长江三峡库区草丛群落多样性的研究

通过对三峡库区草丛群落的初步调查,发现该地区灌丛现有20个群落类型,常见的班茅茅叶草丛群落、拟金草草丛群落、芒草丛群落、光叶里白草丛群落、香附子草丛群落,其丰富度指数、多样性指数相对较高,而小颖羊茅草丛群落、油芒草丛群落、金发草草丛群落、鸢尾草丛群落、牛鞭草草丛群落、马唐草丛群落、黄茅草丛群落、类芦草丛群落、斑茅草丛群落、瘦脊野谷草草丛群落丰富度适中;双花草草丛群落、狗牙根草丛群落、矛叶荩草草丛群落、白茅草丛群落、尼泊尔芒草丛群落的丰富度相对较低;草丛群落多样性在海拔梯度上未表现出明显的规律性,这可能与库区内强烈的人为干扰活动有关.     

Modeling net primary productivity of the terrestrial ecosystem in China from 1961 to 2005简

Net primary productivity （NPP） is the structure and function of the ecosystem. NPP can most important index that represents the be simulated by dynamic global vegetation models （DGVM）, which are designed to represent vegetation dynamics relative to environ- mental change. This study simulated the NPP of China＇s ecosystems based on the DGVM Integrated Biosphere Simulator （IBIS） with data on climate, soil, and topography. The appli- cability of IBIS in the NPP simulation of China＇s terrestrial ecosystems was verified first. Comparison with other relevant studies indicates that the range and mean value of simula- tions are generally within the limits of observations; the overall pattern and total annual NPP are close to the simulations conducted with other models. The simulations are also close to the NPP estimations based on remote sensing. Validation proved that IBIS can be utilized in the large-scale simulation of NPP in China＇s natural ecosystem. We then simulated NPP with climate change data from 1961 to 2005, when warming was particularly striking. The following are the results of the simulation. （1） Total NPP varied from 3.61 GtC/yr to 4.24 GtC/yr in the past 45 years and exhibited minimal significant linear increase or decrease. （2） Regional differences in the increase or decrease in NPP were large but exhibited an insignificant overall linear trend. NPP declined in most parts of eastern and central China, especially in the Loess Plateau. （3） Similar to the fluctuation law of annual NPP, seasonal NPP also displayed an insignificant increase or decrease; the trend line was within the general level. （4） The re- gional differences in seasonal NPP changes were large. NPP declined in spring, summer, and autumn in the Loess Plateau but increased in most parts of the Tibetan Plateau.     

Satellite-derived primary productivity and its spatial and temporal variability in the China seas

The spatial and temporal variability of primary productivity in the China seas from 2003 to 2005 was estimated using a size-fractionated primary productivity model. Primary productivity estimated from satellite-derived data showed spatial and temporal variability. Annual averaged primary productivity levels were 564.39, 363.08, 536.47, 413.88, 195.77, and 100.09 gCm-2a-1 in the Bohai Sea, northern Yellow Sea (YS), southern YS, northern East China Sea (ECS), southern ECS, and South China Sea (SCS), respectively. Peaks of primary productivity appeared in spring (April–June) and fall (October and November) in the northern YS, southern YS, and southern ECS, while a single peak (June) appeared in the Bohai Sea and northern ECS. The SCS had two peaks in primary productivity, but these peaks occurred in winter (January) and summer (August), with the winter peak far higher than the summer peak. Monthly averaged primary productivity values from 2003 to 2005 in the Bohai Sea and southern YS were higher than those in the other four seas during most months, while those in the southern ECS and SCS were the lowest. Primary productivity in spring (March–June in the southern ECS and April–July in the other five areas) contributed approximately 41% on average to the annual primary productivity in all the study seas except the SCS. The largest interannual variability also occurred in spring (average standard deviation = 6.68), according to the satellite-derived estimates. The contribution during fall (October–January in the southern ECS and August–November in the other five areas) was approximately 33% on average; the primary productivity during this period also showed interannual variability. However, in the SCS, the winter (December–March) contribution was the highest (about 42%), while the spring (April–July) contribution was the lowest (28%). The SCS did share a feature with the other five areas: the larger the contribution, the larger the interannual variability. Spatial and temporal variability of satellite-derived ocean primary productivity may be influenced by physicochemical environmental conditions, such as the chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface temperature, photosynthetically available radiation, the seasonally reversed monsoon, river discharge, upwelling, and the Kuroshio and coastal currents.     

