Decomposition of multi-class pharmaceutical residues in wastewater by exposure to ionising radiation

This paper reports an experimental degradation study of nineteen multi-class pharmaceutical products present in the influent wastewater arriving at the Daugavgriva wastewater treatment plant. Collected wastewater samples were filtered and irradiated by electron beam and gamma radiation both generated from a 5 MeV linear particle accelerator. The samples were exposed to ten absorbed doses (0.5–25 kGy) produced at high dose rates (600 and 1200 kGy h^?1 for accelerated electrons, as well as 22.5 and 37.5 kGy h^?1 for gamma radiation). The analysis by a sensitive liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method indicated that the initial concentrations of pharmaceutical residues were effectively reduced by up to 90–100% in eighty per cent of the cases when samples were exposed to 0.5–5 kGy of electron beam or gamma radiation treatment. Higher doses (>5 kGy) were needed to decompose macrolide antibiotics. The use of electron beam radiation showed some advantages due to the reduced exposure time, thus enabling a more energy efficient treatment resulting in the degradation of pharmaceutical residues comparable to that achieved by gamma irradiation. Microbiological studies indicated the pronounced degradation effect on bacterial contamination of wastewater, which was successfully eliminated upon increasing the radiation, dose up to 7–12 kGy.     

蛇纹石微波辐照硫酸浸出的实验研究

通过蛇纹石微波辐照硫酸浸出新方法的实验，研究了微波辐照强度、辐照时间、硫酸浓度、液固比及矿石粒度等因素对蛇纹石中氧化镁浸出率的影响，结果表明：与传统加热方式相比，微波辐照加热可显著提高蛇纹石酸浸速率；在最佳工艺条件下，氧化镁浸出率可达97％以上；蛇纹石酸浸渣的主要成分为无定形SiO2，化学成分与沉淀白炭黑相同。     

广东凡口泥盆系有孔虫微细结构的鉴定

广东凡口上泥盆统天子岭组有孔虫切面为圆形或有底突的圆形，其外径为０．２～０．４ｍｍ，内径为０．１５～０．２５ｍｍ。钙质壁有两层，内层为隐粒结构，外层为非穿层的放射纤维状结构，底突亦为放射纤维状结构。软藻切面椭圆形，长轴为０．７６～１．００ｍｍ，短轴为０．７４ｍｍ。钙质壁分为两层，内层为隐粒结构，外层为隐粒至柱状晶粒结构。壁上有轮环，轮环间距０．１ｍｍ左右，其间为隐粒至柱状晶粒结构。根据显微结构的不同，可以把有孔虫和轮藻区别开来。     

激光测速粒子对复杂流动的响应研究——Ⅰ颗粒非恒定运动数学模型及其数值方法

流体激光测速的精度与示踪粒子的跟随特性即流体中异质粒子的非恒定运动特性密切相关。首先对粒子非恒定运动方程进行了探讨,着重考虑了在高颗粒雷诺数时该方程的修正问题,简要分析了该方程的数学属性,并构造了这类方程的数值计算方法。分析表明,高颗粒雷诺数下的粒子非恒定运动方程为非线性奇异积分方程,而当颗粒雷诺数小于1时,则线性化为第二类渥尔特拉(Volterra)积分方程。以几种均匀流中球形小颗粒的非恒定运动为算例,计算结果与其解析解及有关实验数据的比较表明,数值方法具有良好的计算精度。     

Critical contact stiffness concept and simulation of crack generation in particle models of large length-scales

When the particle simulation method is used to simulate large length-scale problems, such as crustal length-scale problems in the field of geology, it is necessary to include gravity effect into the particle model. To consider gravity effect appropriately, there is a minimum value requirement for the contact stiffness of a particle so that unexpected particle overlap can be avoided. This minimum value is called the critical contact stiffness of a particle due to gravity effect. Using the vertical force equilibrium condition of a particle at the bottom of a two-dimensional particle model, a theoretical formula has been successfully derived for determining the critical contact stiffness of the particle in this paper. For the two-dimensional particle model consisting of circular particles of unit thickness, there is a relationship between the critical contact stiffness of a particle and the critical elastic modulus of the particle material when a linear-elastic-contact model between any two particles is used. Since the elastic moduli of most crustal rocks are greater than the corresponding critical elastic modulus of the particle material, it has been theoretically demonstrated that the particle simulation method, which is based on the linear-elastic-contact model between any two particles, is suitable for simulating gravity effect within the particle model of a large length-scale. The related simulation results have demonstrated the usefulness of the particle simulation method for simulating spontaneous crack generation patterns within brittle crustal rocks.     

