Variation of fluxes of water vapor, sensible heat and carbon dioxide above winter wheat and maize canopies

Surface energy fluxes were measured using Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance technique (BREB) and eddy correlation system at Luancheng of Hebei Province, on the North China Plain from 1999 to 2001. Average diurnal variation of surface energy fluxes and CO₂ flux for maize showed the inverse “U” type. The average peak fluxes did not appear at noon, but after noon. The average peak CO₂ flux was about 1.65 mg m^-2 s^-1. Crop water use efficiency (WUE) increased quickly in the morning, stabilized after 10:00 and decreased quickly after 15:00 with no evident peak value. The ratio of latent heat flux (λE) to net solar radiation (R_n) was always higher than 70% during winter wheat and maize seasons. The seasonal average ratio of sensible heat flux (H) divided byR _n stayed at about 15% above the field surface; the seasonal average ratio of conductive heat flux (G) divided by R_n varied between 5% and 13%, and the averageG/R> _n from the wheat canopy was evidently higher than that from the maize canopy. The evaporative fraction (EF) is correlated to the Bowen ratio in a reverse function.EF for winter wheat increased quickly during that revival stage, after the stage, it gradually stabilized to 1.0, and fluctuated around 1.0. EF for maize also fluctuated around 1.0 before the later grain filling stage, and decreased after that stage.     

Change of winter wheat planting area and its impacts on groundwater depletion in the North China Plain

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The North China Plain is one of the most water-stressed areas in China. Irrigation of winter wheat mainly utilizes groundwater resources, which has resulted in...     

伊朗高原和北非感热异常对夏季塔里木盆地降水的影响

基于1971—2019年日本气象厅提供的JRA-55地表感热、大气环流再分析数据和国家气象信息中心提供的我国陆面逐月格点降水数据,研究了夏季伊朗高原和北非感热异常对同期塔里木盆地降水的可能影响。结果表明：（1） 夏季伊朗高原感热和北非感热均与塔里木盆地夏季降水密切联系,将2个区域加热共同考虑,其与塔里木盆地降水的关系要比仅考虑单一区域加热更为紧密。（2） 当伊朗高原感热整体偏强,且北非感热呈北弱南强异常分布时,对应中亚副热带西风急流相对偏南,中亚和蒙古高原上空分别为异常气旋和反气旋控制,塔里木盆地上空南风加强;热带印度洋水汽在阿拉伯海与中亚的异常环流配合下北上进入塔里木盆地;以上条件共同导致了同期塔里木盆地降水的增多,反之亦然。（3） 北非和伊朗高原加热均可单独影响塔里木盆地夏季降水,其中伊朗高原感热对大尺度环流和水汽输送的影响均显著,因此其与降水的关系也更加密切。北非感热加热的影响主要体现在大尺度环流方面,对水汽输送的影响和伊朗高原存在差异,主要体现在印度半岛上空的异常反气旋位置偏南,导致阿拉伯海水汽无法进入塔里木盆地。     

Analysis on water supply and demand of North China Plain

IntroductionIn terms of water resources supply and demand analysis, the North China Plan which is the main waterreceiving area of the proposed southjnorth water transfer project, is often considered as a whole region.Adrinistrahvely, the region includes mbocipalihes of Beding and Tianjin, most pal'ts of provinces ofHebei (herealler known as Hebei), Henan olereafter known as Henan) and Shandong (herealler known asShandong) able l). The Nortll China Plain covers an area of 191 250 klllZ wi…     

用水计划与水价对华北工业企业用水的影响--以河北省为例

工业是仅次于农业的用水大户,其用水的规模、方式和效率直接影响着华北地区总的用水需求。在对华北地区工业企业问卷调查的基础上,就影响企业效益的主要因素、用水计划对企业用水的影响、水费占总成本的比例、企业对目前和未来水价的看法、企业对提高水价的意愿、企业应对水价上涨的策略、企业对节水的态度和采取的节水措施等问题进行了分析。结果表明:用水计划对限制企业的用水有明显的作用;提高水价也有明显促进企业节水的效应。并选择了两个万元产值耗水量差别大的典型企业,对其13年来的用水情况进行了分析,验证了用水计划和水价对企业用水行为的影响效果。     

卫星遥感结合气象资料计算的中国干旱区夏季地面感热特征

选用美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)系列卫星观测的1982-2006年历年夏季每半月合成的归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)数据资料和针对我国西北干旱区不同下垫面的Ch-INDV参数化关系式,计算了我国110°E以西/35°N以北区域内84个气象站历年夏季各月的地表热力输送系数Ch值和地面感热通量序列,并将其与ERA-40再分析感热资料进行了比较分析。随后,通过数理统计和经验正交函数(EOF)分析方法,研究其时空分布的基本特征和异常变化的演变规律及其东、西部地面感热年际变化的差异。主要结论为:(1)我国西北干旱区夏季地面感热通量实际计算值与ERA-40再分析感热资料相比,两者在值的大小、分布形势和年际变化趋势上均较一致,但感热实际计算值的空间分布更加明显地突出了各气象站所在区域的局地特征。(2)对西北干旱区夏季地面感热EOF分析表明,第一模态反映了全场一致的空间变化,第二和第三模态在干旱区东部和西部区具有不同的南北反向或东西反向的空间变化。第一和第二主分量有较明显的年代际或更长时间尺度的周期变化,第三主分量的年际变化较明显。(3)西北干旱区东部和西部夏季地面感热输送具有相反的年际变化趋势,干旱区东部呈逐年增加的趋...     

