干旱区油蒿生物量凋落分解与土壤呼吸

生物量的凋落分解与土壤呼吸影响流沙基质中CaCO3的淋溶和淀积。为研究腾格里沙漠油蒿群落中土壤CaCO3的形成,对油蒿当年生物量的凋落分解与土壤呼吸进行了探讨。结果表明：在腾格里沙漠,固定沙地上油蒿当年生物量[（41.51±1.76）g·m-2]显著高于半固定沙地[（32.31±0.92)g·m-2],固定沙地上油蒿叶量籽量和[（32.89±1.34)g·m-2]也显著高于半固定沙地[（19.32±0.64)g·m-2];但不同立地油蒿叶量和籽量的分解速率均大于0.6692 g·g-1·a-1,且油蒿的凋落物需要4.48 a才能达到分解最大值。另一方面,油蒿半固定沙地、油蒿固定沙地和油蒿+冷蒿固定沙地的土壤呼吸速率均存在显著差异;统计分析表明,油蒿+冷蒿固定沙地土壤呼吸速率最低[（7.37±1.07)mg CO2·m-2·h-1]可能与油蒿+冷蒿固定沙地土壤中较高的pH值和较低的土壤呼吸脱氢酶活性有关。可见,干旱区油蒿群落越到固定阶段,凋落量越大,释放的Ca2＋越多,土壤呼吸速率越低,土壤中的pH值越高,而这越有利于土壤中CaCO3的形成。     

Effects of N:P ratio of Artemisia ordosica on growth influenced by soil calcium carbonate

Soil calcium carbonate(CaCO_3) has a strong solid phosphorus effect, and high content of CaCO_3 can significantly reduce the effectiveness of soil phosphorus. To reveal the limiting effect of soil CaCO_3 on the growth of plants on sand land and its mechanism of plant physiology, we performed pot experiments with a two-factor randomized block design and a three-factor orthogonal design for different soil CaCO_3 content treatments using Artemisia ordosica seedlings. In the experiments, we surveyed plant height, aboveground biomass, root length and root weight and analyzed N, P concentrations and RNA content of the seedlings, and discussed the relationships between relative growth rate(RGR) of the seedlings and N:P ratio as well as RNA. Results show that, the RGRs of plant height and above-ground biomass of the seedlings decreased significantly with the increase of soil CaCO_3 content, and those for root length and root weight decreased. The RGRs of plant height and above-ground biomass of the seedlings were significantly negatively correlated with leaf N:P ratios, but significantly positively correlated with leaf RNA content and leaf P concentrations. It can be seen that soil CaCO_3 is a stress factor for the growth of A. ordosica seedlings, and the growth response of the seedlings under the influence of soil CaCO_3 is in line with the Growth Rate Hypothesis.     

毛乌素沙地臭柏、油蒿细根分解过程中养分与能量的变化

应用埋袋法对毛乌素沙地天然分布的优势种臭柏、油蒿细根分解进行研究。对两年的实验数据进行分析,结果显示,臭柏、油蒿细根分解过程中C、P、K、Mg均表现为释放,释放率油蒿＞臭柏,元素重量损失率K＞P＞C＞Mg;N在臭柏分解中表现为积累,在油蒿分解中表现为释放;Ca在臭柏、油蒿细根分解中都表现为积累的趋势,积累率为油蒿＞臭柏;能量在臭柏、油蒿细根分解过程中表现为释放。该研究为沙区土壤库中的能量转化和流动过程提供了理论依据。     

古尔班通古特沙漠沙丘主要灌木的种群数量动态

种群数量动态的研究是认识种群的生存现状及发展动态的前提。通过对古尔班通古特沙漠固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和流动沙丘上主要固沙灌木的样地调查,分析了固沙灌木的年龄结构,建立了3种沙丘上固沙灌木的静态生命表和存活曲线。结果表明：（1）固沙灌木的存活个体数呈逐级递减的趋势,幼龄个体占有很高的比例;固定沙丘上梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）呈现Ⅰ型存活曲线,种群退化,白梭梭（Haloxylon persicum）呈现Ⅱ型存活曲线,种群稳定;（2）半固定沙丘上白梭梭呈Ⅱ型存活曲线,种群相对稳定;沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）和油蒿（Artemisia ordosica）均呈现Ⅰ型存活曲线,种群处于退化状态;（3）流动沙丘上沙拐枣呈现Ⅲ型存活曲线,种群有较大的增长潜力,白梭梭呈现出Ⅱ型存活曲线,种群相对稳定,油蒿呈现出Ⅰ型存活曲线,种群处于不稳定的退化状态。     

