东北平原海伦空气孢粉分析

为研究我国温带地区的空气孢粉 ,在东北平原黑龙江省海伦农业生态站离地面以上1 0 m处 ,装置库尔风标花粉仪 ,收集了一年的空气孢粉样品 ,分析结果表明 ,全年空气孢粉有 72个植物的科属 ,其中木本植物 1 8个 ,草本植物 5 2个 ,蕨类植物 2个。最主要的孢粉是桦属、杨属、柳属、栎属、蒿属、藜科 ,禾本科。全年空气孢粉浓度有两个高峰期 ,4月中至 5月底为木本植物花粉高峰期 ,8月初至 9月中为草本植物花粉高峰期 ,全年空气孢粉最高值在 5月中旬 3 4 .3万粒 / 1 0 0 0 m3 空气 ,其次 8月底 3 0 .7万粒 / 1 0 0 0 m3 空气 ,全年空气孢粉最低值在 2月初 ,为 1 0 0粒 / 1 0 0 0 m3空气。本地区引发呼吸道疾病的致敏花粉 ,主要有春季型的桦属和杨属花粉 ,秋季型有蒿属、豚草属、藜科和禾本科花粉。     

Modern pollen assemblages of the forest communities and their relationships with vegetation and climate in northern China

53 pollen traps and surface samples were collected in order to detect the characteristics of pollen assemblages and their relationships with vegetation and climate in 16 forest communities located in 10 mountains in northern China. The results show that 72% of the pollen taxa (80 taxa) are the same between the traps and the surface samples. The dominant taxa in the plant communities are consistent with the main pollen taxa in the pollen assemblages at the same sites. In Pinus plant communities, both Pinus pollen influx and concentration are higher, indicating the high pollen productivity and good pollen preservation ability of Pinus. In Picea and Abies plant communities, Picea and Abies have lower pollen influxes but higher concentrations, suggesting their low pollen productivities but better pollen preservation abilities. In Betula and Quercus plant communities, Betula and Quercus have higher pollen influxes but lower concentrations, revealing their high pollen productivities but poor pollen preservation abilities. The study of relationships between pollen and vegetation with discriminant analysis shows that pollen assemblages from both trap and surface samples can reflect the characteristics of different communities and distinguish different ecological areas, but surface samples can reflect the dominant components of communities much better than the traps. The study on correlations between pollen assemblages and climate with DCCA reveals that significant correlations exist between pollen assemblages and mean temperature of the coldest month (r = 0.84 for trap samples, r = 0.72 for surface samples), and then annual mean precipitation (r = 0.73 for trap samples, r = 0.71 for surface samples).     

中国北方森林群落现代花粉与植被和气候的关系

来自中国北方10 座山地16 个森林群落53 个样点的表土和Tauber 捕捉器花粉研究揭示了中国北方森林群落的花粉组合特征及其与植被和气候的关系。捕捉器花粉组合与表土花粉组合具有较好的相似性, 花粉组合中共有类型80 个, 共有类型花粉百分比占总数的90%以上, 植被中的优势种通常也是花粉组合的主要类型。松林中松花粉浓度和通量均较高, 表明花粉产量与保存能力均较高; 云、冷杉林中云、冷杉花粉通量较低, 但花粉浓度较高, 显示虽然花粉产量较低, 但花粉保存能力较好; 栎林、桦林中, 栎属和桦属花粉通量较高, 但花粉浓度较低, 说明虽然花粉产量较高, 但花粉保存能力较差。花粉与植被关系判别分析表明, 表土样品与捕捉器花粉组合均能较好地反映不同区域森林群落特征及其差异, 但表土样品能 更好地反映植被的优势成分。花粉组合与样点气候因子的DCCA 分析表明, 花粉组合与最冷月温度相关最显著(相关系数: 捕捉器0.84, 表土0.72), 其次为年降水量(相关系数: 捕捉 器0.73, 表土0.71)。     

