沉积盆地流体包裹体研究的理论与实践

流体包裹体作为地质流体研究的重要手段,在沉积盆地油气成藏条件分析和有机/无机矿产共存、共生关系研究中起着不可替代的作用。本文以鄂尔多斯北部、塔里木东北部、辽西-冀北坳陷中-新元古界等地的油气藏、砂岩型铀矿为例,通过流体包裹体岩相学、偏光-荧光特征、显微测温、显微傅里叶红外和包裹体同位素定年技术,结合盆地构造、地层埋藏史、热演化史等资料,探讨了流体包裹体在定性、定量分析有机/无机矿产的成矿流体性质、来源、期次、流体运/聚时空及油气成藏演化等方面的应用。     

含油气沉积盆地流体包裹体及应用

近年来,（有机）流体包裹体在含油气沉积盆地分析研究中的作用日愈重要。首先论述了流体包裹体应用于盆地分析的理论基础,然后简介了流体包裹体的研究方法。最后讨论了流体包裹体在油气生成、运移及勘探、评价方面的应用。     

胶东地区与金矿成矿有关的花岗岩体中的流体包裹体研究

与胶东金矿有密切关系的玲珑片麻状花岗岩、栾家河二长花岗岩、郭家岭花岗闪长岩、上庄二长花岗岩4种类型花岗岩中矿物包裹体的发育程度、类型、大小及其特点, 以及包裹体的显微测温结果, 反映出玲珑岩体是经历了高级区域变质作用形成的重熔型花岗岩, 郭家岭岩体是由高温、高粘度岩浆结晶成岩的。栾家河岩体是由一种富CO₂的高温、高粘度的岩浆中结晶演化而来, 岩体的侵入深度也较浅。上庄岩体形成温度压力较低。      

三塘湖盆地流体包裹体研究及其应用

通过镜下观察,并对流体包裹体岩相学特征、不同包裹体组合特征和显微测温等方面进行分析,可以确定不同产状内包裹体形成的先后关系,同时依据烃类包裹体特征可以分析储层的烃类组成、烃类充注史、古流体压力和古流体势。根据三塘湖盆地包裹体岩相学特征、组合类型以及与烃类包裹体伴生盐水包裹体的均一温度,不同微裂隙内的包裹体按照其产状可分为两类：网状微裂隙内捕获的包裹体和单向微裂隙内捕获的包裹体。根据不同产状内的包裹体特征,分析得出它们是由不同流体来源在不同时期捕获的。根据古地温演化趋势图,通过测温数据推算三塘湖盆地务湖凹陷内大量烃类包裹体被捕获的时间在晚侏罗世,马朗凹陷内大量烃类包裹体被捕获的时间在晚白垩世。在计算包裹体流体势基础上做出古流体势图,显示各凹陷的北部较利于油气聚集,预测位于油气运聚路线上的马中构造带是有利油气聚集区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地庆阳地区山西组流体包裹体特征分析

通过单偏光观察和显微冷热台测温观察等方法,对鄂尔多斯盆地庆阳地区山西组内流体包裹体进行系统分析研究,归纳流体包裹体岩相学、均一温度和冰点温度等特征,结合盆地埋藏史分析推测储层内烃类充注史。研究发现:鄂尔多斯盆地庆阳地区山西组内盐水包裹体均一温度范围为100℃~170℃,综合分析结果显示其内天然气运移成藏是一个漫长且连续的过程,并以早白垩世为天然气的主要充注期。     

含油气盆地中热流体活动的流体包裹体依据

为寻找含油气盆地中热流体活动的证据,根据国内外含油气盆地中与热流体有关的包裹体的对比研究,阐述了流体包裹体宿主矿物产状、形貌特点及均一温度实测值高异常等特征。研究表明,脉体矿物多数是与热流体活动有关的包裹体的宿主矿物,有些碎屑矿物成岩愈合微裂隙中的包裹体也与热流体活动有关。沸腾包襄体反映了油气成藏与热流体的脉动式活动密切相关。流体包裹体的均一温度高异常是由热流体活动所导致的。因此,流体包裹体研究对识别古热流活动具有重要的指示意义。     