The analysis of heat and water fluxes in frozen silty soil

In this paper, based on the basic equations of water flow and heat transfer, the hydrothermal coupling model is established.The numerical model was realized in COMSOL Multiphysics software, and simulation results are compared with the experimental results of Watanabe and Wake(2008) to verify the effectiveness of the model. Through the calculation, we can obtain the dynamic changes of heat and water fluxes, thermal and hydrological properties, matric potential and temperature gradient in unsaturated freezing soil; and these variables are unmeasurable in practice.     

土壤水分及土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的作用

文章根据1996年在中国栾城农业生态试验站观测的田间试验资料,分析了土壤水分和土壤-大气界面对麦田水热传输的抑制和加速作用。对于显热和潜热输送,土壤水分起决定作用,土壤水分越小,显热通量越大,潜热通量越小,反之亦然。只在土壤水分较小时界面厚度对显热和潜热输送作用较大。对于土壤热输送,界面厚度起决定作用,界面厚度越大土壤热通量越小。分析还发现60cm深处土壤水势与叶水势和大气水势的相关系数较其它深度处的土壤水势大。0～60cm土层是确定土壤水分运动对界面水热传输影响的一个良好的指示层。     

Monitoring and simulation of water, heat,and CO2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems based on the APEIS-FLUX system

1IntroductionInJune1992,theworldsummitorganizedbytheUnitedNations,withparticipantsincludingnationalleadersfromaroundtheworld,concludedwithAgenda21(UnitedNations,1992),theRioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopment,inRiodeJaneiro.Thedeclarationpromptedcountr…     

基于亚太地区环境综合监测的陆地生态系统中水、热和二氧化碳的监测与模拟

The Integrated Environmental Monitoring (IEM) project, part of the Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategy (APEIS) project, developed an integrated environmental monitoring system that can be used to detect, monitor, and assess environmental disasters, degradation, and their impacts in the Asia-Pacific region. The system primarily employs data from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) sensor on the Earth Observation System- (EOS-) Terra/Aqua satellite,as well as those from ground observations at five sites in different ecological systems in China. From the preliminary data analysis on both annual and daily variations of water, heat and CO2 fluxes, we can confirm that this system basically has been working well. The results show that both latent flux and CO2 flux are much greater in the crop field than those in the grassland and the saline desert, whereas the sensible heat flux shows the opposite trend. Different data products from MODIS have very different correspondence, e.g. MODIS-derived land surface temperature has a close correlation with measured ones, but LAI and NPP are quite different from ground measurements, which suggests that the algorithms used to process MODIS data need to be revised by using the local dataset. We are now using the APEIS-FLUX data to develop an integrated model, which can simulate the regional water,heat, and carbon fluxes. Finally, we are expected to use this model to develop more precise high-order MODIS products in Asia-Pacific region.     

Monitoring and simulation of water, heat, and CO2 fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems based on the APEIS-FLUX system

The Integrated Environmental Monitoring (IEM) project, part of the Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategy (APEIS) project, developed an integrated environmental monitoring system that can be used to detect, monitor, and assess environmental disasters, degradation, and their impacts in the Asia-Pacific region. The system primarily employs data from the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) sensor on the Earth Observation System- (EOS-) Terra/Aqua satellite, as well as those from ground observations at five sites in different ecological systems in China. From the preliminary data analysis on both annual and daily variations of water, heat and CO2 fluxes, we can confirm that this system basically has been working well. The results show that both latent flux and CO2 flux are much greater in the crop field than those in the grassland and the saline desert, whereas the sensible heat flux shows the opposite trend. Different data products from MODIS have very different correspondence, e.g. MODIS-derived land surface temperature has a close correlation with measured ones, but LAI and NPP are quite different from ground measurements, which suggests that the algorithms used to process MODIS data need to be revised by using the local dataset. We are now using the APEIS-FLUX data to develop an integrated model, which can simulate the regional water, heat, and carbon fluxes. Finally, we are expected to use this model to develop more precise high-order MODIS products in Asia-Pacific region.     