新疆孔雀河北岸72~51 ka BP湖相沉积物的孢粉植物群初步研究

对新疆孔雀河北缘的LX02剖面湖相沉积物开展了OSL测年和孢粉记录研究。结果显示：该剖面湖相沉积自72.4 ka BP延续到51.0 ka BP。这一期间,研究区为针叶、阔叶混交林植被,林下生长灌木和草本,低洼潮湿的地方生长蕨类孢子和藻类。植被的主要类型有松（Pinus）、栎（Quercus）、栗（Castanea）、榛（Corylus）、莎草（Cyperaceae）、蒿（Artemisia）、藜（Chenopodiaceae）、水龙骨科（Polypodiaceae）等,同时还含有少量的山核桃（Carya）和枫杨（Pterocarya）等亚热带的孑遗植物花粉。具体来说,组合带Ⅰ（72.4~66.8 ka BP）、Ⅲ（56.1~51.0 ka BP）对应的沉积期间,研究区阔叶树花粉含量低而灌木和草本花粉含量高;组合带Ⅱ（66.8~56.1 ka BP）对应的沉积期阔叶树花粉含量都较高,而灌木和草本花粉相对较低,揭示72.4~51.0 ka BP研究区气候总体上呈现冷干-暖湿的气候波动特征。这与粘土矿物和地球化学特征所反映的古气候特征及其变化一致,亦与柴达木盆地东部介形类丰度特征研究、柴达木盆地东部古湖泊高湖面光释光年代学研究、北京平原区有机碳同位素研究等结果吻合较好,然而,这一气候变化规律的内部驱动机制还有待进一步的深入研究。     

中国西南纵向岭谷区孢粉空间组合对阻隔作用的指示意义

35 surface soil samples and 28 profile soil samples were collected in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China. The distribution of pollen and spores and their relationship with the environment are analyzed. The results show that there are significant differences in pollen and spores taxa, amounts, dominant taxa and florae between the eastern and western flanks of the Ailao Mountain. There are more pollen and spores taxa, a greater amount and complexity on the western flank of the mountain than those on the eastern flank, while the dominant taxa are more centralized and prominent on the eastern flank of the Ailao Mountain. As for the plant florae distribution, there are significant differences in the number of taxa and composition between the eastern and the western flanks. The analysis of profile pollen and spores assemblage shows that its trends of variation are basically in accordance with the surface pollen and spores, which are also indicators of the environmental differences between the two flanks of the mountain. These significant spatial differences of pollen and spores are very close to the regional topography and climate difference. The mountain running perpendicular to the moisture-laden air flow serves as a barrier and the monsoon circulations the east and the west of the mountain result in different energy-moisture characteristics. We conclude that the main patterns of the pollen and spores can be attributed to the environmental differences.     

Significance of pollen and spores distribution to the barrier function of the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China

35 surface soil samples and 28 profile soil samples were collected in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China. The distribution of pollen and spores and their relationship with the environment are analyzed. The results show that there are significant differences in pollen and spores taxa, amounts, dominant taxa and florae between the eastern and western flanks of the Ailao Mountain. There are more pollen and spores taxa, a greater amount and complexity on the western flank of the mountain than those on the eastern flank, while the dominant taxa are more centralized and prominent on the eastern flank of the Ailao Mountain. As for the plant florae distribution, there are significant differences in the number of taxa and composition between the eastern and the western flanks. The analysis of profile pollen and spores assemblage shows that its trends of variation are basically in accordance with the surface pollen and spores, which are also indicators of the environmental differences between the two flanks of the mountain. These significant spatial differences of pollen and spores are very close to the regional topography and climate difference. The mountain running perpendicular to the moisture-laden air flow serves as a barrier and the monsoon circulations the east and the west of the mountain result in different energy-moisture characteristics. We conclude that the main patterns of the pollen and spores can be attributed to the environmental differences.     

Five short pollen diagrams of soils from Jan Mayen, Norway: a testimony of a dynamic landscape

Five soil cores varying in length from 30 to 42 cm and seven surface samples were analysed for pollen and spores. The soil layers of four cores were probably formed through redeposition of other eroded soils. Only in the Batvika core is the organic fraction of probable local origin, and here a chronology could be established. A total long-distance pollen influx of 14-22.5 grains/cm²/year was calculated. Nearly 2, 000 long-distance pollen grains were counted; the ratios of the dominant pollen types were calculated. Around Batvika the past environment was relatively stable; only one major shift in sedimentation environment is apparent from the diagram. In another diagram, expansion of Taraxacum species could be correlated with anthropogenic soil disturbance. The former presence of Lycopodium alpinum and Selaginella selaginoides on Jan Mayen is indicated by frequent spore finds; the latter species has not been found on the island before. Two unknown spore types are discussed.     