气候变化下蒙古沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)适宜生境预测

蒙古沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)是中国干旱、荒漠地区主要的防风固沙植物,预测该气候变化对其地理分布范围的影响,对中国荒漠化防治工作具有指导意义。采用获得的蒙古沙拐枣108个种群分布数据和22个气候环境因子数据,利用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型软件预测蒙古沙拐枣在当前、2041-2060年及2061-2080年在中国干旱区的潜在地理分布,探究气候变化对该物种分布的可能影响。结果表明:(1)影响蒙古沙拐枣分布的主要气候环境因子为年降水量、年平均气温、气温年较差、最干季降雨量以及海拔;(2)目前,蒙古沙拐枣的适宜生境面积约为5.4×10^5 km^2,高适宜生境为7×10^4 km^2,主要分布在新疆塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地边缘地带、甘肃河西走廊及其周边、腾格里沙漠;(3)在未来气候变化的情景下,蒙古沙拐枣的适宜生境范围大幅增加,适宜生境向高纬度地区移动,高适宜生境集中分布于甘肃河西走廊以及腾格里沙漠地区,且呈带状分布。     

阿拉善荒漠草地几种灌木对土壤有效态养分的影响

对阿拉善荒漠草地广泛分布的几种灌木、半灌木土壤有效态常量和微量营养元素的“肥岛”效应进行了研究。结果表明：①霸王、白刺、红砂和沙冬青提高了灌丛根部土壤速效Na、K、Fe和Mn 的含量,而降低了灌从根部土壤速效Ca、Mg的含量;驼绒藜除对土壤速效Mg含量有显著影响外,对其他元素无显著的影响。②霸王、白刺和沙冬青对速效Na、K、Fe和Mn有明显的富集作用,对速效Ca负富集作用;红砂对速效Na有极强的富集作用,EA、EB分别为37.59和52.93;除红砂和驼绒藜对速效Mg有富集作用外,其余灌丛对速效Mg无富集作用。③灌丛周围土壤pH值与速效K、Fe和Zn含量呈显著负相关,与Ca呈正相关,与速效Na无相关性。霸王、白刺、沙冬青周围土壤速效Mg含量与pH值也呈显著正相关;除了霸王外,其他灌木周围土壤速效Mn含量都与pH值呈负相关。     

猫头刺群落对土壤养分空间异质性的响应

选择腾格里沙漠边缘内蒙古阿拉善左旗境内的猫头刺群落为研究对象,探讨了猫头刺群落植物属性和土壤属性随尺度变化\,空间异质性的变化以及植物属性对土壤属性空间异质性的响应。结果表明,尺度从800 m2增加到1 600 m2,土壤有机质和土壤全氮的空间异质性减小,全磷和有效磷的空间异质性增加,有效氮空间异质性不变,而群落内3种植物密度和叶量的空间异质性基本都趋于增加,说明全磷和有效磷是目前猫头刺群落存在的主要限制因素,尤其是多年生草本植物骆驼蓬。进一步分析表明,这种现象是由于荒漠地区的灌丛“沃岛效应”和植物耗用有效磷以增大吸水力的补偿机制所致。     

阿拉善荒漠典型植物功能群氮、磷化学计量特征

氮（N）、磷（P）作为荒漠生态系统重要的养分元素和限制性因子,在维持植物功能群组成及结构稳定、生态系统内养分循环中发挥着重要的作用。本研究沿水热梯度从东至西在阿拉善荒漠设置52个调查样地,通过对优势植物的调查取样,分析了荒漠植物不同功能（类）群N、P元素的生态化学计量特征,并就N、P含量及N：P值对荒漠植物的限制性作用进行了检验和讨论。结果显示：（1）所调查阿拉善荒漠区植物叶片的N、P含量分别为10.65±7.91 mg·g^-1和1.04±0.81 mg·g^-1,N：P值为11.53±5.06,叶片N含量与P含量及N：P值均显著正相关,P含量与N：P值显著负相关;通过对比分析认为该区植物同时受到N、P双重制约,且更易受N限制。（2）从植物生活型比较,认为草本植物叶片N、P含量均高于灌木植物叶片,而灌木植物叶片的N：P值大于草本植物;对光合作用途径分析发现,C₃植物叶片N含量高于C₄植物叶片,而C₄植物叶片P含量高于C₃植物叶片;从系统发育类型方面分析,认为单子叶植物叶片N含量低于双子叶植物叶片N含量,而P含量则高于双子叶植物叶片P含量。     