中国近海初级生产力的遥感研究及其时空演化

1 Introduction Ocean primary productivity controls the exchange of carbon dioxide at the air-sea interface and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and climate change. Most oceanographic research on primary productivity has focused on the ma…     

Warming effect of desert and its impact on oasis heat resources and agricultural productivity in arid land, China

This paper provides a positive view of the desert, in terms of the warming effect of deserts on oases and the impact of heat resources and agricultural production. We use data from experimental sites in the Manas River Basin in China to characterize these relationships. We note that the warming effect of the desert was found to be significant but gradually reduced with increased distance of the oasis from the desert. The range of warming effect is about 100 km, and the improvement in temperature is about 1.8 °C. Due to this warming effect, the desert serves as the second heat source for the oasis, which represents one important aspect of the ecologic value of the desert. Our results also show the warming effect has a strong spatial impact on agricultural productivity. Crop productivity fell by about 49 kg/ha with every 10 km increase in distance away from the desert. Our results imply that crop suitability must correspond to the warming effect of the desert. More efficient use of heat resources can contribute towards achieving potential productivity.     

Seasonal changes in the relationship between species richness and community biomass in grassland under grazing and exclosure, Horqin Sandy Land, northern China

How species diversity–productivity relationships respond to temporal dynamics and land use is still not clear in semi-arid grassland ecosystems. We analyzed seasonal changes of the relationships between vegetation cover, plant density, species richness, and aboveground biomass in grasslands under grazing and exclosure in the Horqin Sandy Land of northern China. Our results showed that in grazed and fenced grassland, vegetation cover, richness, and biomass were lower in April than in August, whereas plant density showed a reverse trend. Vegetation cover during the growing season and biomass in June and August were higher in fenced grassland than in grazed grassland, whereas plant density in April and June was lower in fenced grassland than in grazed grassland. A negative relationship between species richness and biomass was found in August in fenced grassland, and in grazed grassland the relationship between plant density and biomass changed from positive in April to negative in August. The relationship between the density of the dominant plant species and the total biomass also varied with seasonal changes and land use (grazing and exclosure). These results suggest that long-term grazing, seasonal changes, and their interaction significantly influence vegetation cover, plant density, and biomass in grasslands. Plant species competition in fenced grassland results in seasonal changes of the relationship between species richness and biomass. Long-term grazing also affects seasonal changes of the density and biomass of dominant plant species, which further affects the seasonal relationship between plant density and biomass in grasslands. Our study demonstrates the importance of temporal dynamics and land use in understanding the relationship between species richness and ecosystem function.     

云南的圣境及其在环境和生物多样性保护中的意义

圣境是由于传统的信仰文化的原因而建立和被保护的一类特殊自然－人文景观单元，对圣境的起源、分类在云南的分布和数目、生态价值和其它特征进行了描述和举例分析，提出了传统信仰文化和将乡土保护体系运用于农村生态恢复和生态多样性管理的潜在价值。以及将其纳入现代保护和开发项目的必要性。     

Relationship between species richness of small mammals and primary productivity of arid and semi-arid grasslands in north China

We studied the relationship between primary productivity and species richness of small mammals at both large and small spatial scales in the arid and semi-arid grasslands of north China. The productivity (x)–species richness (y) pattern at a large spatial scale can be described by a unimodal quadratic regression curve (y=7·41+0·1^*x−0·0003^*x²,p =0·008, r²=0·788). At a small spatial scale, however, neither linear nor quadratic regression fit the data for 1980 and 1994 (p>0·25). Primary productivity may not be an appropriate predictor of the species richness of small mammals at a small spatial scale. We conclude, therefore, that the primary productivity–species richness pattern of small mammals may be scale-dependent in the arid and semi-arid grasslands of north China. Landscape complexity should be considered in future studies of productivity–richness relationships.     