南京汤山猿人生存古环境重建探讨

由铀系法测定的５组化石年代数据表明,南京汤山猿人年代为２８０￣４３０ｋａＢ．Ｐ．之间;以剑齿象,李氏野猪,肿骨鹿,葛氏斑鹿、三门马等为主的古动物群化石,证实了南京猿人生活在中更新世中期偏晚,距今约３５０ｋａ左右。鉴定的孢粉主要为喜暖湿、暖干的落叶阔叶与针叶及蕨类混合林以及偏干凉的（松）针叶林、既未发现反映寒冷的云杉、冷杉、也未发现反映干旱的黄连木,表明本区猿人生存时并未经历中更新世冰期时的冰川环境     

普里兹湾海域表层沉积物孢粉分布及其意义

利用中国第24次南极考察获得的沉积物样品,对南大洋普里兹湾表层沉积物中孢粉的含量以及分布特征进行了初步研究。研究结果显示,普里兹湾表层沉积物中孢粉由现代孢粉和再沉积孢粉组成,其中,现代孢粉主要来自南半球热带地区以及南极大陆周围其它陆地,风可能是将这些现代花粉长距离携带至普里兹湾的主要载体;再沉积孢粉的组分、丰度及分布格局,指出区内表层沉积物中再沉积孢粉可能属于近源补给成因,可能主要来自普里兹湾东南沿岸和西南沿岸。     

江苏建湖地区全新世孢粉组合及其地质、古地理意义

对江苏建湖地区若干全新世剖面进行了系统的孢粉分析，划分出６个孢粉组合带，恢复了本地区自早全新世以来的古植被演替与古气候古环境变迁，探讨了本区全新世地层时代划分与对比     

太白山北坡花粉通量与表土花粉研究

太白山北坡各森林植被带乔木花粉百分比多高于45%,与植被组成类似。高山草甸带捕捉器样品乔木花粉百分比低于15%,与植被组成一致,但表土花粉组合中乔木花粉百分比高于50%,外来花粉数量较多,进行高山带古环境研究应予注意。太白红杉林花粉通量最低,高山灌丛草甸最高。落叶栎林带表土花粉浓度最低,红桦林带最高。表土中松、冷杉属花粉百分比远高于花粉捕捉器,表明其在表土中有较好的保存能力。落叶松属和杜鹃花科花粉在表土及捕捉器中百分比均较低,表明对植被指示性良好。栎属与桦属花粉通量类似,但桦属花粉浓度大于栎属,表明栎属较桦属易于保存。     

新疆博尔塔拉河表土孢粉组合与植被关系研究

博尔塔拉河流域位于中哈边境,其植被和土壤具有十分明显的垂直分布和区域性差异,根据该流域一条自西向东沿着海拔高度从210 m 到3 235 m 长约200多km的样带上所采集的人为干扰较少的49 个表土花粉样品的孢粉组合图式和现代植被样方调查资料,探讨了博尔塔拉河流域植被与表土花粉之间的关系。该区孢粉谱从上至下可划分为6个带,分别对应高山草甸带、亚高山草甸草原带、森林灌丛带、灌丛草原带、荒漠草原带、荒漠植被带。值得注意的是第6个孢粉带因含有具湿地特征的隐域性植被类型花粉组分,故又分成2个亚带,即荒漠植被亚带Ⅵ₁和荒漠植被亚带Ⅵ₂。森林灌丛植被带上限的云杉花粉含量明显比该带下限的含量高,表明云杉花粉的传播在沟谷地区受山谷风的影响较大。与此同时,将孢粉数据与气象数据相结合,分析结果得出比较有代表性的云杉属(Picea)、桦属(Betula)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、麻黄属(Ephedra)等花粉,与降水量和温度的关系较为密切。     

浙江嵊州西白山表土花粉的初步研究

通过对浙江嵊州西白山香榧林、针阔混交林、茶园及竹园16份苔藓的花粉分析,研究其表土花粉与现代植被的关系。结果表明:①研究区植物孢粉共由50科属组成,以乔木花粉(主要为香榧和马尾松)为优势,含量为71.5%～92.9%,草本花粉次之,含量为5.3%～24.7%,蕨类孢子含量最低,含量为1.5%～7.2%,表土花粉组合基本上反映了该区植被的总体特征;②PCA结果显示,香榧和香榧林均能很好的区分出来,说明其具有很好的分异性;③香榧花粉在香榧林的含量较高,平均高达41.1%,但在林外,其含量则迅速降低,为5.2%～9.8%,可见香榧花粉的传播距离非常有限。该结果建议当地层中香榧花粉化石的含量达到10%,就可以初步断定在研究区附近有古香榧林的存在。     

