An oases dynamics model and its application in the Manas oasis

This study applies theories of systems and system dynamics to ecological economic systems in the oasis environment, with the intention of finding the basic characteristics of the oasis environment and its feedback structures. This study explores the inner mechanisms of economic development in the oasis environment and its relationship to policy variables. This model is applied to economic development in the Manas oasis of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. System dynamics method starts from studying feedback structure within the system study and then searches for the best solution through identifying the right "policy point" and through model simulation in the computer. It embodies the cream of "systems cybernetics theory". This study is justified because the nature of the oasis system and the simulation results are scientifically sound and practically feasible.     

三工河流域绿洲土地利用对土壤特性的影响

Understanding the effect of human activities on the soil environment is fundamental to understanding global change and sustainable development. In the process of transformation of tropical rain forests and semiarid grasslands to farmlands, land degradation usually occurs. But the transformation of arid desert landscape to oasis is found to have quite different consequences. Taking an alluvial plain oasis in the north piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains as a case study, we investigate oasis soil properties related to different land-use systems during the transformation of arid desert to oases. Selected land-use systems con- sisted of an annual crop field less than 3 years old, annual crop field 3-6 years old, annual crop field more than 6 years old, perennial crop field less than 4 years old, perennial crop field of 4-6 years old, perennial crop field more than 6 years old, abandoned farmland more than 3 years old, woodland field more than 6 years old, ecological forestation field, natural shrubbery field, desert grass land, and saline or alkaline field. Different land-use systems affect significantly the distribution of sand, silt and clay. Sand content in oasis soil tends to decrease with cultivation years but silt and clay contents tend to be increased in the oasis soils. Soil fertility is higher in the land-use systems under strong human disturbance than under weak human disturbance. Oasis soil nutrients also tend to increase with cultivation years. Soils have a significantly lower salinity in the land-use systems under strong human disturbance than under weak human disturbance. Soil organic matter and nutrients of the annual and perennial crop systems in the oasis tend to increase with cultivation time with the oasis soil acting as a carbon sink. These results show that soils are not degraded and the soil quality is gradually improved under rational land use and scientific management patterns, including uniform exploitation of land resources, effective irrigation systems, sound drainage systems, balanced ferti     

Determination of Realistic and Statistical Value of the Information Gathered from Exploratory Drilling

Unlike other branches of geosciences, exploratory drilling has not been investigated within the framework of an information system; so, the expression “value of exploratory drilling information” (despite its common usage) is vague. This article presents a model for the evaluation of value of the information gathered from exploratory drilling after studying different mineral exploration and exploratory drilling systems within the framework of an “information system.” Although this model does not present the economic value of information, it is a suitable tool for comparing different drilling patterns. The model was verified on the basis of drilling data for the Gol-Gohar XIIA anomaly.     

基于参与式调查与主成分分析的金塔绿洲变化驱动力分析

内陆河流域绿洲变化驱动机制是旱区绿洲学研究的核心内容之一。利用1963~2010年的Keyhole存档相片、KATE-200卫星航片、Landsat遥感影像等多源数据,获取了金塔绿洲空间分布及面积变化信息。在此基础上,结合参与式调查和主成分分析方法定量分析绿洲变化的驱动机制。研究表明：近47 a来金塔绿洲总体呈现增长的趋势,绿洲规模不断扩大,至2010年绿洲面积高达539.47 km²。其主要原因是气候变化、人口增加、水资源的开发利用与科技进步、社会经济发展及政策等因子的相互交织作用。气候变化是背景因子,人文因子是绿洲变化的主成分因素,且在不同历史社会背景下,其主导人文因素也不同。     

On coordinated development of oasis and environment in arid area

1 Formation and evolution of oasisBoth physical environment and human activities influence the formation and evolution of oasis. Natural oasis is a kind of ecological landscape formed mainly by water without human intervention. Its prosperity and adversity primarily depends on the flow direction and discharge of a river. With the increment of intensity of human activities, however, great changes have taken place in oasis in arid area. The evolution of oasis has been transformed from the contr…     

On coordinated development of oasis and environment in arid area

Based upon the formation and evolution of oasis and the factors restricting the coordinated development of oasis economy and environment, this paper presents a goal of the development in coordination. It suggests that the sustainable survival and development of oasis could be ensured only if the oasis-desert and water source ecology are managed in a combined way to form a macro system. In light with the above mentioned, the approach to the development of economy and environment of oasis in arid area should depend upon the establishment of an oasis ecological and economic system, which suits the arid environment and promotes the efficiency of resource configuration, stabilizes economic increment and benefits ecological development.     

