造山作用概念和分类

本文从造山作用的特征标志出发讨论了Sengor造山带定义的缺陷， 总结了造山作用的六条特征标志，并给出了造山作用新的定义。该定义包括了造山作用的起因、特征标志和大地构造背景。评述了造山带陆内、陆缘、陆间三分法方案的不足之处和剪压造山带的单独设类问题，提出了造山带板内、俯冲、碰撞三分方案。针对碰撞造山带，笔者在总结探讨现有分类方案的优点的基础上， 提出碰撞造山带陆陆碰撞、碰撞增生、弧陆碰撞和无大陆型碰撞造山带四分法方案，其中无大陆型碰撞造山带是描述陆壳物质形成初期计体拼合聚合过程的新类型。     

造山的高原——青藏高原巨型造山拼贴体和造山类型

青藏高原是一个巨型碰撞造山拼贴体,它的形成与始特提斯、古特提斯和新特提斯洋盆的先后开启、消减、闭合以及古大陆的裂解、诸地体的移动、会聚和拼合有关。造山类型形成于不同时期海(洋)盆俯冲、地体碰撞和陆内会聚的不同阶段。多地体/多岛弧/多弧前海的构架表明,诸多的俯冲型山链可以产生在地体边界的活动陆缘一侧,古特提斯南、北两洋盆的双向俯冲构筑了双向俯冲型山链;碰撞型山链由于地体边界与块体驱动方向的几何学关系形成“正向碰撞型”和“斜向碰撞型”造山类型。“斜向碰撞型山链”与走滑断裂的形成、规模及其运动学直接相关。50~60Ma印度/亚洲碰撞不仅形成青藏高原造山拼贴体的最后成员———喜马拉雅山链,而且在拼贴体的北缘由于陆内俯冲作用使早期形成的山链在整修后又一次崛起。青藏高原的周缘山链铸成屏障与外侧的克拉通相隔。青藏高原巨型碰撞造山拼贴体的形成是亚洲大陆自北往南的增生和造山迁移的生长结果,其所反映的活动长期性、非原地性、俯冲/碰撞/陆内造山类型的多样性、碰撞造山的多期性以及造山的复合叠置性比世界上任何一个复合山链(或造山拼贴体)来得复杂、多彩。     

磨拉石与造山旋回

磨拉石不是一个沉积相术语，而是大地构造学中的一个构造相，是碰撞造山带的重要组成部分，主要指造山带前陆和山间盆地中的沉积，可以是陆相，也可以是海相或海陆交互相。磨拉石发育在造山旋回晚期陆—陆碰撞造山阶段，其底部不整合标志着陆—陆碰撞时代的上限，其内部的不整合记录着陆—陆碰撞造山阶段同沉积构造作用，其顶部与代表另一个造山旋回开始的海侵初期形成的陆缘移地滨岸相沉积之间的不整合则代表着整个造山旋回的结束。     

论造山作用和造山带

造山作用和造山带是地学界广泛使用的名词,但不同学者对它们的理解不尽一致,特别是在与成山作用和山脉的关系上出现混淆现象。造山作用,造山带和成山作用,山脉是两组既有联系又有区别的概念,后者是自然地理名词,前者是构造名词,而且限于挤压作用所形成的构造现象和过程。根据这种理解,笔者将造山带划分为俯冲－碰撞造山带,断裂造山带,推覆造山带,断块造山带,增生造生和转换造山６种类型。     

新疆造山带造山作用及类型

对造山带的研究已有一百多年的历史 ,不同的学派有不同解释 :(1)地槽回返说认为 :造山带开始是地壳沉降成为槽地 ,后经回返作用褶皱成山 ;(2 )板块俯冲碰撞说认为 :岩石圈板块之间俯冲 -碰撞而造山 ;(3)多成因说认为 :大洋岩石圈和大陆岩石圈有本质的差别。大陆造山带不仅发生于板块边缘 ,更多的发生于大陆板块内部 ,大陆造山带是在多成因、多种多样的机制下形成的。依据以下五种原则 :1岩石圈的性质及其变形方式 ;2板块运动学方式 ;3造山作用的构造体制 ;4下冲作用所卷入范围的大小及其对上驮板块所造成的影响 ;5造山带增厚与剥露过程。将造山作用划分为 14种类型、2 1种造山方式。特别是软碰撞型、弱造山方式及盆山耦合式是具新疆特色的造山方式     