华北平原缺水盐渍区浅层地下水位动态分析

本文以国家农业科技攻关南皮试区为例,分析了华北缺水盐渍区地下水水位动态及其与降水量的关系,应用灰色系统理论的GM(1,1)预测方法,建立了地下水位动态的模拟、预测模型。结果表明,在目前供水、用水和水文地质条件下,未来地下水水位呈缓慢下降趋势,年均下降速度为0.12～0.14m/年。单靠平水年甚或丰水年降水难以维持地下水采补平衡,必须进行多年径流调节或跨流域调水,以丰补歉,互济余缺,并实施农田综合节水技术,防止区域水环境的恶化。     

华北平原冬小麦—夏玉米轮作区DLM与CLM5模型模拟对比研究

作物生长与气候的互馈是当前气候变化研究的热点之一。陆面模型作为一项重要的研究工具,其模型框架、算法设计及参数化方案的不同会直接导致模拟结果的不确定性。为探究陆面模型DLM(dynamic land model)和CLM5(community land model)在作物生长及农田热通量模拟方面的差异及原因,评估2个模型在华北平原作物研究中的适用程度,论文开展了冬小麦—夏玉米轮作站点的模拟对比研究。结果显示,DLM的夏玉米叶面积指数和生态系统总初级生产力的模拟值更高,与观测值更为接近;CLM5模型则在冬小麦模拟中略优。DLM的潜热模拟值与观测值的相关性普遍更高,可能反映了DLM采用的彭曼公式、双叶策略比CLM5采用基于水势梯度质量守恒、大叶策略的潜热计算方法更具优势。对于产量,模型当前的估测能力并不理想。总的来说,在默认设定下,2个模型的模拟结果能基本反映研究区农田站点内夏玉米和冬小麦的生长规律,但与实测值存在一定偏差。模型在该区域的适用性可能需要通过添加农田管理措施、算法优化和参数本地化等方式进一步提高。     

Analysis of water vapour flux between alpine wetlands underlying surface and atmosphere in the source region of the Yellow River

An underlying wetland surface comprises soil, water and vegetation and is sensitive to local climate change. Analysis of the degree of coupling between wetlands and the atmosphere and a quantitative assessment of how environmental factors influence latent heat flux have considerable scientific significance. Using data from observational tests of the Maduo Observatory of Climate and Environment of the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, CAS, from June 1 to August 31, 2014, this study analysed the time-varying characteristics and causes of the degree of coupling(Ω factor)between alpine wetlands underlying surface and the atmosphere and quantitatively calculated the influences of different environmental factors(solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit) on latent heat flux. The results were as follows:(1) Due to diurnal variations of solar radiation and wind speed, a trend developed where diurnal variations of the Ω factor were small in the morning and large in the evening. Due to the vegetation growing cycle, seasonal variations of the Ω factor present a reverse "U" trend. These trends are similar to the diurnal and seasonal variations of the absolute control exercised by solar radiation over latent heat flux. This conforms to the Omega Theory.(2) The values for average absolute atmospheric factor(surface factor or total) control exercised by solar radiation and water vapour pressure are 0.20(0.02 or 0.22) and 0.005(-0.07 or-0.06) W/(m2·Pa), respectively. Generally speaking, solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit exert opposite forces on latent heat flux.(3) At the underlying alpine wetland surface, solar radiation primarily influences latent heat flux through its direct effects(atmospheric factor controls). Water vapour pressure deficit primarily influences latent heat flux through its indirect effects(surface factor controls) on changing the surface resistance.(4) The average Ω factor in the underlying alpine wetland surface is high during the vegetation growing season, with a value of 0.38, and the degree of coupling between alpine wetland surface and atmosphere system is low. The actual measurements agree with the Omega Theory. The latent heat flux is mainly influenced by solar radiation.     

淮河流域蚌埠闸以上地区夏玉米生育阶段水分供需时空变化特征研究

作物水分供需量是进行科学合理灌溉的重要参考依据,水分供需不平衡也是引起农业旱涝的根本原因。基于淮河流域蚌埠闸以上地区及周边1961—2015年共91个气象站点的日尺度气象数据,借助有效利用系数法计算夏玉米有效降水量,采用联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）建议的Penman-Monteith（P-M）公式和作物系数法计算需水量,分析夏玉米水分供需时空变化特征,并探讨典型站点夏玉米生育期内水分盈亏状况。结果表明：① 近55a来,研究区夏玉米全生育期和各生育阶段有效降水量呈南高北低的分布特征,各站点趋势变化不明显;② 夏玉米全生育期和各生育阶段需水量大致呈南低北高的纬向分布,全生育期和各生育阶段呈显著减少趋势,只少数站点未通过显著性检验;③ 夏玉米全生育期和各生育阶段缺水量大致呈纬向分布特征,全生育期和播种-出苗期呈显著减少趋势,其余生育阶段趋势变化不明显。     

A brief introduction to recent applications of several sediment-analysis techniques in palaeolimnological studies-dry bulk density and water content, mineral magnetism, carbonate content, and content of total organic carbon, nitrogen content and c

ChalacteriStics of lacustrine sediments are often capable of ~ring the hydrological regales of the lakeand its environment and human achvihes in itS catclunent during the sedimentahon of these sedimentS.Therefore, by identifying these characteristics of sedimentS, it is likely to postUlate the physicalconditions in and around the lake during geological periods. Such reconstrUction of palaeoenvironmentshas become an increasingly important branch of ear sciences as there has been an expanded n…