社会生态补偿标准测算方法(英文)

Ecological compensation is a hot subject in academic studies, and the determina-tion of the spatial allocation of compensation payments is a key point in the research of eco-logical compensation. There are two kinds of thoughts in the determination of regional spatial allocation at present: "evaluation of ecological construction cost" and "evaluation of ecosystem services value". This paper analyzes the relationships between social ecological compensation and regional socio-economic development, and establishes two econometric models with the data of 2007 from various provinces in China. Through these models, the impacts of geographical endowments on the regional socio-economic development in various provinces are analyzed from the social justice viewpoint and the concept of "equivalent value of geographical endowments" (EGE for short) is proposed. This paper analyzes the application prospect of EGE in the policy making of regional ecological compensation. The results showed that: (1) the implementation of social ecological compensation is not only an effective guarantee for each region to obtain the equal rights of survival, development and decent environment, but also an essential assurance to the coordinated, balanced and sustainable development among various regions; (2) the regional difference in geographical endowments is an important factor affecting the regional spatial variation of socio-economic development. Therefore, geographical endowments are important bases for the determination of the spatial allocation of compensation payments in social ecological compensation; (3) based on the EGE, the government can determine the spatial allocation of social ecological compensation scientifically, and avoid the "sweeping approach" phenomenon in the policy making process of ecological compensation.     

河西走廊绿洲生态经济系统协调发展能力评价

河西走廊生态环境脆弱,经济发展约束性强,生态与经济协调发展是实现绿洲可持续发展的重要途径.在对河西走廊生态环境与经济发展现状深入分析的基础上,构建了绿洲生态经济系统指标体系,采用熵权法,运用协调发展度模型,对5个绿洲生态经济系统及其子系统的协调发展度及协调度进行了定量分析.结果表明:各绿洲生态效益、经济效益水平均很低,尚不存在良好协调发展区域;绿洲协调发展能力呈现为嘉峪关>金昌>张掖>酒泉>武威的顺序,嘉峪关属于勉强协调发展类生态滞后型区域;金昌、张掖、酒泉、武威同属于濒临失调衰退阶段,其中金昌、酒泉属于生态经济同步型区域,张掖、武威属于经济滞后型区域,据此提出各绿洲的发展方向与对策建议.     

基于复杂性科学的绿洲城镇化演进理论探讨

基于复杂性科学,引入涌现、协同、“吸引盆”等概念和模型,从涌现生成、协同维生、临界相变三个维度构建绿洲城镇化演进的理论框架。对绿洲城镇化的生成、演化和转型的过程与机理进行系统剖析,并据此对诺瑟姆曲线进行新的解读。研究表明：① 绿洲城镇是以人为核心的绿洲地域系统在多时空维度上的结构和功能的整体涌现现象,涌现形成的条件包括生成主体、自组织与受限生成机制、环境策略;② 竞争与协同机制维持了绿洲城镇化系统的生命活力与进化稳定,是系统演化的根本动力,系统不同层级具有不同的协同维生机制,根据协同学和耗散结构理论构建的绿洲城镇化演进的协同度和有序度可以识别系统演化方向;③ 绿洲城镇化过程实质上也是系统的自组织临界相变,该过程是一个渐变与突变、有序与混沌、稳态与非稳态的辩证统一;④ 时空间的正负反馈机制使绿洲城镇化复杂性与有序性不断提高,且不断向自组织临界态靠近,城镇化系统外在表现为活力与多样性增强。     

干旱区可持续土地利用模式分析——以天山北坡为例

可持续土地利用模式是土地生态经济可持续发展的必然要求,但目前对可持续土地利用模式的科学基础研究较为薄弱。可持续土地利用模式的科学基础是土地类型及其空间组合结构,利用遥感和地理信息系统等新技术、基于社会发展需求的小尺度、大比例尺土地类型制图及其空间结构研究将是今后土地分类学的重要研究方向之一。目前土地利用中存在的与环境相关的问题,多数源自于违背土地类型自然属性的客观要求。退耕还草还林政策的实施,体现了土地利用需要遵循土地类型自然属性的客观要求。以天山北坡为例,在可持续土地利用模式的科学基础分析的基础上,根据土地类型及其空间组合结构,进一步完善和提升了近年提出的干旱区绿洲－中山带立体双带模式和干旱区山地利用模式;并基于典型的干旱区绿洲格局提出了冲洪积扇绿洲集约利用模式、冲积平原绿洲农业规模经营模式以及河流尾闾三角洲绿洲生态利用模式。     

