近30 a玛曲县土地利用/覆盖变化监测

 以1975年的MSS数据,1990年和2005年的TM数据,以及2000年的ETM数据为信息源,在GIS技术的支持下,对玛曲地区的土地利用/覆盖变化进行了监测。研究发现：从1975年到2005年的30 a间,该地区的生态环境呈现出严重的退化趋势,其中沼泽地和林地面积持续减少,沙地面积在1975年到2000年之间呈增加趋势,但从2000—2005年面积大幅度减少。草场退化现象严重,高覆盖度草地减少,裸土地面积增加,建筑用地面积大幅度增加。应用转移矩阵对不同地类之间的相互转换研究发现：高覆盖度草地主要转变为中、低覆盖度草地,沼泽地主要转变为高、中、低覆盖度类型的草地。玛曲环境退化受到自然环境和人类活动的双重影响,气温升高,降水量减少和过渡放牧是导致该地区生态环境退化的主要因素。     

Land use and land cover change processes in China's eastern Loess Plateau

Using Landsat remote sensing images, we analyzed changes in each land use type and transitions among different land use types during land use and land cover change (LUCC) in Ningwu County, located in the eastern Loess Plateau of China, from 1990 to 2010. We found that grassland, woodland, and farmland were the main land use types in the study area, and the area of each type changed slightly from 1990 to 2010, whereas the area of water, construction land, and unused land increased greatly. For the whole area, the net change and total change were insignificant due to weak human activity intensity in most of the study area, and the LUCC was dominated by quasi-balanced two-way transitions from 1990 to 2010. The insignificant overall amount of LUCC appears to have resulted from offsetting of rapid increases in population, economic growth, and the implementation of a program to return farmland to woodland and grassland in 2000. This program converted more farmland into woodland and grassland from 2000 to 2010 than from 1990 to 2000, but reclamation of woodland and grassland for use as farmland continued from 2000 to 2010, and is a cause for concern to the local government.     

Ecological succession and land use changes in a lake retreat area (Main Ethiopian Rift Valley)

In the semi-arid Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, ecological succession is related to continuous lake retreat. Human activity, through its impact on land use and cover, affects this ecological succession at various degrees. Through a remote sensing study, we explored how the drivers for land use and cover changes (LUCC) have changed over the last decades and which impact this has on ecological succession. Remote sensing data used include a Landsat MSS from 1973, a Landsat TM from 1986 and Landsat ETM+ from 2000; a conventional type of classification was used whereby supervised classification of the 2000 image was supplemented by unsupervised classification of the older images. Due to decreased rainfall and water abstraction for intense irrigated agriculture in its catchment, Lake Abijata lost 46% of its area between 2000 and 2006. On the emerged land, an ecological succession was observed along the environmental gradient of the retreating lake: emerged bare land, grassland, land with few scattered Acacia shrubs and open woodlands. Between 1986 and 2000, LUCC tendencies were totally reversed and woody vegetation decreased strongly, indicating increased human impact. This land degradation took place in a context of instable political situation, fuelwood extraction, higher population density and better communications.     

黑河分水后中游地区LUCC监测

以2000年Landsat ETM和2005年的Landsat TM数据为信息源,通过人机交互方式提取了两期黑河流域中游地区土地利用/覆被数据。在此基础上,结合研究区的社会经济统计资料和气象观测资料,分析了黑河流域中游地区近5 a来土地利用/土地覆被变化（land use and land coverage,LUCC）的时空变化格局和土地利用类型转变的趋势及其驱动力。结果表明,5 a间耕地和居民用地面积分别扩大了6.95％和9.78％,草地和林地都有相应的减少。尤其是水域和未利用土地,分别减少了1.70％和0.88％,黑河流域生态环境有总体变差的趋势。驱动力分析表明,环境变化是人文因素和自然因素共同作用的结果,并且人为因素占主导地位,在此情况下,本区生态环境存在着继续恶化的潜在危机。     

The land use and land cover change database and its relative studies in China

In the mid-1990s, we established the national operative dynamic information serving systems on natural resources and environment. During building the land-use/land-cover change (LUCC) database for the mid-1990s, 520 scenes of remotely sensed images of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) were interpreted into land-use/land-cover categories at scale of 1:100,000 under overall digital software environment after being geo-referenced and ortho-rectified. The vector map of land-use/land-cover in China at the scale of 1:100,000 was recently converted into a 1-km raster database that captures all of the high-resolution land-use information by calculating area percentage for each kind of land use category within every cell. Being designed as an operative dynamic information serving system, monitoring the change in land-use/land-cover at national level was executed. We have completed the updating of LUCC database by comparing the TM data in the mid-1990s with new data sources received during 1999–2000 and 1989–1990. The LUCC database has supported greatly the national LUCC research program in China and some relative studies are incompletely reviewed in this paper.     