The destabilization of froth by solids. I. The mechanism of film rupture

The interactions of several particles of different shapes and degrees of hydrophobicity with an artificially thinned film of water were recorded by means of high-speed cinematography. On bridging a film, a particle causes it to rupture only when the two three-phase boundary lines are forced to migrate to the same point on the particle. A contact angle on the particle of θ > 90° is normally required before this migration will occur, but particles that have special shapes can rupture films even when θ < 90°. A liquid film has to be thinned to half the diameter of a particle or less before it can be ruptured by the particle.     

A Bayesian Approach to Establishing a Reference Particle Size Distribution in the Presence of Outliers

The presence of observations or measurements that are unlike the majority is fairly common in studies conducted to establish particle size (or weight fraction) distributions. Therefore, there is a need to develop methods that are capable of producing estimates of particle size distributions that are not overly sensitive to the presence of a few observations that might be considered outliers. This article proposes a type of contamination mixture model that probabilistically allocates each observation to either a majority component or a contamination component. Observations that are allocated to a contamination component are down-weighted when estimating the particle size distribution (while the uncertainty of contamination classification is automatically accounted for in estimation). Computational methods are developed and the utility of the proposed methodology is demonstrated via a simulation study. The method is then applied to data produced from an inter-laboratory study conducted to establish a particle size distribution in cement.     

湖泊沉积物粒度的气候指示意义--以江汉平原江陵剖面为例

在湖泊沉积的古气候研究中,沉积物粒度的气候指示意义常被解释为,粗粒沉积物指示低水位时期的干旱气候,而细粒沉积物则反映高水位时期的湿润气候。通过对江汉平原江陵剖面湖泊沉积物多环境指标的综合对比及相互印证,揭示出湖泊沉积物粒度的另一种气候解释,粗粒沉积物指示降水量较大的湿润气候,而细粒沉积物则对应降水量相对较少的干旱气候。由于湖泊沉积环境的复杂性,湖泊沉积物的粒度指标存在多解性,因此,在利用粒度组成判别气候环境的演化时,必须考虑湖泊自身的环境因素,同时结合其它指标来综合判识。     

Micromechanical assessment of an internal stability criterion

The internal stability of a soil is a measure of its susceptibility to suffusion and suffosion, two forms of internal erosion. The internal stability of granular filters must be carefully considered when designing new embankment dams and assessing the risk associated with existing embankment dams. Current guidelines for assessing the internal stability of such filters were empirically derived from macroscale observations and consider the shape of the particle-size distribution curve. These guidelines lack a fundamental, scientific micromechanical basis. The initiation and propagation of internal erosion is clearly a particle-scale phenomenon, and this paper applies particulate mechanics to provide a micromechanical justification for one currently used stability criterion. The study used discrete element simulations of idealised virtual soil samples that had various degrees of internal stability when assessed using the criterion proposed by Kézdi [10]. The internal topologies of stable and unstable samples were analysed by considering the distributions of inter-particle contact forces, the number of particle–particle contacts and the average particle stresses. Clear correlations are observed between the filter stability criterion and the average number of contacts per particle and the probability that a given particle participates in stress transmission. The phenomenon of a critical fines content, at which the existing guidelines are no longer considered to be valid, is also considered.     

