南海第二次大洋钻探——IODP 349航次

由同济大学李春峰教授牵头,中国科学家于2008年10月提交了IODP735号建议书(南海张裂过程及其对晚中生代以来东南亚构造、气候和深部地幔过程的启示),在国内外众多科学家的积极支持和推动下,通过4年多的努力,该建议书经过多轮严格评审,最终于2012年12月在日本京都召开的IODP建议书评审会议上通过国际同行评审并顺利安排航次。     

南海第二次大洋钻探——IODP 349航次

由同济大学李春峰教授牵头,中国科学家于2008年10月提交了 IODP 735号建议书(南海张裂过程及其对晚中生代以来东南亚构造、气候和深部地幔过程的启示),在国内外众多科学家的积极支持和推动下,通过4年多的努力,该建议书经过多轮严格评审,最终于2012年12月在日本京都召开的1ODP建议书评审会议上通过国际同行评审并顺利安排航次,于2014年1月29日从香港起航,3月30日在基隆靠港,顺利完成航次各项科学目标。     

南海第二次大洋钻探——IODP 349航次

由同济大学李春峰教授牵头,中国科学家于2008年10月提交了IODP 735号建议书(南海张裂过程及其对晚中生代以来东南亚构造、气候和深部地幔过程的启示),在国内外众多科学家的积极支持和推动下,通过4年多的努力,该建议书经过多轮严格评审,最终于2012年12月在日本京都召开的IODP建议书评审会议上通过国际同行评审并顺利安排航次。     

国际综合大洋钻探计划IODP323白令海航次介绍

国际综合大洋钻探计划IODP323航次于2009年7月6日开始至9月4日结束在白令海实施.该航次的主要科学目标是通过钻取白令海的海底沉积物岩心样品,获得高纬度边缘海的较长时间尺度沉积序列,用于研究该海区上新世-更新世的从千年尺度到米兰科维奇尺度气候变化及其与太平洋和北冰洋的关联.经历近2个月的海上钻探与研究工作,在7个井位上共钻取5 741 m岩芯,获得上新世(近5 Ma)以来的不同位置岩芯样品,并取得微体古生物与沉积学等分析测试的初步结果.     

发震带试验(SEIZE)

对发震带试验计划(SEIZE)以及南海（Nankai）海槽的发震带钻探计划（NanTroSEIZE）进行了综述。SEIZE作为大陆边缘计划(MARGINS)的重要研究内容和综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）的优先研究领域,重点对世界主要俯冲发震带进行研究。SEIZE的主要研究内容包括：①凸凹体的物理性质;②在地震周期里,应力、应变和孔隙流体成分随时间的变化;③在俯冲逆冲断层上,发震带上界和下界的确定;④引起海啸的发震带的特征;⑤大型逆冲带地震在物质转换过程中所起的作用。NanTroSEIZE将成为IODP第一个基于立管钻探的计划,也是科学大洋钻探历史上第一个分期实施的复合钻探计划;钻入发震带的复合钻探计划将最终验证关于发震带的各种假说。      

玉树7.1级地震断裂特征与地震地表破裂带

2010年4月14日07时49分在青海省玉树县发生了7.1级地震,震中位于 33.2°N,96.6°E,自玉树县城至隆宝镇造成了大量房屋倒塌和人员伤亡.地震发生在NW向的玉树-甘孜断裂西段的玉树-治多断裂上,自隆宝镇东至玉树县城,地震引起了长约50km的地震地表破裂带,主要分布在第三纪红砂岩、高漫滩及河床中,致使公路错断、桥梁位错,并引发大量滑坡和崩滑.震中附近的调查表明,地表破裂带主要沿NW向的玉树-治多断裂展布,总体走向NW320°,分为两组,一组为NW向,另一组为NE向,NW向的破裂为左旋走滑,发育一系列小的类拉分盆地,NE向的破裂表现为正断性质.由震源机制解和断裂特征判定,NW向的玉树-治多断裂为此次地震的发震构造.     