The land use and land cover change database and its relative studies in China

In the mid-1990s, we established the national operative dynamic information serving systems on natural resources and environment. During building the land-use/land-cover change (LUCC) database for the mid-1990s, 520 scenes of remotely sensed images of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) were interpreted into land-use/land-cover categories at scale of 1:100,000 under overall digital software environment after being geo-referenced and ortho-rectified. The vector map of land-use/land-cover in China at the scale of 1:100,000 was recently converted into a 1-km raster database that captures all of the high-resolution land-use information by calculating area percentage for each kind of land use category within every cell. Being designed as an operative dynamic information serving system, monitoring the change in land-use/land-cover at national level was executed. We have completed the updating of LUCC database by comparing the TM data in the mid-1990s with new data sources received during 1999-2000 and 1989-1990. The LUCC database has supported greatly the national LUCC research program in China and some relative studies are incompletely reviewed in this paper.     

基于土地利用/覆被变化表征的现代绿洲演变过程——以天山北坡三工河流域为例

本文以天山北坡三工河流域为例,利用1958年、1968年和1978年3期航片、1987年彩红外航片、1998年Landsat TM、2004年SPOT 5和2014年Landsat OLI影像,构建绿洲及其外围荒漠7期土地利用/土地覆被数据集,综合分析1950s屯垦戍边以来现代绿洲演变和外围荒漠植物群落变化。结果表明：①1950年以来,屯垦戍边使位于三工河冲洪积扇中下部的老绿洲不断向冲积平原扩张,老绿洲外围以柽柳和梭梭为建群种的土质荒漠景观不断转变为新绿洲,绿洲面积增加了4倍多。其中1958-1968年和2000s以来是绿洲变化最为显著的两个阶段,这两个阶段分别对应了农业用地和建设用地增幅最大的时期。② 三工河流域的现代绿洲演变过程中存在“地方管辖区”和“兵团农场区”两种基本管理模式,也正是这两种模式相互渗透、相互交叉融合,共同推动了现代绿洲演变。③三工河流域1950s-2004年现代绿洲演变具有干旱区绿洲演变的普遍特征,但2004年以后的演变仅适用于有较大规模跨流域调水或新增水源的绿洲演变情形。现代绿洲的扩张以荒漠植被的砍伐和破坏为代价,导致绿洲外围植物群落结构发生了显著的变化,这使得绿洲外围荒漠生态系统的保护愈加困难     

基于遥感技术的银川市土地利用/覆被研究

为消除地形复杂地区不同地物的同谱异物现象,在遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术的支持下,采用分区分类方法对宁夏银川市1991和1999年的Landsat TM/ETM 影像进行解译,得到了银川市两期土地利用/覆被变化数据。在此基础上,通过转移矩阵和土地利用/覆被变化幅度、动态度及状态指数模型,对银川市土地利用/覆被变化的状况和变化过程进行了研究。结果表明,在研究期内,银川市各土地利用/覆被变化类型都有不同程度的变化。林地、耕地和城市用地转入大于转出,朝着规模增加的方向发展,而草地和水体转出大于转入,朝着规模缩小的方向发展,未利用地虽然转入大于转出,但变化缓慢;土地利用/覆被年变化率最大的是草地,其次为耕地,未利用地的最小。     

Landscape transformations in savannas of northern South America: Land use/cover changes since 1987 in the Llanos Orientales of Colombia

This study presents a detailed spatial, quantitative assessment of the land use/cover changes (LUCC) in the savanna region of Llanos Orientales in Colombia. LUCC was determined from multitemporal satellite imagery (Landsat and CBERS) from 1987 to 2007. Systematic landscape transitions were identified and put in the context of population change and economic activity. The results showed that during the period 1987 to 2007, 14% of the study area underwent some kind of land use/cover change, with most change occurring in the last decade. Systematic transitions were observed from flooded savannas to crops and exotic pastures. An important land cover change was linked to the expansion of palm oil plantations from 31 km² in 1987 to 162 km² in 2007. The observed changes are shown to be related to the economic and market-oriented-development from before 1970 to the present day. Based on the future economic development plans, the Llanos Orientales will continue to undergo significant change as an estimated 70% of the 17,000 km² have been identified for conversion to plantation, or for petroleum and mining purposes. We provide recommendations for future economy integrated conservation, by proposing the implementation of a Llanos ecological network.     