Annual dynamics of shortwave radiation of bare arable lands on a global scale incorporating their roughness

Smoothing soil surfaces, which had previously been deeply plowed, increases their albedo, which results in a lower amount of shortwave radiation being absorbed by their surface layer. Those surfaces emit less long-wave radiation too, leading to a reduction in their surface temperature, which can affect the climate. This paper quantitatively estimates the highest possible amount of shortwave radiation that could be reflected throughout the year from bare soils on arable land in the most extensive agricultural regions, where major crops are cultivated, on six of the Earth’s continents. The estimation refers to the highest levels of soil radiation occurring during clear-sky conditions without any clouds when the surfaces that had been conventionally tilled were bare for several days or more after the day of planting and were air-dried in two extreme roughness states: those formed by a plow and a smoothing harrow. The annual dynamics of reflective shortwave radiation of the bare soils were obtained using vectorized and rasterized geostatistical data sets about the areas of the soils and periods when they were bare, as well the spectra of the soil units that occupied the majority of these areas. Adding together all of the diurnal amounts of shortwave radiation reflected from the bare soils for each of the regions in the world, it was found that their radiation peak, appearing on the 140th days of the year, can reach about 22 EJ/day for soils treated by a plow, and a further 3 EJ/day when they are smoothed by a smoothing harrow.     

考虑形貌特征和级配影响的钙质砂压缩破碎力学特性研究

针对岛礁大型构筑物修建过程中由于高应力而导致作为地基材料的钙质砂发生破碎,进而引发地基沉降变形问题。本文采用高压固结仪对钙质砂开展了一系列终止压力为16 MPa的侧限压缩试验,研究了高应力水平下钙质砂的压缩破碎特性。同时基于显微图像采集和处理技术对钙质砂颗粒的形状参数(圆度和完整度)进行了定量化表征,研究了钙质砂的形状分布规律。最终分别探讨了级配特征(如平均粒径、不均匀系数)、形貌特征等因素对钙质砂压缩和破碎特性的影响。结果表明:随着平均粒径的增大,钙质砂颗粒的形状不规则程度逐渐增加,其棱角也越发育。随着竖向应力的增大,在e-logp平面内,不同粒径钙质砂的压缩曲线逐渐会聚并相交于一条直线,初始粒径对其压缩特性的影响逐渐减小以致消失。而不同级配钙质砂的压缩曲线也发生会聚,但未相交于一条直线。当试样的不均匀系数(C_u)相近时,其压缩破碎量随着平均粒径(d₅₀)的增大而逐渐增加,当试样的d₅₀相近时,其压缩破碎量随着C_u增大而逐渐减小。上述研究成果将对南海岛礁大型工程建设提供重要科学依据。     

基于3个不等粒径颗粒接触模型的土-水特征曲线

基于热力学原理及二维液桥计算模型,以3个不等径土颗粒为研究对象,推导出基质吸力与体积含水率之间的关系,得到微观模型下的土-水特征曲线。将3个不等粒径颗粒概化为限制粒径、中值粒径和有效粒径,研究了粒径大小、颗粒级配和土颗粒接触角的大小等因素对土-水特征曲线影响的规律。计算结果表明：体积含水率相同,颗粒粒径越大,相应的基质吸力越小;在同一基质吸力下,不均匀系数 越大即土颗粒越不均匀,其体积含水率就越低;接触角对土-水特征曲线的影响是明显的,即接触角越小土颗粒亲水性越好,同一基质吸力下的体积含水率也就越大,且曲线的进气值会随着接触角的减小而减小。     

掘削卵砾石地层颗粒离散元模拟中的细观参数取值讨论

卵砾石地层被掘削时,其主要破坏模式并非一般的宏观整体剪切破坏,而是刀具切入卵砾石间的缝隙,将卵砾石颗粒剥离出原始地层,该过程较为契合颗粒离散元的物理力学假设。为确定掘削工况下的颗粒材料最优细观参数,对不同的颗粒接触法向刚度、接触刚度比、粒间摩擦系数、颗粒形状、颗粒尺寸等的颗粒材料开展了截割三维仿真试验,并分析研究了不同细观参数对掘削效果的影响。计算结果显示：颗粒接触法向刚度、接触刚度比的多种细观参数组合可以对应同一个宏观弹性模量值,接触刚度比大的细观参数组合的抗掘削能力更大。颗粒形状、粒间摩擦系数的多种细观参数组合可以对应同一个内摩擦角值,形状复杂的颗粒材料具有更大的抗掘削能力。在宏观参数相同的情况下,平均粒径更大的颗粒材料抗掘削能力更大。因此,利用颗粒离散元模拟掘削卵砾石地层问题时,除需保证虚拟颗粒材料的宏观整体剪切破坏响应与真实材料基本一致外,还需根据材料的抗掘削能力进一步标定细观参数,以获得更贴近实际情况的模拟效果。文章提出的方法可以为其他颗粒离散元掘削工况数值模拟中的参数标定提供参照依据。     