南黄海盆地含烃热液流体活动：流体包裹体证据

南黄海盆地勿南沙隆起古生界地层的地热和地球化学异常一直受到众多地质学家和地球化学家的关注。本文联用显微测温和激光拉曼光谱技术对南黄海盆地勿南沙隆起的常州（CZ）-2-1井二叠系栖霞组灰岩石英脉中的流体包裹体进行了详细研究。根据岩石学特征、室温下包裹体相态特征和成分差别,这些包裹体可以分成三大类六小类。流体包裹体拉曼光谱分析结果表明包裹体中含有甲烷和有机物,证明了该区曾经有含烃类流体活动。显微测温分析表明流体包裹体的均一温度在214℃～305℃之间,远高于该区正常沉积的盆地古地温,暗示包裹体捕获了热液流体。根据岩石学观察和测温分析结果,样品中主要存在三期流体包裹体,其均一温度和流体的甲烷浓度分别为：214℃,0．1347mol／L;265℃,0．1722mol／L;305℃,0．3370mol/L。包裹体甲烷浓度随均一温度升高呈增大的趋势。本次研究证实南黄海盆地勿南沙隆起区曾存在含烃热液流体活动,这些实验结果可以为合理解释热异常和地球化学异常提供证据。     

赣南茅坪钨矿流体包裹体研究

赣南茅坪钨矿是近年来探明的一个大型钨锡多金属矿床,矿床由石英脉型矿体和云英岩化花岗岩型矿体组成.本文在详细的岩相学观察基础上,对该矿床含矿石英脉石英和黄玉中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温和拉曼探针分析,并尝试用红外显微镜对黑钨矿中的流体包裹体进行了显微测温.结果表明,石英和黄玉中的流体包裹体主要为富液相的两相( H2O-NaCI)型水溶液包裹体,其中石英中尚有极少量的含CO2三相水溶液包裹体.石英中流体包裹体的均一温度、盐度范围较宽且均一温度分为较为明显的两个区间,石英中含CO2三相水溶液包裹体的均一温度与富液相两相水溶液包裹体的高温区间较为一致,盐度则明显低于后者,但均一方式不同.黑钨矿中流体包裹体的均一温度及盐度最高,黄玉中流体包裹体的均一温度及盐度较高且分布范围较窄.石英中流体包裹体的均一温度、盐度特征表明了成矿作用的多阶段性和流体演化的复杂性.流体包裹体特征表明,流体的早期沸腾作用和晚期混合作用可能是茅坪钨矿床石英脉型黑钨矿形成的主要机制.     

流体包裹体在成岩作用研究中的应用

流体包裹体的研究已经被引入到沉积学和和石油地质学领域中,常用的研究方法主要有包裹体测温和包裹体成分分析。利用流体包裹体测温的数据。可以分析,判断沉积成岩和成藏作用发生时的流体特征和古地温梯度,恢复成岩环境。利用流体包裹体的成分特征可以判断成藏和成岩作用发生的时间,从而得出沉积盆地构造运动演化、成岩作用和油气运移的时序。     

新疆加曼特金矿流体包裹体特征及成因证据的分析方法研究

通过对新疆加曼特金矿床矿脉中石英、闪锌矿、方解石内发育的流体包裹体进行显微测温分析,计算得出流体的盐度和密度;同时采用激光拉曼光谱对单个流体包裹体的成分进行分析。结果表明,加曼特金矿流体包裹体激光拉曼图谱上显示仅有H2O峰,成矿流体属NaCl-H2O体系;均一温度主要集中在180～260℃,盐度在0.17%～12.52%,密度为0.49～0.97 g/cm3,初步认为该矿床应属于浅成低温热液型矿床,成矿流体显示低温、低盐度和低密度的性质。     

Petroleum inclusions in sedimentary basins: systematics, analytical methods and applications

Fluid dynamics in sedimentary basins is of tremendous interest, both from a scientific and an economic point of view. Integration between fluid inclusion and present-day fluid data provides the time aspect necessary for reconstruction of fluid flow paths, and can be used for mapping fluid dynamics both on a regional basin scale or on the more local scale of petroleum reservoirs. This paper presents a review of analytical and modelling methods for petroleum in fluid inclusions. Essentially, four types of data for petroleum inclusions can be established through analysis and modelling: (1) textures (which give indirect information of the time aspect), (2) fluid composition, (3) fluid properties and (4) pressure–temperature of trapping. During the last decade, development of analytical methods for determination of inclusion fluid compositions has taken place. Traditional correlation studies for characterisation of maturity and source facies may now therefore include fluid inclusion data. The development has also been directed towards an improved understanding of the physical properties of petroleum inclusions. Although these methods are in their early stages concerning precision and accuracy, data necessary for fluid flow modelling, such as fluid densities, viscosities, pressure and temperature, can be estimated.     