基于能值分析的新疆阜康市绿洲系统可持续性分析

绿洲是我国西北干旱区人类赖以生存和发展的栖息地,其生态环境脆弱。因此,对绿洲系统经济生态效益的定量评估与分析是我国西北地区生态建设和可持续发展急需解决的现实问题。本文以天山北麓的新疆维吾尔自治区阜康市为例,深入探讨了绿洲系统的生态经济效益及其年际变化;并利用线性规划模型建立了基于能值分析的阜康市绿洲种植业结构优化配置方案。研究发现,阜康绿洲系统的发展受土地、气候和水资源等限制,属于典型的高投入、低产出模式。1996-2006年间,绿洲系统处于弱可持续发展状态。另外,通过生态经济学的绿洲作物结构比较优势分析发现：不同的生态经济目标,其种植业结构也随之变化。当追求生态经济效益最大化时,种植业结构由能值密度决定;当追求水资源限制下生态经济效益最大化时,种植业结构由单位灌溉水量的能值产出决定。     

绿洲经济不发达的成因分析与战略思考——以新疆为例

干旱区在世界和我国都占有较大面积,绿洲作为干旱区经济活动的主阵地,绿洲经济的发展对世界和我国都具有重要作用。通过对我国新疆绿洲经济特性的研究,深入分析了绿洲经济不发达的形成机制,指出绿洲的孤立、封闭更有甚于水资源不足对其经济发展的影响,要加强绿洲与外界的经济联系、区域组织管理和现代绿洲经济体系的建立。在此基础上,提出了环境与经济要协调发展、发展目标和措施要与绿洲自身状况相适应、培养内生机制、建立绿洲高科技工业园等战略框架。     

Investigating the system dynamics technique for the modeling and simulation of the development of spatial data infrastructures

Spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a complex system for which huge investments are being made worldwide. These large-scale investments in the development of SDIs incontrovertibly require reliable design and planning that guarantee a successful outcome. One approach to deal with such an expectation is to model the development process of the SDI system over time. If the model can be translated into the computer-based environment to be used as a virtual world, then the real situation can also be simulated. Such a simulation will enable the SDI coordinators/managers to gain knowledge about the behavior of the system under different decisions and situations and eventually help them to better develop the SDI through the informed decision making. However, a limited number of tools and techniques are currently available in the SDI modeling history in terms of the modeling and simulation of such a complex system. The system dynamics technique based on systems theory is a method for modeling and managing the feedback systems that are complex, dynamic and nonlinear over time. This article addresses the applicability of the system dynamics technique for modeling and simulating the development process of SDIs. It is argued that the system dynamics technique is capable of modeling the interactions among the factors affecting the SDI, the feedback loops and the delays. It is also highlighted that an SDI model based on the system dynamics technique enables the SDI coordinators/managers to simulate the effect of different factors or decisions on various aspects of SDI and evaluate alternative decisions and/or policies prior to making any commitment.     

黑河流域绿洲环境演变因素研究

根据历史和现代研究资料,系统分析了影响黑河流域绿洲演变的自然和人文因素。自然因素包括气候、地质地貌、风沙活动及自然灾害等方面,是绿洲演变的大背景。人文因素包括战争、民族习惯与政府政策导向,交通、政治、经济地位,人口压力及资源需求的增长。人文因素是十分错综复杂的,自人类社会形成以来就愈来愈强烈,而且加剧自然因素的作用程度与范围,甚至在一定时空条件下完全可以掩盖自然因素对绿洲的作用。基于上述认识,认为对于整个流域来讲,上、下游应将水源涵养和生态保护作为建设重点,中游作为经济建设的重点区域,上、中、下游优势互补、共同发展,达到整个流域资源、环境、经济的可持续发展。     

绿洲系统产业结构的历史演变及其发展方向：以高台绿洲为例

高台绿洲为例，分析产业结构在历史各阶段的特点以及用灰色模型ＣＭ（１．１）加以预测，８将绿洲划分为原始牧业绿洲，传统家牧绿洲，新型产业绿洲，并指出绿洲产业化是其必然趋势。     