粗粒含量对散体岩土颗粒破碎及强度特性试验研究

明显的粒径分级和深部土的颗粒破碎是超高排土场的两个主要特征。基于改装后的大型两用直剪仪对不同粗粒含量的颗粒破碎和抗剪强度进行试验研究。颗粒破碎试验结果表明：垂直压力小于400 kPa的情况下破碎率极小,在垂直压力大于400 kPa时,随垂直压力的增大破碎率增加明显;粗粒含量小于46.0%时,相对破碎率较小,粗粒含量大于46%时,颗粒破碎率随粗粒含量的增加而明显增大;相对破碎率与垂直压力可用双曲线关系表示;长期浸泡于水中的土样颗粒破碎相当明显。剪切强度试验结果表明：在粗粒含量等于24%时,低垂直压力下的剪应力-应变曲线呈微软化或微硬化型,较高垂直压力下呈轻微软化型;在粗粒含量等于78%时,低垂直压力下其剪应力-应变曲线呈软化型,较高垂直压力下表现为轻微硬化型。较高垂直压力下的抗剪强度包线呈明显的非线性。当颗粒破碎率较小时,分别在垂直压力小于400 kPa和大于400 kPa时拟合的内摩擦角值变化不大;当颗粒破碎率明显增大时,垂直压力大于400 kPa时的内摩擦角值明显低于垂直压力小于400 kPa时拟合的内摩擦角值。     

A study on particle breakage behavior during pile penetration process using acoustic emission source location

Particle breakage is a common occurrence in granular systems when the external stress exceeds the individual particle strength.A large number of experimental evidences suggested that particle breakage may significantly influence the soil behavior.In the case of pile foundations,the subsoil below the pile tip experiences considerable high stress and consequently prone to break.Due to the lack of sufficient understanding on particle breakage mechanism,there is currently no consentaneous theoretical background for particle breakage analysis during the pile penetration process.This study aims to clarify the location of particle breakage and its evolving characteristics with the aid of acoustic emission(AE)source location method.The spatial distribution of AE hypocenters is interpreted to be associated with the mechanism of particle breakage.Results showed that the AE sources were not uniformly distributed,but concentrated within certain zones below the pile tip.This AE concentration zone was pushed downward with the advancing pile tip,and its distance from the real time pile tip position decreased after certain depth of pile penetration.The location of particle breakage interpreted from AE source location was verified with posttest excavations and the insights on the particle breakage evolution zone were further discussed.     

Kinetic study of the kaolinite-mullite reaction sequence. Part I: Kaolinite dehydroxylation

The decomposition reaction of kaolinite has been investigated as a function of the defectivity of the starting material and the temperature of reaction. Time resolved energy-dispersive powder diffraction patterns have been measured using synchrotron radiation, both under a constant heating rate (heating rates from 10 to 100° C/min) and in isothermal conditions (in the temperature range 500 to 700° C). The apparent activation energy of the dehydroxylation process is different for kaolinites exhibiting a different degree of stacking fault density. The results of the analysis of the kinetic data indicate that the starting reaction mechanism is controlled by diffusion in the kaolinite particle. The diffusion process is dependent on the defective nature of both kaolinite and metakaolinite. At high temperatures, and at higher heating rates, the reaction mechanism changes and the resistance in the boundary layer outside the crystallites becomes the rate-limiting factor, and nucleation begins within the reacting particle. During the final stage of the dehydroxylation process the reaction is limited by heat or mass transfer, and this might be interpreted by the limited diffusion between the unreacted kaolinite domains and the metakaolinite matrix.     