成油环境中的流体包裹体：分析步骤与PTX重建

摘要石油盆地内的古流体以流体包裹体的形式保存在成岩矿物中,它们代表了初始石油或气相的组成并记录了流体捕获时的温度和压力条件。在储集层中卤水通常以不混溶相的形式与石油共存。一般利用单个包裹体分析法对水溶液和石油包裹体进行研究,利用显微测温法来确定相转变的温度,利用拉曼光谱定量来分析水溶液包裹体中溶解甲烷的含量,石油包裹体中CH4和CO2的含量可以利用傅立叶变换红外光谱分析来估算,通过共聚焦扫描激光显微镜来重建石油包裹体的体积。利用Duan和Peng-Robinson方程可进行热力学模拟,并分别应用于水溶液和石油包裹体体系。两类流体体系等容线的交点可用来确定流体捕获时的实际温度和压力条件,从而利用流体压力对具有不同地球动力学背景的源区流体动力学演化进行重建。     

Fluid inclusions in sedimentary and diagenetic systems

Some of the major problems in sedimentary geology can be solved by using fluid inclusions in sedimentary and diagenetic minerals. Important fluids in the sedimentary realm include atmospheric gases, fresh water of meteoric origin, lake water, seawater, mixed water, evaporated water, formation waters deep in basins, oil, and natural gas. Preserving a record of the distribution and composition of these fluids from the past should contribute significantly to studies of paleoclimate and global-change research, is essential for improving understanding of diagenetic systems, and provides useful information in petroleum geology. Applications of fluid inclusions to sedimentary systems are not without their complexities. Some fluid inclusions exposed to natural conditions of increasing temperature may be altered by thermal reequilibration, which results in stretching, or leakage and refilling, of some fluid inclusions. Similarly, overheating in the laboratory can also cause reequilibration of fluid inclusions, so fluid inclusions from the sedimentary realm must be handled carefully and protected from overheating. Natural overheating of fluid inclusions must be evaluated through analysis of the most finely discriminated events of fluid inclusion entrapment, fluid inclusion assemblages (FIA). Consistency in homogenization temperatures within a fluid inclusion assemblage, consisting of variably sized and shaped inclusions, is the hallmark of a data set that has not been altered through thermal reequilibration. In contrast, fluid inclusion assemblages yielding variable data may have been altered through thermal reequilibration. If a fluid inclusion assemblage has not been altered by thermal reequilibration, its fluid inclusions may be useful as geothermometers for low- and high-temperature systems, or useful as geobarometers applicable throughout the sedimentary realm. If a fluid inclusion assemblage has been altered partially by thermal reequilibration, techniques for distinguishing between altered and unaltered fluid inclusions may be applied.

In studies of global change, fluid inclusions can be used as sensitive indicators of paleotemperature of surface environments. Fluid inclusions also preserve microsamples of ancient seawater and atmosphere, the analysis of which could figure prominently into discussions of past changes in chemistry of the atmosphere and oceans. In petroleum geology, fluid inclusions have proven to be useful indicators of migration pathways of hydrocarbons; they can delineate the evolution of the chemistry of hydrocarbons; and they remain important in understanding the thermal history of basins and relating fluid migration events to evolution of reservoir systems. In studies of diagenesis, fluid inclusions can be the most definitive record. Most diagenetic systems are closely linked to temperature and salinity of the fluid. Thus, fluid inclusions are sensitive indicators of diagenetic environments.     