由古地震推断海地Enriquillo-Plantain Garden断层的地震危险性

海地的Enriquillo-Plantain Garden断裂带被认为是主要板块边界断层系之一。走滑性质的Enriquillo-Plantain Garden断层带紧邻太子港市而过,起初被认为是2010年1月12日M_w7.0级地震的发震断层。海地经历了1751年和1770年的大地震,但人们对Enriquillo-Plantain Garden断层带在这些地震中起的作用知之甚少。我们利用卫星影像、航空照片、激光雷达和野外调查这些方式证实了Enriquillo-Plantain Garden断层的第四纪活动性。我们指出断层晚第四纪左旋位移量达160m,并发现了一组可能与18世纪的一次地震有关的小位移,其位移量从1.3m到3.3m不等。小位移的幅度显示18世纪的那次历史地震大于M_w7.0,但是很可能小于M_w7.6。我们没有发现与2010年大地震有关的明显的地表破裂。没有地表破裂,加上其他的地震学、地质学、大地测量学方面的观察结果,表明2010年大地震时Enriquillo-Plantain Garden断层即使有,也只是很少的累积应变得到释放。这些结论证实,Enriquillo-Plantain Garden...     

深源地震机理的回顾:现状与问题

深源地震(deep earthquakes)对于研究地球内部结构及板块的运动、动力学机制等起着重要的作用。从和达清夫首次发现深源地震至今80多年的时间里深源地震得到了广泛关注,获得大批高质量的成果。但是,其成因机制至今仍然是未解之谜。目前,大家广泛接受以脱水脆裂为中源地震的成因机制,反裂隙断层为深源地震的成因机制。剪切失稳等机制也能对中源与深源地震的成因做出较好的解释,但仍需进一步的实验研究。中国东北珲春等地区位于环太平洋地震带上,也是中国唯一存在的深源地震带。对地表地质构造、矿物岩石物理学、深部探测和高温高压实验及数值模拟分析的综合研究是解决深源地震机制问题的有效途径。加强中国东北深源地震机理与西太平洋板块俯冲的研究,对进一步认识我国东部大地构造格局演化有着重要的深部背景意义。     

芦山地震发震构造及其与汶川地震关系讨论

芦山地震发生在巴彦喀拉块体与华南块体之间龙门山推覆构造带南段。野外考察表明,芦山地震在震中区没有形成具有构造地质意义的地震地表破裂带,仅在各山前陡坡地带出现平行于山麓陡坡的张性地裂缝、山地基岩崩塌、滑坡等边坡震动失稳现象和震动引起的砂土液化现象。重新定位的芦山地震余震分布、震源机制解和地表构造地质等分析表明,芦山地震的发震断层为一条现今尚未出露地表、其上断点仍埋藏在地下9 km以下地壳中的一条盲逆断层,走向212°,倾向NW,倾角38°±2°,上断点以上至地表的构造变形符合断层扩展背斜模型。根据汶川地震和芦山地震的余震空间分布、地震破裂过程、深浅构造关系等差异反映出它们是分别发生在龙门山推覆构造带中段和南段的两次独立地震破裂事件。     

芦山地震发震构造及其与汶川地震关系讨论

芦山地震发生在巴彦喀拉块体与华南块体之间龙门山推覆构造带南段。野外考察表明,芦山地震在震中区没有形成具有构造地质意义的地震地表破裂带,仅在各山前陡坡地带出现平行于山麓陡坡的张性地裂缝、山地基岩崩塌、滑坡等边坡震动失稳现象和震动引起的砂土液化现象。重新定位的芦山地震余震分布、震源机制解和地表构造地质等分析表明,芦山地震的发震断层为一条现今尚未出露地表、其上断点仍埋藏在地下9 km以下地壳中的一条盲逆断层,走向212°,倾向NW,倾角38°±2°,上断点以上至地表的构造变形符合断层扩展背斜模型。根据汶川地震和芦山地震的余震空间分布、地震破裂过程、深浅构造关系等差异反映出它们是分别发生在龙门山推覆构造带中段和南段的两次独立地震破裂事件。     