沙漠人工植被区蒸腾测定

利用表面覆盖油毡的大型非称重式蒸渗池和LI1600气孔计测定油蒿(Artemisiaordosica)和柠条(Caraganakorshinskii)的蒸腾,比较了两种测定方法是否存在差异。结果表明蒸渗池表面自油毡覆盖至试验结束,油蒿、柠条和流沙处理0~150cm土层土壤含水量都增加,尤其流沙处理土壤含水量上升最明显;油蒿与柠条的冠幅、新梢长和叶面积指数均增加;由于中子仪探测不到蒸渗池底部40cm厚的砾石层的水分,导致了对照流沙处理测定结果不合常规。测定日期不同,LI1600气孔计测定的蒸腾速率的变化趋势和值也不同,但油蒿和柠条的变化步调是一致的,油蒿的蒸腾速率普遍高于柠条的;用多项式拟合得到蒸腾速率日变化曲线均达到显著水平(P < 0.05)。通过单位换算统一和尺度转换,蒸渗池和LI1600气孔计测定结果进行方差分析,表明物种间(油蒿和柠条)差异达显著水平(P < 0.05),测定方法间(蒸渗池和LI1600气孔计)差异不显著;从而说明本研究以叶面积指数和植物冠层盖度为基础,进行叶片水平与种群水平间的尺度转换是可行的。     

沙坡头人工固沙区油蒿繁殖分配的研究

对沙坡头人工固沙区油蒿 (Artemisia ordosica) 开花结实期的繁殖分配和生殖枝的生长特点进行了研究,结果表明:2006年8—10月,油蒿生殖枝重、头状花序重都显著增加(P<0.05),但繁殖分配均保持在26%左右;油蒿的繁殖分配与个体大小有一定的关系,地径在0.5 cm以上的油蒿个体才能够开始繁殖,繁殖分配大致呈现出在一定范围内随个体增大而上升,然后又随个体继续增大而下降的趋势。对不同建植年代(1956年、1964年、1981年、1987年)样地中油蒿繁殖结构特征和繁殖分配比较发现,1981年样地上油蒿的生殖枝重、单位生殖枝上的头状花序数、繁殖分配都低于其他3个年代,且其他3个年代的样地间无显著差异(P>0.05)。这表明,人工固沙区油蒿种群的繁殖不仅受固沙时间的影响,而且受其他因素的制约。     

腾格里沙漠油蒿群落土壤水分与碳酸钙淀积关系分析

为了阐明干旱区土壤含水量和土壤碳酸钙含量之间的关系,选择腾格里沙漠油蒿群落为研究对象,对80m×80m样地内400个4m×4m样方的土壤水分和碳酸钙的分布状况及二者含量之间的关系、空间异质性进行了研究。结果表明:腾格里沙漠油蒿群落土壤含水量呈均匀分布,碳酸钙含量呈小斑块分布;土壤含水量与碳酸钙含量之间存在显著的线性正相关关系,表明碳酸钙含量随着土壤含水量的增加而增加;土壤碳酸钙含量和土壤含水量空间异质性之间呈显著单调递增的幂函数关系。可见,干旱区土壤含水量和碳酸钙含量之间具有密切的关系,土壤含水量越高,碳酸钙淋溶和淀积作用加强,土壤碳酸钙含量也就随之升高。因而,土壤含水量是影响土壤碳酸钙形成的一个重要因素。     

Distribution patterns of planted-shrubs of different restoration ages in artificial sand-fixing regions in the southeastern Tengger Desert

Plant density and spatial distribution in artificial vegetation is obviously initialized at the planting stage. Plant dynamics and spatial pattern may change over time as the result of interactions between individual plants and habitats, but whether it’s applied for desert shrubs in artificial sand-fixing regions remains unknown. Here we examined changes in plant density and distribution patterns of three shrubs(Artemisia ordosica Krasch, Caragana korshinskii Kom, and Hedysarum scoparium Fisch.) in different regions, which have been restored for 27, 32 and 50 years(R27, R32, R50), respectively. The vegetation analysis shows that A. ordosica was the dominated species across the 3 restoration regions. The density of A. ordosica and H. scoparium show a significant increase from R27 to R32, then decreased in R50. The density of C. korshinskii was low in R32 and R50, lower in R27. The variance-to-mean ratio(VMR) was used to characterize spatial distribution patterns to fit the observed densities of the three shrubs by frequency. A. ordosica and C. korshinskii both show significantly clumped distributions in three restoration regions. H. scoparium show a uniform distribution in R27 and R50, but a clumped distribution in R32. These results show that A. ordosica seems to be more adaptable in revegetated desert areas compared to C. korshinskii and H. scoparium. Pattern analysis suggests a successive replacement of C. korshinskii, which had low proportions of survived shrubs, by the dominant A. ordosica. This study contributes to the understanding of the distribution patterns of shrubs plants in revegetation projects in arid desert areas.     