地幔岩中流体包裹体研究

地幔岩石中的流体包裹体代表地幔流体的样品。地幔流体包裹体可以存在从地幔来的金刚石,地幔捕虏体和岩浆碳酸岩中。研究这些岩石和矿物中的流体包裹体可以得出其所代表的地幔流体的温度、压力、成分和同位素。我们目前见到的这三类地幔岩石的包裹体主要可在橄榄石、辉石、金刚石、方解石和磷灰石中见到。这些包裹体可以粗略地分为CO2包襄体和硅酸盐熔融体包裹体。又可细分为四类包裹体：（1）富碳酸盐的硅酸盐熔融包裹体。这种包裹体在金刚石、地幔岩捕虏体和岩浆碳酸盐岩中见到,它又可分为结晶质熔融包裹体和玻璃包裹体。（2）CO2包裹体。这种包裹体大多见于地幔捕虏体中,在金刚石和岩浆碳酸岩中也可见到。（3）含硫化物的包裹体。这种包裹体见于地幔捕虏体中,与纯CO2包裹体和含CO2的熔融包裹体共存。（4）高密度的流体包裹体。这种包裹体见于金刚石中,是一种高盐度、高密度的含K、Cl和H2O的流体包裹体,又可分为高卤水包裹体和含卤水的富硅的碳酸盐岩浆包裹体。从对金刚石、地幔捕虏体和岩浆碳酸盐岩中流体包裹体的研究表明,地幔流体存在不均匀性和不混溶性。     

沉积盆地成岩作用系统及其时空属性

含油气盆地的勘探开发对认识沉积成岩作用和储层发育规律提出了很高的要求。然而,迄今为止沉积学家和石油工程师还很难如认识沉积过程及其结构那样认识盆地尺度或宏观尺度上成岩作用的时空分带。为此,本文探讨了成岩作用类型的时空属性和主控因素等理论问题,提出了成岩系统分级（类）的有关准则,试图以此探索成岩作用时空分布与演变研究的新思路。结合中国东、西部有关中-新生代沉积盆地实例分析,阐述了盆地域（尺度）、层序域、亚层序域、层内域等成岩作用系统的客观存在,并对盆地域、层序域成岩作用系统动力学研究的思路和方法作了进一步阐释。在盆地尺度上成岩作用的时空分布主要与盆地大地构造位置及其控制的温压场、物源、剥蚀-搬运气候背景、埋藏历史、水文体制叠置方式密切关联：层序域成岩作用系统的时空分异则主要取决于埋藏深度、层序结构与宏观物理-化学障、沉积体系（配置）、水文体制。研究认为,成岩系统的层次分析是认识不同类型沉积盆地成岩结构的重要基础,而对于确定的盆地类型而言,盆地尺度水文体制与流体-岩石相互作用研究是解析成岩作用时空属性的关键。成岩系统研究目前还面临许多关键问题亟待解决,如成岩系统及其边界奈件的划分;成岩作用系统关键要素及其制约机制的厘定;盆地尺度上精细构造演化和温压历史恢复;盆地流体属性和活动期次的准确鉴别;盆地尺度上成岩作用数值模拟和动力学过程研究。     

黑龙江省三矿沟矽卡岩型铁铜矿床流体包裹体研究

对黑龙江省三矿沟矽卡岩型铁铜矿床内花岗闪长岩中石英斑晶、硫化物阶段及石英-碳酸盐阶段的石英、方解石中流体包裹体的岩相学、显微测温学和显微激光拉曼光谱分析等的研究结果表明,流体包裹体有富液相、富气相和含子矿物多相包裹体3种类型;花岗闪长岩石英斑晶中的含子矿物多相包裹体均一温度均值为4320C,盐度在30.92 wt%～63.91 wt%NaCl eqv.之间,平均为52.96 wt%NaCl eqv.,代表了高温、高盐度岩浆流体;硫化物阶段形成的黄铜矿磁铁矿矿石中流体温度主要介于323～424℃之间,盐度介于8.95 wt%～62.51 wt%NaCl eqv.之间;硫化物阶段形成的黄铜矿矿石中流体温度主要介于333～441℃之间,盐度介于8.28 wt%～65.32 wt%NaCl eqv.之间;石英-碳酸盐阶段流体温度主要介于124～140℃之间,盐度介于1.65 wt%～4.34 wt%NaCl eqv.之间.铁铜矿石均形成于高温、高盐度阶段,以岩浆热液为主,在成矿晚期,由于大气降水的混合,形成了少量低温、低盐度流体,成矿流体以富Na、K、Ca、Cl-和CO~2_3-的高盐度流体为特征,主体属于NaCl-H_2O-CO_2-H_2S-CH_4体系.成矿流体在300～400℃区间内发生了强烈的沸腾作用,导致大量金属硫化物和少量金属氧化物沉淀,沸腾作用对三矿沟铁铜矿床的形成起到至关重要的作用.     