造山前、造山和造山后花岗岩的识别

造山前、造山和造山后（或碰撞前、碰撞和碰撞后）花岗岩是花岗岩研究的热门话题。但是,目前关于造山前、造山和造山后的概念存在模糊和矛盾的认识,为此提出了关于造山前、造山和造山后的概念和新的判别方法,并结合非洲、土耳其和巴西的某些实例进行了讨论。着重讨论了青藏高原与碰撞有关的花岗岩,指出青藏高原只存在造山前和造山2个阶段．不存在造山后阶段。认为青藏高原碰撞的时间大概在55Ma左右．25～3Ma的埃达克岩和淡色花岗岩是碰撞阶段形成的。青藏高原25～3Ma的花岗岩的特征暗示青藏高原在25Ma之前已经整体抬升．25Ma之后发育的伸展构造（藏南拆离系、大规模走滑断裂和南北向裂谷）是在青藏高原挤压的大背景下出现的,属于次级的派生构造,其并不能说明青藏高原已经进入伸展减薄和垮塌的碰撞后阶段。     

造山带蠕动应力场格局与后造山伸展作用

在理解岩石圈内部流变分层性和造山带热异常形成与演化多控制因素的基础上，建立了造山带热－应力作用数值模型，研究了不同参数下造山带不同部位蠕动应力场的格局及其演化。其研究结果表明，碰撞终止后岩石圈内部应力调整或热松驰控制了造山带内部不同层次构造样式。在造山带中心，加厚岩石圈在碰撞附加力终止后40Ma，岩石圈应力强度明显减少，可诱发科迪勒拉式后造山伸展作用；在地壳中下层次或岩石圈深部（约40～60km、120～150km）可发生拆沉作用，但非岩石圈地幔的整体拆沉，其动力源自岩石圈套内部相应层位的应力引张；在40Ma以内或在拆沉作用发生前，岩石圈地幔根部及地壳中下层次作为热的应变软化区段，相应控制着Moho面形态及中上地壳构造样式；缝合带及造山带前缘作为应力挤压区，在10Ma可出现局部应力引张，孕育喜马拉雅式伸展。但在宽度巨大的造山带（1000km以上），后造山伸展作用的发生则与带内其它大规模构造活化有关。     

湖南中生代造山过程——华南陆块周缘造山带之影响

湖南地区中生代造山作用强烈，其演化过程与华南陆块各周缘造山带一样，经历了T3一JI的陆内碰撞造山、J2一KI陆内碰撞后造山及K2后的伸展造山阶段．湘谭一祁东以西的扬子区域，发育一系列NE向展布向NW逆冲的逆冲推覆构造带，而其东部华夏区域则发育热隆伸展构造与走滑盆山构造带．研究表明，湖南地区的造山过程与周缘追山带的形成演化体戚相关．一方面，周缘造山带对湖南地区构成了楔入构造的运动学——动力学边界条件；另一方面，华南周缘古特提斯洋的消减和周缘陆块对华南陆块的会聚、碰撞造山激活了软流层地幔的上涌和东向迁移，这是湖南地区中生代活化和造山过程的主要机制．     

初论陆内造山带的造山模式──以四川龙门山为例

四川龙门山造山带是陆内造山带的一个典型实例。陆内造山带经历了漫长的发展演化历史。前寒武纪时期的环境是属于古板块俯冲、碰撞的历史。具活动性大陆边缘性质，岩浆变质作用强烈，构造混杂明显。古生代以来转入地台环境，形成台相沉积。中生代早期转入陆内造山阶段。由早期的褶皱造山进而转化为推覆造山。两类不同性质的造山运动伴随了两类不同性质的前陆沉积盆地的形成和两类不同性质的沉积体系的形成。最终的区域构造特征不同程度地保留了陆内造山各阶段的地质记录，而以最后一次的推覆造山作用的影响最深刻。陆内造山的动力机制是与区域性的板块构造活动的大环境密切相关的。     

论楔入造山作用──以龙门山造山带为例

本文以龙门山造山带为例，根据对阿尔泰—台湾地学断面地质学、地球物理学和地球化学等的综合研究，重点讨论了龙门山造山带岩石圈楔状构造的几何结构样式，探讨了碰撞后的陆内造山过程、造山模式及其科学意义。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861