Nutrient status of Populus euphratica growing in desert riparian forests of northwestern China

Seasonal and microhabitat variations of chemical constituents of foliar organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), and total potassium (K), in Populus euphratica growing in desert riparian forests in northwestern China and their correlations were studied. Results show that ranges of C, N, P and K contents in the leaves of P. euphratica were 39.08%?46.16%, 0.28%?2.81%, 0.05%?0.18% and 0.35%?2.03%, with means of 43.51%, 1.49%, 0.102% and 1.17%, respectively. The ratio of C/N, C/P and N/P changed from 16.26 to 146.61, from 258.08 to 908.67 and from 2.89 to 26.67; the mean was 37.24, 466.27 and 15.14, respectively. The mean N content was significantly lower than of deciduous trees in China, but the mean P content was nearly equivalent. The ratio of C/N was remarkably higher than of global land plants. The ratio of N/P indicated that growth of P. euphratica was jointly limited by N and P nutrient deficiency. During the growth season, total trends of leaf C, N, P and K contents decreased. The maximum appeared in May, and the minimum in September. Among microhabitats, C, N and K contents gradually increased from riparian lowland, flatland, sandpile, Gobi and dune, but C/N ratio was opposite, and P content was not apparent. Foliar C content was extremely, significantly and positively correlated with N and K contents, respectively. The relationships of N-K and P-K were both significantly positive.     

两种白刺叶片及沙堆土壤化学计量学特征的比较

在植物叶片氮、磷化学计量学研究中,氮磷比常作为判断土壤养分限制性的指标,其适用范围从海洋、湖泊等水生生态系统扩展到陆地生态系统。以生长在民勤绿洲的毛瓣白刺(Nitraria praevisa)和唐古特白刺(N. tangutorun)为研究对象,分别测定叶片N、P含量以及沙堆各层土壤有机质、N、P含量,以探讨两种白刺叶片及其沙堆土壤化学计量学特征的关系。研究结果表明:①白刺叶片的N、P含量之间存在显著的正相关关系;②两种白刺沙堆各项土壤养分指标差异极显著(P<0.01);③毛瓣白刺沙堆土壤的N含量在0～20 cm土层存在富集现象,唐古特白刺沙堆土壤的有机质、N、P含量在20～40 cm土层存在富集现象;④在水分为最主要的限制性因子的荒漠生态系统中,能否以叶片N∶P作为判定营养元素限制性的标准,值得进一步探讨。     

乌兰布和沙漠沙生灌木饲用营养成分的研究

对5种沙生灌木在不同年份和不同季节的饲用营养成分进行了测试分析,并与乌兰布和沙区12种传统饲料的营养成分作了比较,结果表明:5种沙生灌木营养成分和氨基酸含量丰富,部分指标高于紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、玉米秸和小麦秸,适宜于家畜饲养要求;不同灌木或同一灌木在不同年份和不同的季节其主要营养成分含量差异显著,变化规律明显。从营养、产量和采收加工等综合因素考虑,该区灌木饲料采收应在8月下旬进行,该期粗蛋白含量:花棒15.08%、羊柴13.49%、柠条15.99%、梭梭9.10%、沙拐枣10.06%;粗纤维含量:花棒28.69%、羊柴37.94%、柠条34.25%、梭梭24.71%、沙拐枣20.71%;粗脂肪含量:除梭梭外,其他4种灌木均处于生长季含量高值期。5种灌木的钙含量在生长期均递增,磷含量递减,只有羊柴的钙磷比未超过反刍家畜7:1的耐受极限。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘3种荒漠植物光合特性的比较

在2008年6、7和8月中旬,以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘固氮植物骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsiftia Shap．）和非固氮植物柽柳（Tamarx ramossimaLedeb．）、花花柴（Karelinia caspica Less．）为研究对象,研究了两种类型植物的净光合速率、光响应、CO：响应模型参数、叶绿素和叶氮...     