山东七宝山隐爆角砾岩型Cu-Au矿床流体包裹体及成矿流体演化特征

山东七宝山隐爆角砾岩型Cu-Au矿床位于郯庐断裂带东侧,矿体主要赋存在七宝山杂岩体中。通过显微学观察,发现在深部蚀变斑岩的重结晶石英斑晶中发现了含子晶包裹体(Type 1型),同时伴生有气相(Type 2型)和富气相水溶液(Type 3型)包裹体。浅部矿坑石英脉中的流体包裹体主要为气液两相包裹体,并对较为发育的石英晶柱进行了详细的阴极发光特征和显微学观察研究。从其根部到末端可以划分为三个期次,其中第一期次石英环带中主要发育富液相包裹体(Type4型),另外还发育少量的负晶形气液两相包裹体(Type 5型),第二期石英环带中主要发育Type 5型包裹体,第三期石英环带中主要发育形态各异的气液两相包裹体(Type 6型)。显微测温结果显示,Type 1型包裹体均表现为子晶熔化均一特征,均一温度介于375~450℃之间,计算获得的盐度为43.8%~52.2%NaC leqv;Type 3型包裹体表现为临界均一特征,均一温度介于347~420℃之间,估算盐度为0.8%~7.1%NaC leqv;Type 4,5和6型包裹体均均一至液相,均一温度分别为221~327℃、199~379℃以及109~193℃,相应的盐度为2.4%~7.8%NaC leqv、10.2%~16.8%NaC leqv以及0.3%~4.0%NaC leqv。热力学计算获得Type 1型包裹体均一压力为623.46~1111.82bar,平均855.70bar。Type 3型包裹体均一压力范围为139.18~362.47bar,平均为250.70bar。由此可以认为,尽管富气相包裹体和含子晶包裹体共存,并且具备相近的均一温度范围,但是压力相差极为明显,所以这种共存特征并不能表征流体沸腾作用。根据前人实验研究结果,本文认为Type 2和3型包裹体代表了斑岩体结晶早期由于上覆地层隐爆而导致的压力降低条件下分异出来的流体,由于角砾岩筒后续固结引起压力增加,由Type 1型含子晶包裹体所代表的高盐度流体逐渐从成矿岩体中分异出来。当这两种流体沿裂隙通道向上运动时,被同期石英包裹体捕获而共存。这部分流体代表了深部斑岩成矿系统的流体。根据H-O-S同位素研究,Type 4和5包裹体主要来自岩浆流体,并且在后期经历了大气降水的混合,形成了Type 6型流体。这部分流体则代表了浅成热液系统的流体。由于Type 3和4型包裹体均为岩浆成因流体,两者盐度范围一致(5.0%~7.0%NaC leqv),并且随着温度的下降,密度演化趋势明显,从0.4101增加至0.8816g/cm3。本文认为代表斑岩系统的深部富气相成矿流体在向上逃逸过程中由于压力扰动而在超临界区域内发生相态收缩,随着温度下降形成了富液相成矿流体,转变为浅成热液系统的流体,在此过程中不会发生流体沸腾。由于Cu和Au易于被HS-络合而在气相中运移,并且液相流体之间的混合能力较强,所以当含金的富气相流体收缩成富液相流体时,可以与浅部的天然降水或者富Fe流体发生任意比例的混合,导致了Cu和Au的卸载成矿,这应该是七宝山Cu-Au矿化主要的成矿机制,但是不排除由于温度和压力的下降而引发的金属矿物沉淀成矿。     