Carbon uptake and change in net primary productivity of oasis-desert ecosystem in arid western China with remote sensing technique

Arid and semi-arid ecosystems exhibit a spatially complex biogeophysical structure. According to arid western special climate-vegetation characters, the fractional cover of photosynthetic vegetation (PV), non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV), bare soil and water are unmixed, using the remote sensing spectral mixture analysis. We try the method to unmix the canopy funation structure of arid land cover in order to avoid the differentiation of regional vegetation system and the disturbance of environmental background. We developed a modified production efficiency model NPP-PEM appropriate for the arid area at regional scale based on the concept of radiation use efficiency. This model refer to the GLO-PEM and CASA model was driven with remotely sensed observations, and calculates not just the conversion efficiency of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation but also the carbon fluxes that determine net primary productivity (NPP). We apply and validate the model in the Kaxger and Yarkant river basins in arid western China. The NPP of the study area in 1992 and 1998 was estimated based on the NPP-PEM model. The results show that the improved PEM model, considering the photosynthetical activation of heterogeneous functional vegetation, is in good agreement with field measurements and the existing literature. An accurate agreement (R2 = 0.85, P<0.001) between the estimates and the ground-based measurement was obtained. The spatial distribution of mountain-oasis-desert ecosystem shows an obvious heterogeneous carbon uptake. The results are applicable to arid ecosystem studies ranging from characterizing carbon cycle, carbon flux over arid areas to monitoring change in mountain-oasis-desert productivity, stress and management.     

干旱生态系统净初级生产力估算及变化探测

1 Introduction Arid western China stretches from west of Helan Mountains to south of the piedmont of Kunlun Mountains, covering about 2.50×106 km2 or 26.08% of the total territorial area of China. Its unique geographic location in the hinterland of Euras…     

内蒙古羊草草原优势物种生产力对气候变化响应的动态模拟

气候变暖影响植物生产力,进而影响群落的结构和演化。本文提出在不同的温度年变化率条件下内蒙古锡林郭勒盟锡林河流域羊草草原主要物种演化的动力学模型,模拟了近几十年来4个主要物种羊草、大针茅、变蒿和西伯利亚羽茅的地上初级生产力对气候变暖的响应过程。模拟和预测结果表明,在气温升高幅度不大的情况下,这4个物种的优势顺序不会发生改变,当温度年变化率高于0.06℃时,竞争能力相近物种的优势顺序发生了转换,即第一、三奇数优势物种羊草和变蒿退化为第二、四偶数优势物种,原来的偶数优势物种第二、四大针茅和西伯利亚羽茅进化为第一、第三奇数优势物种,出现的物种优势顺序为大针茅、羊草、西伯利亚羽茅和变蒿。如果温度年变化率达到0.17℃,物种的强弱顺序将重新组合,变为大针茅、西伯利亚羽茅、羊草和变蒿。现有的观测资料初步验证了这种变化的可能性。研究结果为该区羊草草原群落动态预测和草原管理提供依据。     

Biodiversity Assessment of Mammal and Bird Species from Camera Trap Data in Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province,China

Camera traps serve as an important tool for monitoring species diversity. We used data from camera traps set for capturing snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in the Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China, to assess species richness with respect to mammal and birds species. We also assessed survey efficiency for species detection, and conducted an initial analysis of species interactions. The survey effort of 10, 171 camera workdays yielded 2, 868 suitable animal image events involving 17 mammal and 20 bird species. Among these, the dhole (Cuon alpinus) is considered to be Endangered, the snow leopard and white-lipped deer (Cervus albirostris) Vulnerable, and the Pallas’s cat (Feli smanul), mountain weasel (Mustela altaica), Himalayan griffon (Gyps himalayensis) and cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) Near Threatened under the IUCN red list. Fourteen species were also listed as key protected wild animals according to China national standards. Both the rarefaction curves and richness estimators suggested our sampling for mammal and pheasant species is sufficient, while more survey efforts are still needed to detect other bird species. With a focus on the dominant species Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), occupancy models were used to estimate site use and detection probability for selected species, and to investigate predator-prey relationships between lynx on the one hand and woolly hare (Lepus oiostolus), pika (Ochotona spp.) and Tibetan partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae) on the other. We give recommendations on how to increase efficiency in camera-based species inventory and biodiversity monitoring.     

腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区固沙植被对生物多样性恢复的长期影响

地处腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙坡头人工固沙植被始建于1956年,46 a来不仅确保了包兰铁路沙漠地段的畅通无阻,而且对区域生态环境的恢复产生了巨大的影响,成为我国干旱沙漠地区交通干线荒漠化防治与生态恢复的成功模式。长期定位监测结果表明:人工固沙植被建立4~5 a后,沙丘表面物理结构初步得到稳定,并由大气降尘形成的无机土壤结皮逐渐演变形成土壤微生物结皮。荒漠藻类、苔藓和地衣等隐花植物在结皮层中得到了大量的繁衍:固沙植被建立46 a后出现藻类24种;苔藓仅有5 种,少于天然固定沙丘结皮上的种类,此外,地衣也在植被区发现,这说明固定沙丘景观逐渐趋于稳定的状态;相对于流沙区,固沙植被区近地面风速降低了 40%,土壤有机质含量增加了60%,其中氮、磷、钾等荒漠生态系统主要限制养分因子及土壤理化性质得到了改善,沙丘表层成土过程明显;土壤水分循环的时空变异驱动了植被的演变,为大量的草本的侵入和定居创造了条件;此外,对鸟类、昆虫和土壤动物及荒漠动物的生存产生了积极的影响。46 a后,固沙植被区共有鸟类 28 种,昆虫 50 种,动物 23种。生物多样性的恢复使原有的相对单一的固沙植被演变成一个结构、组成和功能相对复杂的荒漠生态系统。沙坡头地区生态环境在人为促进下的恢复为我国西部生态建设提供了科学依据。     

碳约束下中国县域尺度农业全要素生产率比较研究

基于2183个县级单元,利用SFA方法对1992-2011年碳约束下中国县域农业生态TFP及其分解项进行研究,并与不考虑碳排放的传统TFP进行比较。结果表明：第一,农业生态TFP年平均增长4.47%,低于传统TFP,但两者差距有缩小的趋势,2011年前者超过后者。第二,农业生态TFP贡献了中国农业总产值增长的54.9%,比传统TFP的份额低了3.6%,要素投入贡献为45.1%。第三,分解项上,前沿技术进步率是农业生态TFP的主要驱动因素,也是生态TFP与传统TFP差距缩小的动因。第四,空间分布上,生态TFP大于传统TFP的地区主要分布在胡焕庸线东南的地区;西部由于生态TFP和传统FTP都较低,呈现出“双重恶化”现象;除了嵊泗县以外,农业生态TE和TEC均低于传统TE和TEC,生态FTP也整体低于传统FTP。     

1961-2011年山东气候资源及气候生产力时空变化特征

基于山东省21个气象站1961-2011年的气象资料,利用线性趋势、IDW空间插值、Mann-Kendall检验、Fisher最优分割等方法分析了气温和降水的时空变化特征;在此基础上采用Thornthwaite Memorial模型对植被气候生产力的时空演变进行了研究,并探讨了气候生产力对气温和降水的敏感性。结果表明:近51年来山东省普遍增温,倾向率为0.359℃/10a,中部地区升温明显;年降水量在剧烈波动中略呈下降趋势,20世纪80年代降水量的变率较大,山东北部、东部、东南部降水量减少幅度较大。近51年来气候生产力存在较明显波动,总体呈增加趋势,但递增速度不显著,1981-1989年气候生产力最低,2003-2011年达到最高水平;气候生产力由北向南,由西向东逐渐增加,山东西南部气候生产力增加较多。“暖湿型”气候对作物气候生产力有利,气候变暖有利于气候生产力的提高,但降水量少是限制气候生产力的主要因素。     

时间异质性视角下对中国城市形态多中心性演化的探究

针对现有文献对于城市内部多中心空间结构演化过程中的时间异质性探讨不足的问题,本研究基于1 km格网人口数据,采用相对最小阈值法测度2005—2015年全国地级市城市内部形态多中心性,使用系统聚类算法对其时序演化模式进行归纳,并通过混合效应模型将时间异质性纳入到城市多中心性演化相关因素的探索中。研究发现：① 中国城市多中心结构在2010年前后基本形成;② 共识别了五种多中心的演化模式;③ 多中心性与区位特征、人口特征、经济水平、基础设施和城市规模显著相关;④ 中国城市多中心性演化在时间序列上呈现出差异性,符合扩散-聚合的规律,与经典城市结构理论相契合。研究发现及使用的相应方法有助于推进对于城市多中心性发展规律的进一步理解。     

Potential promoted productivity and spatial patterns of medium- and low-yield cropland land in China