剥蚀型汇聚板块边缘大地震成因机理研究:来自国际综合大洋钻探344航次的报告

旨在探究剥蚀型汇聚板块边缘大地震成因机理的国际综合大洋钻探(IODP)344航次于2012年10月23日至12月11日在中美洲地震频发的哥斯达黎加西部海域实施钻探。介绍了钻探区域的大地构造特征、该航次的主要科学目标、执行情况、所取得的初步成果以及对航次后研究工作的展望等。航次后更多深入细致的研究工作正在进行中,所取得的研究成果将集中在2014年南京召开的航次后学术研讨会上汇报、交流、集成、总结,从而提升对剥蚀型汇聚板块边缘大地震起源机理的认识。     

IODP计划的新进展

综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)经过5年(2003-2008年)的过渡运行,在2009年真正实现了"多平台"钻探格局,美国"决心号"、日本"地球号"和欧洲联合体"特定任务平台"同时执行特定海区和地质条件的钻探航次.随着澳大利亚-新西兰联合体和印度的加入,IODP"大家庭"已有7个成员单位共24个国家,犬洋钻探的国际合作渐入"佳境".IODP钻探航次在2009年的重大进展包括:"地球号"在IODP第319航次首次实施立管钻探并成功取芯;经全面改造升级后的"决心号"首航赤道太平洋成功获取53 Ma以来古赤道太平洋连续沉积物断面;"特定任务平台"成功实施推迟2年多的新泽西陆架IODP第313航次等.我国科学家在近年来参加IODP航次、提交航次建议书、积极参加国际学术会议等方面明显活跃,大大提高我国科学家的国际学术竞争力,并在海洋科学的相关领域进入了国际前沿.     

Hydrodynamic response of subduction zones to seismic activity: A case study for the Costa Rica margin

Thermal anomalies in tectonically active areas are often attributed to sub-seafloor fluid circulation and faulting mechanisms, particularly in subduction zones where the largest thrust earthquakes occur. Postseismic fluid flow is enabled by the poroelastic response of the fault system to the earthquake's strain field, as well as by the rupturing of permeability barriers in the vicinity of the fault zone. We investigated the relative importance of these mechanisms on postseismic pore-pressure diffusion and advective heat transport in the subduction zone setting. A two-dimensional numerical fluid flow and heat transport model was developed for the Costa Rica subduction zone offshore of the Nicoya Peninsula. The flow and transport model was coupled with an earthquake strain model to quantify the effects of coseismic strain and permeability enhancement on fluid pressures and temperatures within the Costa Rica margin. Coseismic changes in pore pressure and postseismic pore-pressure diffusion were found to be sensitive to the compressibility of the porous medium, and patterns of pore-pressure recovery were more complex than that predicted by theoretical faulting models. Coseismic contraction and extension of the crust produced high fluid pressures close to the fault, while the inflow of fluid from depth increased fluid pressures several years following the simulated fault slip. Crustal deformation alone was not observed to perturb the temperature field. Laterally extensive permeability increases of two orders of magnitude along the décollement were required to produce small changes in heat flow. Local permeability changes in the upper slope region of least five orders of magnitude were necessary to noticeably affect heat flow. The results of the numerical simulations may help to refine conceptual faulting models and provide guidance for locating long-term hydrologic monitoring sites at Costa Rica and other subduction zones.     

Ocean Drilling Investigation of the Global Subduction Processes

Subduction zones are one of the most critical types of plate boundary of the Earth system, crucial for the global geochemical recycling of the Earth system, genesis of island arc and continental crust, and mechanisms of earthquake and tsunami processes. Ocean drilling plays an essential role in advancing our understanding of the subduction processes. This paper highlights the recent progress and scientific goals of the international ocean drilling programs in subduction systems and discusses implications for strategic planning of the future ocean drilling initiatives.     

Geodynamic evolution of southern Costa Rica related to low-angle subduction of the Cocos Ridge: constraints from thermochronology