胶东牟平邓格庄金矿床流体包裹体研究

邓格庄金矿是胶东牟平-乳山金成矿带内第二大石英脉型金矿,金主要产于黄铁矿和多金属硫化物石英脉/细脉中。流体包裹体研究表明,邓格庄金矿不同蚀变带岩石和各成矿阶段金矿石中的流体包裹体主要有三种类型：H2O-CO2包裹体、CO2-H2O±CH4包裹体和H2O溶液包裹体。早期乳白色石英中主要赋存原生的H2O-CO2包裹体和次生的CO2-H2O±CH4包裹体;成矿期黄铁矿石英脉和多金属硫化物石英脉中的CO2-H2O±CH4包裹体主要为原生,随机分布,气液比变化较大,有时出现不同相比例的包裹体共存现象,而H2O溶液包裹体明显沿愈合裂隙分布;在成矿晚期的石英和方解石中主要发育原生H2O溶液包裹体。显微测温结果显示,成矿前（第1阶段）H2O-CO2包裹体的完全均一温度（Th,TOT,至液相）为254℃至365℃,成矿期（第Ⅱ和Ⅲ阶段）CO2-H2O±CH4包裹体的完全均一温度（Th,TOT,至液相）为195～317℃,成矿后（第Ⅳ阶段）H2O溶液包裹体的均一温度（Th,TOT;至液相）为156—219℃。成矿的初始流体富CO2,主成矿期有CH4流体加入,成矿晚期则演化为低温的水溶液流体。水／岩反应及流体不混溶可能是邓格庄金矿金沉淀的主要原因。     

Mongolian coal-bearing basins: Geological settings, coal characteristics, distribution, and resources

This paper presents geological settings, stratigraphy, coal quality, petrography, reserves and the tectonic history of the Mongolian coal-bearing basins. This is based on a synthesis of the data from nearly 50 coal deposits. The results of ultimate and proximate analyses, and calorific value, maceral composition and vitrinite reflectance data is given.The coal deposits of Mongolia tend to become younger from west to east and can be subdivided into two provinces, twelve basins, and three areas. Main controlling factor of coal rank is the age of the coal bearing sequences. Western Mongolian coal-bearing province contains mostly high rank bituminous coal in strata from Late Carboniferous. The basins in southern Mongolia and the western part of central Mongolia have low rank bituminous coal in strata from the Permian. The northern and central Mongolian basins contain mainly Jurassic subbituminous coal, whereas the Eastern Mongolian province has Lower Cretaceous lignite. The Carboniferous, Permian and Jurassic coal-bearing sequences were mainly deposited in foreland basins by compressional tectonic event, whereas Cretaceous coal measures were deposited in rift valleys caused by extensional tectonic event. Petrographically, Mongolian coals are classified as humic type. Vitrinite/huminite groups of Carboniferous, Permian, and Cretaceous coal range from 44.9% to 82.9%. Inertinite group varies between 15.0% and 53.3%, but liptinite group does not exceed more than 7%. Jurassic coals are characterized by high percentages of vitrinite (87.3% to 96.6%) and liptinite groups (up to 11.7%). This might be explained by paleoclimatic conditions. Mongolian coal reserves have been estimated to be 10.2 billion tons, of which a predominant portion is lignite in the Eastern Mongolian province and coking coal in the South Gobi basin.     

Fluid unmixing/immiscibility as an ore-forming process in the giant REE–Nb–Fe deposit, Inner Mongolian, China: Evidence from fluid inclusions

The giant Bayan Obo REE–Nb–Fe deposit consists of replacement bodies hosted in dolomite marble made up of magnetite, REE fluorocarbonates, fluorite, aegirine, amphibole, calcite and barite. Two or three phase CO₂-rich, three phase hypersaline liquid–vapor–solid, and two phase liquid-rich inclusions have been recognized in mineralized fluorite and quartz samples. Microthermometry measurements indicate that the carbonic phase in CO₂-rich inclusions is nearly pure CO₂. Fluids involving in REE–Nb–Fe mineralization at Bayan Obo might be mainly of H₂O–CO₂–NaCl–(F–REE) system. Coexistences of brine inclusions and CO₂-rich inclusions with similar homogenization temperatures give evidence that immiscibility happened during REE mineralization. An unmixing of an original H₂O–CO₂–NaCl fluid probably derived from carbonatitic magma. The presence of REE-carbonates as an abundant solid in fluid inclusions shows that the original ore-forming fluids are very rich in REE, and therefore, have the potential to produce economic REE ores at Bayan Obo.