With a continuously increasing population and better food consumption levels, improving the efficiency of arable land use and increasing its productivity have become fundamental strategies to meet the growing food security needs in China. A spatial distribution map of medium- and low-yield cropland is necessary to implement plans for cropland improvement. In this study, we developed a new method to identify high-, medium-, and low-yield cropland from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data at a spatial resolution of 500 m. The method could be used to reflect the regional heterogeneity of cropland productivity because the classification standard was based on the regionalization of cropping systems in China. The results showed that the proportion of high-, medium-, and low-yield cropland in China was 21%, 39%, and 40%, respectively. About 75% of the low-yield cropland was located in hilly and mountainous areas, and about 53% of the high-yield cropland was located in plain areas. The five provinces with the largest area of high-yield cropland were all located in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, and the area amounted to 42% of the national high-yield cropland area. Meanwhile, the proportion of high-yield cropland was lower than 15% in Heilongjiang, Sichuan, and Inner Mongolia, which had the largest area allocated to cropland in China. If all the medium-yield cropland could be improved to the productive level of high-yield cropland and the low-yield cropland could be improved to the level of medium-yield cropland, the total productivity of the land would increase 19% and 24%, respectively.     

中国山地垂直带信息图谱的探讨

通过构建山地垂直带谱数据结构,实现了垂直带谱数字化,增强了垂直带谱的可视化;提出了垂直带谱的三级体系：以基带区分一级带谱,以特征垂直带区分二级带谱,以垂直带组合结构、优势垂直带及垂直高度及宽度区分三级带谱;概括出山地垂直带谱的7种变化模式：同构模式、结构递减模式、突变模式、纬向递减模式、经向减升模式、阶梯递增模式和高原叠加模式;归纳出垂直带谱的5种生态类型：与自然地带相联系的顶极带谱、与主要山地相联系的基本带谱、与特殊地生态现象相联系的过渡／特殊带谱、与人类干扰相联系的扰动带谱,以及与强烈人类活动相联系的次生带谱。深入比较和分析垂直带信息图谱,可以揭示更多的地学信息。     

中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力时空特征模拟

In this paper,we use CEVSA,a process-based model,which has been validated on regional and global scales,to explore the temporal and spatial patterns of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and its responses to interannual Climate fluctuations in China‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘s terrestrial ecosystems over the period 1981-1998,The estimated results suggest that ,in this study period,the averaged annual total NPP is about 3.09 Gt C/yr^-1 and average NPP is about 342 g C/m^2,The results also showed that the precipitaion was the key factor determining the spsatial distribution and temporal trends of NPP. Temporally,the total NPP exhibited a slowly increasing trend.In some ENSO years( e.g.1982,1986,1997)NPP decreased clearly compared to the previous year,but the relationship between ENSO and NPP is decreased clearly compared to the previous year,but the relationship between ENSO and NPP is complex due to the integrated effects of monsoons and regional differentiation. Spatially,the relatively high NPP occurred at the middle high latitudes,the low latitudes and the lower appeared at the middle latitudes,On national scale,precipitaion is the key conntro factor on NPP variations and there exists a weak correlation between NP and temperature ,but regional responses are greatly different.     

天山北麓山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统净初级生产力空间分布格局及其季节变化

以天山北麓总面积达93 936 km~2的山地-绿洲-荒漠生态样带为例,利用生态-遥感光能利用率模型NPP-PEM,使用1 km分辨率SPOT/VEGETATION遥感等数据资料,估算了生态样带净初级生产力(NPP)空间分布及其季节变化.结果表明山地-绿洲-荒漠生态样带平均NPP为161.06 g C·m~(-2)·a~(-1),样带陆地生态系统年总碳吸收量或年总NPP累积量为15.081 Tg C(1Tg=10~(12)g),其中绿洲农田、山地草甸草原、平原荒漠草原和山地森林对的碳吸收贡献率分别为32.67%、28.16%、12.41%和9.15%.夏季是各类生态系统NPP增加量最大的季节,而沙漠由于早春短命植被覆盖而具有生长双峰现象.样带NPP空间分布及其季相变化特征是自然环境、地貌、气候以及人类生产活动长期共同作用和影响的结果,其中水热条件和基质是控制干旱区陆地生态系统NPP空间格局的决定因子.结果检验表明模拟效果较为合理,证明NPP-PEM模型在干旱生态系统的应用是可行的.研究为干旱区陆地生态系统碳循环研究开辟了途径,可为干旱区生态系统评估、监测和管理提供研究方法和参考依据.