its accuracy is estimated for CO₂. The sensitivity of the atmospheric quantities retrieved from infrared observations made from satellites to the non-LTE model parameters is shown.