科尔沁沙地30种植物叶凋落物CO2释放量及释放速率的研究

 采用可以有效控制环境因子的室内土壤培养试验，初步研究了科尔沁沙地30种植物叶凋落物的CO₂释放量及释放速率。结果表明：①在28 d培养期内，不同植物叶凋落物释放的CO₂量差异很大，其中，多年生植物叶凋落物CO₂释放量平均值大于一年生植物，但二者之间的差异不显著；禾本科植物叶凋落物CO₂释放量平均值明显小于其他植物，二者之间呈显著差异。②在28 d培养期内，不同植物叶凋落物每四天CO₂释放速率差异很大。一年生与多年生植物叶凋落物28 d内每四天释放CO₂的速率无显著差异；禾本科与其他植物叶凋落物每四天释放CO₂的速率在培养的前16 d差异呈显著，而后差异消失。③植物叶凋落物的全碳含量，氮含量，C／N，灰分/N及灰分含量不同造成CO₂释放量及释放速率的差异。叶凋落物28 d释放CO₂的量与叶凋落物初始碳含量及灰分含量均无相关关系，与叶凋落物初始氮含量呈显著正相关，与叶凋落物C／N及灰分／N呈显著负相关。叶凋落物培养期内每四天释放CO₂的速率与叶凋落物初始碳含量无相关关系；叶凋落物0\_20天释放CO₂的速率与叶凋落物初始氮含量呈显著正相关，与叶凋落物C／N呈显著负相关；叶凋落物9\_28天CO₂释放速率与灰分／N呈显著负相关；培养后期（17\_28天）的CO₂释放速率与灰分含量呈显著负相关。     

宁夏盐池沙地3种植物群落的数量特征

采用样线法和样方法对盐池沙地典型植物群落牛枝子群落、牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落、黑沙蒿群落数量特征进行了研究。结果表明：从牛枝子群落经牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落至黑沙蒿群落,物种组成变化较大,优势种的相对重要值也发生了较大的变化;植物种从占优势地位的草原种,逐步让位于耐旱、抗风蚀的多年生和一年生草本植物,并最终被沙生、一年生草本植物和灌木、半灌木取代;土壤沙化程度逐渐加重。从生活型组成看,从牛枝子群落经牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落至黑沙蒿群落,地面芽植物和地下芽多年生草本植物种类数和重要值所占比例逐渐下降,一年生植物种类数和重要值所占比例逐渐增加。牛枝子-黑沙蒿群落的物种α多样性指数最高,黑沙蒿群落最低。β多样性指数变化反映出植物群落组成已发生分化,物种出现根本性的变化。     

Influence of elemental sulfur, micronutrients, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and potassium on growth of Prosopis alba on high pH soils in Argentina

A field trial on 3-year-old Prosopis alba growing on pH 8.5 soils in Argentina was conducted to identify mineral nutrients that were most limiting growth and to determine correlations among these nutrients. As applications of nutrients such as Zn, Cu and P would be soon rendered unavailable due to the high pH, combinations of elemental S to decrease the pH were examined along with macro and micronutrient soil additions. Thirty trees were selected with stem diameters ranging from 2.8 to 4.5 cm and divided into five treatments in a completely randomized design with 1 tree per replicate. The treatments were: (1) control, (2) addition of elemental S to lower the pH, (3) addition of S and triple superphosphate (P), (4) addition of S, P and a complete blend of micronutrients and (5) addition of S, P, micronutrients and K and Mg. Biomass increases were estimated using regression equations on stem diameter increases. A small non-significant decrease in pH of about 0.3 pH was obtained in the treatments with S, except for treatment which contained micronutrients in the form of strong base oxides. There was a significant increase in electrical conductivity due to the oxidation of the S. The best treatment containing S, P and micronutrients had a 42% increase significant biomass increase over the control. Growth was positively correlated with leaf levels (decreasing order of significance) of K, S, P, and Zn and negatively correlated with leaf Na and Ca. The leaf K, which had the highest positive correlation with growth, was highly significantly positively correlated with leaf S, P, N, and Zn and highly significantly but negatively correlated with leaf Ca, Mg and Mn. Leaf N was very highly correlated with leaf Zn, S and P concentrations. Indian workers have found that 20 years after establishment Prosopis juliflora changed the soil pH from 10.4 to 8.0. Since trees on 10 m×10 m spacings are suggested to be ultimate climax density for these ecosystems, apparently it will only necessary to add inexpensive small quantities of elemental S, Zn and K directly around 100 small trees ha⁻¹ to effect a major soil reclamation over the entire ha.     

电场处理对毛乌素沙地油蒿抗寒性影响的研究

不同强度的电场处理沙生植物油蒿（Artemisia ordosica Krash）种子,在毛乌素沙地自然环境下研究电场作用后其根系碳水化合物,叶片水分和渗透调节物随气温下降的变化。结果表明:电场强度为2.0 kV.cm-1、3.5 kV.cm-1和4.5 kV.cm-1时,地温降到零下摄氏度时,其根系碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白质含量增加;气温降到零下10℃左右时,叶片相对含水量、自由水和淀粉含量下降,束缚水、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量增加。