Predicting solar radiation fluxes for solar energy system applications

The mean daily global solar radiation flux is influenced by astronomical, climatological, geographical, geometrical, meteorological, and physical parameters. This paper deals with the study of the effects of influencing parameters on the mean daily global solar radiation flux, and also with the computation of the solar radiation flux at the surface of the earth in locations without solar radiation measurements. The reference–real data were borrowed from the Iranian Meteorological Organization. The analysis of data showed that the mean daily solar radiation flux on a horizontal surface is related to parameters such as: mean daily extraterrestrial solar radiation, average daily ratio of sunshine duration, mean daily relative humidity, mean daily maximum air temperature, mean daily maximum dew point temperature, mean daily atmospheric pressure, and sine of the solar declination angle. Multiple regression and correlation analysis were applied to predict the mean daily global solar radiation flux on a horizontal surface. The models were validated when compared with the reference–measured data of global solar radiation flux. The results showed that the models estimate the global solar radiation flux within a narrow relative error band. The values of mean bias errors and root mean square errors were within acceptable margins. The predicted values of global solar radiation flux by this approach can be used for the design and performance estimation in solar applications. The model can be used in areas where meteorological stations do not exist and information on solar radiation flux cannot be obtained experimentally.     

砂砾卵石土高速公路路基填筑试验研究

为研究砂砾卵石土混合料作为路基填料压实后的压实效果,通过室内筛分试验、重型击实试验、CBR试验得到砂砾卵石土的颗粒级配组成,最大干密度、最佳含水率与粗颗粒含量的关系,CBR值与粗颗粒含量、击实次数的关系。试验结果表明,最大干密度随着粗颗粒含量的增加先增大后减小,CBR值随着粗颗粒含量的增加而增大。进一步分析砂砾卵石土作为路基填筑材料的压实机制,通过现场碾压试验,确定砂砾卵石土路基填筑施工工艺,利用压实度、CBR、弯沉、回弹模量等现场检测手段和现场沉降观测数据检验压实效果,通过比较分析各种检测方法的可靠性,提出适合砂砾卵石土压实质量的检测方法,运用统计学方法得到沉降差检测标准值,确定采用碾压遍数与沉降差双重控制保证压实质量,得到一些有益的结论。     

细粒含量对粉土动孔压发展模式影响的试验研究

采用多功能静动液压剪切仪进行了粉土动荷载下的孔压试验,探讨了黏粒含量和粉粒含量对重塑粉土动孔压发展的影响。试验模拟大震时细粒含量影响的孔压发展规律,对已有的指数形式孔压模式进行修正,以便模拟初始液化发生后达到一定液化程度的实际情况,该模式包含2个参数a和b。研究结果表明,细粒含量对粉土动孔压发展影响较大,其影响主要体现在孔压发展模式参数b上。粉土中粉粒含量与孔压参数b的关系呈单调的线性关系,而黏粒含量与孔压参数b的关系则不是单调的线性关系,是在黏粒含量为8 %时孔压参数b达到的最大值,试验数据验证该修正的动孔压模式有更广泛的应用性。     

An analysis of the supply process of loose materials to mountainous rivers and gullies as a result of dry debris avalanches

A dry debris avalanche will produce different volumes of colluviums or depositions (loose materials), which can have a significant impact on mountainous rivers or gullies. The loose material supply process caused by a debris avalanche is an important issue for understanding secondary disasters that form via the coupling of water flow and loose materials. Two flumes were designed for laboratory tests of the loose materials supply process to rivers/gullies, and the related impact factors were analyzed. Experimental results show that the supply of loose materials is a continuous process that directly relates to the avalanche’s mass movement processes. The sliding masses with smaller particle sizes are more sensitive to the flume slope and exhibited a longer supply time. The time-consuming for the debris avalanche travel in the flume decreased with the increasing particle size (such as flume B, time-consuming is decreased 0.2 s when the particle size increased from <1.0 to 20–60 mm), landslide volume and flume slope (flume A, consuming 1.6–2.1 s when flume slope is 29° decreased to consuming 1.3–1.5 s when flume slope is 41°), which means the increasing mobility of loose materials. The total supply time increased with the increasing landslide volume or decreasing particle size and flume slope. An empirical model for the process is presented based on numerous laboratory tests and numerical simulations, which can successfully describe the supply process for loose materials to a river/gully. The supply process of loose materials to mountainous gully from a dry debris avalanche is controlled by the material compositions of sliding masses, topographical conditions, landslide volume and bed friction, where large-volume debris avalanches that occur in mountainous river regions are more likely to obstruct the river flow and form a landslide-dammed lake.