The Late Tertiary shallow subduction of the Cocos ridge under the Caribbean plate controlled the evolution of the Cordillera de Talamanca in southeast Costa Rica, which is a mountain range that consists mainly of granitoids formed in a volcanic arc setting. Fission track thermochronology using zircon and apatite, as well as ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar and Rb–Sr age data of amphibole and biotite in granitoid rocks constrain the thermal history of the Cordillera de Talamanca and the age of onset of subduction of the Cocos ridge. Shallow intrusion of granitoid melts resulted in fast and isobaric cooling. A weighted mean zircon fission track age (13 analyses) and Rb–Sr biotite ages of about 10 Ma suggest rapid cooling and give minimum ages for granitoid emplacement. In some cases ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar and Rb–Sr apparent ages of amphibole and biotite are younger than the zircon fission track ages, which can be attributed to partial resetting by hydrothermal alteration. Apatite fission track ages range from 4.8 to 1.7 Ma but show no correlation with the 3090-m elevation span over which they were sampled. The apatite ages seem to indicate rapid exhumation caused by tectonic and isostatic processes. The combination of the apatite fission track ages with subduction parameters of the Cocos plate such as subduction angle, plate convergence rate and distance of the Cordillera de Talamanca to the trench implies that the Cocos ridge entered the Middle America Trench between 5.5 and 3.5 Ma.     

Response of deep-sea ostracod assemblages to Late Cretaceous palaeoceanographical changes: ODP Site 689 in the Southern Ocean

Twenty-six deep-sea ostracod species are described from the late Campanian to late Maastrichtian of ODP Site 689 in the Southern Ocean. Three are described as new:Cytherelloidea megaspirocostata,Agulhasina sudoceanicaandPennyella foveolata. Correspondence analysis identified three faunal sample groups. The first is mainly characterised byA. sudoceanica,Kirthesp. andCytherellasp. This is replaced, first temporarily (betweenc. 71 and 69 Ma) by a group mainly characterised byArgilloeciaspp. andC. megaspirocostata, possibly a consequence of a short-lived global palaeoceanographic event marked by increased ventilation and cooling of intermediate waters at site 689. It then reappears before finally being replaced by a third group largely characterised byEucytherecf.circumcostata,P. foveolataandDutoitella mimicaDingle. This final change is coeval with a marked increase in the faunal density of ostracods, probably owing to an increase in food supply. However, the oxygen isotopic records of benthonic foraminifera suggests that the replacement of the first ostracod group by the third is a result of the long term Maastrichtian cooling of intermediate waters at high latitudes. This replacement is also coeval with a gradual change in benthonic foraminiferal assemblages at site 689. It is suggested, therefore, thatPennyellaandDutoitellahad a greater potential of adapting to successively colder palaeoceanographical conditions thanAgulhasina. The former genera have a cosmopolitan deep-sea distribution today.     

Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera from Kerguelen Plateau (ODP Leg 183): new data to improve the Southern Ocean biozonation

An almost complete Upper Cretaceous sedimentary sequence recently recovered on the Kerguelen Plateau (southern Indian Ocean) during ODP Leg 183 was analysed for planktonic foraminifera in order to refine and integrate the zonal schemes previously proposed for the Southern Ocean area. Detailed biostratigraphic analysis carried out on holes 1135A, 1136A and 1138A (poleward of 50°S palaeolatitude during Late Cretaceous time) has allowed recognition of low and mid–high latitude bioevents, useful for correlation across latitudes, in addition to known Austral bioevents. The low latitude biozonation can be applied to Turonian sediments, because of the occurrence of Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica, which marks the boundary between Whiteinella archaeocretacea and Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica zones. The base of the Whiteinella archeocretacea Zone falls within the uppermost Cenomanian–Turonian black shale level in Hole 1138A. The stratigraphic interval from upper Turonian to uppermost Santonian can be resolved using bioevents recognized in the mid–high latitude sections. They are, in stratigraphic order: the last occurrence of Falsotruncana maslakovae in the Coniacian, the first occurrence of Heterohelix papula at the Coniacian/Santonian boundary, the extinction of the marginotruncanids in the late Santonian, and the first occurrence of Globigerinelloides impensus in the latest (?) Santonian. The remainder of the Late Cretaceous fits rather well in the Austral zonal scheme, except that Globigerinelloides impensus exhibits a stratigraphic range in agreement with its record at the mid–high latitude sections and extends further downwards than previously recorded at southern sites. Therefore, despite the poor recovery in certain intervals and the presence of several hiatuses of local and regional importance as revealed by correlation among holes, a more detailed zonal scheme has been obtained (mainly for the less resolved Turonian–Santonian interval). Remarks on some species often overlooked in literature are also provided.