Pollen analysis of faeces as a method of demonstrating seasonal variations in the diet of Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus)

Analysis of the pollen and spore content of 40 fresh samples of faeces collected from Svalbard reindeer during 1994/5 and 1996 shows variations among and within seasons, with distinct species/pollen types dominating each season. Winter samples were characterized by high amounts of Salix and moss spores , while spring samples contained decreasing amounts of the plants grazed in winter and increasing values of species grazed in summer, such as Oxyria digyna and Pedicualaris spp. Summer samples had a large quantity of pollen and a great number of pollen types. Autumn samples indicated that grasses are the most important forage species in this period. The seasonally varying proportions of pollen types are related to such factors as plant phenology, abudance, palatability and nutritional quality, as well as the prefereence of reindeers for grazing in low, wet areas in the summer but on higher, wind-blown ridges during the winter. The results mostly confrim other studies of Svalbard reindeer diet and grazing behaviour. The advantages and limitations of the pollen analysis method for such investigations are discussed.     

福建长汀冬季植物树干CO2释放速率日变化特征

采用红外气体分析法（IRGA）原位测定了长汀重建生态系统2个先锋树种马尾松（Pinusmassoniana）和木荷（Schima superba）冬季树干CO2释放速率（stem CO2 efflux rates,FCO2）,同时测定了气温、空气相对湿度、树干温度及树干液流密度．结果表明：2个树种冬季南面FCO2日变化呈单峰型模式,峰值分别出现在18：00和20：00;北面FCO2日变化呈S型,最高值出现在18：00到2：00之间;但它们的最低值均出现在8：00前后．冬季马尾松FCO2在0．71～1．56μmol·m^-2·s^-1之间,木荷在1．57～2．98μmol·m^-2·s^-1之间,极显著高于马尾松（P〈0．01）．树干温度和树干液流密度是影响长汀重建生态系统冬季马尾松和木荷冬季FCO2的重要因素,FCO2与树干温度显著相关（P〈0．05）,树干南、北面的Q10马尾松分别为1．86和1．57,木荷为1．77和1．82．白天树干液流出现峰值时,马尾松和木荷树干呼吸产生的CO2分别有19．72％-29．12％和20．68％～29．83％溶解于木质部液流中,并被向上运输．因此,通过FCO2估计树干呼吸速率（stem respiration rates,R5）的方法可能低估了长汀重建生态系统冬季马尾松和木荷白天的尺。     

大青山、蛮汗山外生菌根真菌资源调查

室外调查与室内观察鉴定结果表明：1．大青山、蛮汗山外生菌根真菌资源极为丰富。其中大青山已知存在78种外生菌根真菌，隶属于15科，3l属；蛮汗山已知存在79种外生菌根真菌，隶属于15科，32属。2．在高海拔阴坡和半阴坡，与青海云杉、落叶松共生的主要为牛肝菌属、乳菇属、红菇属、丝膜菌属；与阔叶树共生的以鹅膏科为最多。3．在中低海拔地区与松属共生频率最高的是乳牛肝菌属；与杨、桦共生最多的是杯伞属、桩菇属、蘑菇属。4．通过分离，在大青山、蛮汗山先后分别获得珍贵菌根菌10种、12种。5．在分离的菌根菌中乳牛肝菌属中的大部分种为油松、樟子松的优秀菌根真菌。     

河北省中南部农田孢粉组合特征

河北省中南部82 个农田表土花粉组合研究表明：农田花粉组合不仅有农作物花粉类型,也有临近山区的植物成分。山区农田乔木花粉含量与浓度高于平原,对平原的影响随距离增加而降低,距太行山0～50 km 松属花粉含量为20%～30%,50～100 km 为10%～20%,100～150 km 增至20%～30%,海滨区降至16%以下,平原中部含量增加可能与焚风效应有关;山区至平原乔木花粉含量空间上的变化,可能类似于历史时期人类活动介入森林区后时间上的变化。山区和平原灌木花粉含量较低,但主要成分不同,山区以胡颓子科、榛属、虎榛子较常见,平原区蔷薇科、葡萄科花粉相对较多。平原区草本花粉含量高出山区,其中藜科花粉由山区向平原逐渐增高,可能反映人类活动不断增强的特征。山区中华卷柏含量高于平原,但平原区高达7%。中华卷柏不易被风搬运,推测平原区农田的中华卷柏可能是平原沉积时由河流从山区搬运而来。相同类型农业单元乔木、灌木花粉和蕨类百分比山区一般高于平原,草本低于平原;不同类型农业单元乔木、草本百分比平原区相近,山区差异较大。山区乔木花粉含量差异主要受草本类型影响,平原区草本花粉组合差异主要是农作物花粉(人工禾本科、十字花科) 含量的差异;不同农业单元孢粉浓度差异主要为草本花粉浓度不同。     