我国干旱区绿洲城市研究进展

绿洲城市是干旱区内部人类活动最为集中、人地关系最为敏感的区域,绿洲城市研究具有积极的理论和实践意义。本文在回顾绿洲城市研究历程和不同时期研究重点的基础上,分析总结我国干旱区绿洲城市研究中的代表性论题及其主要结论,对绿洲城市不同空间尺度的组织结构特色、绿洲城市化影响因素和机制、绿洲城市发展扩张的区域环境响应以及在水资源约束下绿洲城市发展等方面的理论和实证研究进行了概括评述。今后绿洲城市研究面临良好机遇,通过研究内容扩展、学科交叉综合、新技术方法应用等途径能够得到进一步的发展和深入。     

The Sustainable Global Energy Economy: Hydrogen or Silicon?

A sustainable global silicon energy economy is proposed as a potential alternative to the hydrogen economy. This first visualization of a silicon energy economy is based on large-scale and carbon-neutral metallic silicon production from major smelters in North Africa and elsewhere, supplied by desert silica sand and electricity from extensive solar generating systems. The resulting “fuel silicon” is shipped around the world to emission-free silicon power stations for either immediate electricity generation or stockpiling. The high energy density of silicon and its stable storage make it an ideal material for maintaining national economic functioning through security of base load power supply from a renewable source. This contrasts with the present situation of fossil fuel usage with its associated global warming and geopolitical supply uncertainties. Critical technological requirements for the silicon economy are carbon-neutral silicon production and the development of efficient silicon-fired power stations capable of high-temperature rapid oxidation of fuel silicon. A call is made for the development of research effort into these specific engineering issues, and also with respect to large-scale economical solar power generation.     

Coal resources, new air quality standards,and sustainability

According to the National Research Council’s Committee on Earth Resources the stated goal of the “sustainability” paradigm is that the economic activity that maintains current well-being not make future generations worse off, either through environmental degradation or resource depletion. Coal is not “running out” in the United States but the effects of economic deregulation of electricity generation, new air quality standards (Phase II of the 1990 Clear Air Act Amendments), and continued restructuring of the coal mining industry will likely stretch lowsulfur coal supplies in the next decade. The paper discusses these forces and then presents summary coal quality data in the form of grade-cumulative tonnage relationships for major U.S. producing areas to show where future low-sulfur coal supplies are likely to come from. The final section considers the potential magnitude of additional demand for low-sulfur coal, alternative compliance strategies, and implications in terms of maintaining economic efficiency and in terms of the “sustainability paradigm.”     

石羊河流域绿洲城市水土资源利用生态风险评价——以武威市为例

石羊河流域是西北内陆典型缺水区,水土资源是相互制约相互影响的有机整体,其供需状况成为决定该流域社会、经济与环境协调发展的生命主线。以武威市为例,基于各区县1987和2010年土地利用数据以及2003-2009年石羊河水资源公报基础数据,选取水土资源利用效应相关指数,根据各指标所反映的风险内涵,将计算结果加权或分级组合,独立构建水、土资源利用生态风险评估及对策体系,分析研究各区县水土资源生态风险动态及空间变化,最后依据流域位置对评价结果进行综合等级划分。研究结果表明：（1）研究期内武威市各区县土地利用综合风险指数均有所增加,土地利用格局的变化产生了一定的生态风险;（2）2003-2009年武威市水资源利用生态风险等级明显增加,不同地区需要结合自身条件,采取相应措施,应对水资源生态风险的变化;（3）武威市各区县水土组合生态风险在空间上表现出一定差异性：中下游地区综合生态风险总体大于上游地区。     

水资源约束下的张掖绿洲城镇发展模式初步研究

水资源是绿洲城镇存在和发展的重要约束因子,它影响到绿洲城镇的产业结构、空间格局、规模等级及生态环境。张掖绿洲城镇水资源紧缺,利用结构不合理,经济效益低下。选择合理的绿洲城镇发展模式,可使水资源的持续利用和绿洲城镇的快速发展达到良性循环。本文以提高水资源经济效益和绿洲城镇健康发展为模式选择的约束条件,提出了节水防污型城镇模式、商贸枢纽型城镇模式、特色农业型城镇模式及生态型城镇模式。