南洛河流域洛南盆地表土孢粉与植被的关系

选取南洛河上游洛南盆地10 种植被类型下40 处样点表土苔藓开展孢粉与植被关系的研究.结果表明,表土中孢粉组成能很好地反映植被类型.森林表土中乔木植物花粉含量平均值大于40%,且有较高含量的中华卷柏孢子;疏林草原、灌丛群落中乔木植物花粉平均含量分别为13.2%和16.6%,灌木植物花粉相对草丛群落含量较高;草丛群落和农田中乔木花粉平均含量均<10%,草本植物花粉>80%,灌木植物花粉<1%.洛南盆地表土孢粉总浓度平均为1.42×10⁵粒/g,与植被覆盖度关系较弱,而与植被类型有一定联系,能辅助植被类型的辨识.聚类分析和PCA分析都能较好区分森林和非森林植被,前者能较好地区分松林和混交林,后者能较好地区分农田和灌、草丛植被,且比聚类分析更加稳定.松属、栎属等乔木花粉具有较强的扩散能力,能指示区域植被,松属没有表现出很强的超代表性,栎属具有低代表性;蒿属花粉与植被覆盖度间的相关关系较差,具有明显的超代表性,其大量出现与人类的干扰有一定的联系,禾本科花粉具有很好的植被指示性和低代表性,藜科花粉的高含量主要指示了高强度的人类活动;中华卷柏孢子在地层中的大量出现具有指示森林或松林环境的意义.     

Relationship between surface pollen assemblages and vegetation in Luonan Basin,Eastern Qinling Mountains,Central China

The catchment of South Luohe River in Central China is an important region for investigating modern pollen-environment relationship, because it is located in the transitional zone between south and north China, an environment which is sensitive to climate changes. In this study, 40 surface samples under ten vegetation types were collected to reveal the relationship between pollen assemblages and vegetation. The results show that the surface pollen assemblages reflect the vegetation quite well. In forest topsoils, the average of arboreal pollen content is greater than 40%, and the Selaginella sinensis spore is high. As to sparse forest grassland and shrub community, the average arboreal pollen is 13.2% and 16.6% respectively, and the shrub pollen is relatively higher than that of grassland samples. The grassland and farmland are characterized by low percentage of tree and shrub pollen (<10% and <1%), and high percentage of herbs (>80%). Pinus, Quercus and some other arboreal pollen can indicate the regional vegetation because of their dispersal ability. Quercus pollen is under-representative and so is Pinus. Artemisia pollen is significantly over-represented, has poor correlation with the plant coverage, and may reflect human disturbance. Gramineae can indicate plant quite well, but with low representation. High content of Chenopodiaceae probably suggests human impact. Predominant Selaginella sinensis can be used as an indicator of forest environment. Cluster analysis and principal components analysis of pollen assemblages can distinguish forest and non-forest vegetation well. The former method is better at separating pine and mixed forests, while the latter is more stable and could better differentiate farmland and other non-forest area. The first axis of PCA mainly reflects the humidity.     

青海湖黑马河、泉湾湿地表土花粉与植被关系研究

对青海湖地区黑马河、泉湾湿地进行了植被样方调查,并由湖岸向外每间隔100～150 m采集表土与苔藓样品进行花粉分析。结果显示,黑马河、泉湾湿地表土花粉与对应样方植被关系密切,花粉组合能较好地反映样方植被特征,同时,桦木属、蒿属、藜科、白刺属、胡颓子科、麻黄科等花粉类型少量出现,为外来花粉。R值分析表明莎草科花粉相对呈高代表性,毛茛科、委陵菜属、禾本科、菊科、报春花科、玄参科等呈低代表性。该研究为在青海湖及其它地区利用花粉重建古植被提供了重要的参考依据。