近期气候波动与LUCC过程对东北农田生产潜力的影响

利用1991~2000年逐日气象资料以及20世纪80年代末和90年代末土地利用数据,估算了东北地区气候波动和LUCC过程对农田生产潜力的影响。结果显示:90年代东北地区由于作物生长季内气候变暖和降水减少,生产潜力普遍降低6.45%,其中降水量变化的区域差异是导致生产潜力变化区域分异的主要原因。在LUCC过程的影响下,东北地区生产潜力总量净增加2 402.79×10⁴t。从气候波动和LUCC过程对生产潜力的影响程度看,气候波动要低于LUCC过程的作用,LUCC过程所导致的生产潜力的增长趋势抵消了气候波动所带来的降低趋势,10年间东北地区农田生产潜力总量净增加992.23×10⁴t。     

1990—2005年疏勒河流域土地利用/覆盖变化分析

选择疏勒河流域为研究区域,利用1990年TM、2000年ETM和2005年TM影像为信息源,应用地理信息系统和遥感技术,提取三期疏勒河流域土地利用信息,并对土地利用动态进行了分析。结果表明,近15 a来,疏勒河流域土地利用变化缓慢,土地利用格局没有发生显著变化;不同土地利用类型中,耕地面积和建设用地增加较多;林地、草地面积减少;水域在1990—2000年间减少,2000—2005年间增加;未利用地在1990—2000年之间增加,2000—2005年之间减少。     

城市地表温度对土地利用/覆被变化响应的遥感研究——以乌鲁木齐为例

 快速的城市化对城市环境产生显著的影响,基于遥感定量研究地表温度对土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）的响应,来评估快速城市化对环境的影响,是一种快速、有效的途径。以干旱区典型绿洲型城市——乌鲁木齐为例,将遥感与地理信息系统相结合,利用1990年和2009年两期陆地卫星影像为基础数据进行土地利用/覆被分类,并基于单窗算法定量反演同期的地表温度,从而对快速城市化进程中的土地利用/覆被类型动态变化的空间特征及地表温度对快速城市化的响应情况进行了定量研究。结果显示,在近20 a间,乌鲁木齐城市迅速扩张,土地利用/覆被类型变化显著,城市建设用地增长率高达44.73%;同时城市的快速发展使地表温度提高了近6 ℃。研究表明,温度变化格局,尤其是增温区的空间分布与城市扩张的空间格局基本一致,说明地表温度对城市的土地利用/覆被变化产生了显著的响应。     

近30年青海贵南县土地利用与景观格局变化

基于1977、1999、2007年:三期生长季的Landsat遥感影像,利用RS、GIS及景观生态学方法,对青海省贵南县1977-2007年的土地利用/覆被进行监测.并计算土地利用转移矩阵和景观格局指数;在此基础上对研究区土地利用与景观格局动态变化进行分析.结果表明:1977-2007年间贵南县的土地利用/覆被状况发生了显著变化,草场面积总体呈现退化趋势,其中东南部芒曲镇和森多乡地区的高覆盖度草场持续退化.而木格滩地区的中覆盖度草场则经历了被开垦为耕地后又退耕还草的过程;耕地先增后减,总体呈减少趋势:另外研究区东部和南部山地地带的疏木灌林有所增加,龙羊峡水库的修建淹没了周围一些裸岩和低覆盖度草场,而2000年后政府实施的退耕还草工程也逐步见效.木格滩沙地面积被控制.30年间贵南县景观总体发生破碎化,前期破碎化程度剧烈.优势斑块呈分散趋势,景观异质性上升;后期因退耕还草等保护措施,破碎化程度有所缓和,优势斑块倾向聚集,景观内部聚合度增加.研究区景观变化是自然因素与人为因素共同作用的结果,但近几十年来人口和牲畜数量急剧增加、人类对草场乱采滥伐、不合理发展畜牧业等人为干扰因素还是占主导.     

基于CA-Markov模型的多时间跨度土地利用变化模拟

土地利用/覆被变化（Land Use and Cover Change, LUCC）模拟是LUCC研究的主要内容和重要手段。时间间隔是模拟过程中的重要参数,对模拟结果精度有何影响,有待深入研究。以新疆玛纳斯河流域典型绿洲区四道河子镇为例,基于遥感影像提取1975、1985、1995、2000、2005、2010年和2015年的土地利用数据,分别以20 a、15 a、10 a和5 a为时间间隔构建CA-Markov模型,模拟2015年土地利用结构,定量探讨时间间隔对CA-Markov模型精度的影响。结果表明：1975—2015年,四道河子镇LUCC以耕地和草地为主,期间耕地、建设用地迅速扩张,林地、草地和未利用地大幅减少,水域在1985—2000年呈现小幅增长。耕地的增加和草地及林地的减少是研究区近40 a LUCC最显著的特征。对比模拟结果与实际结果,时间间隔为20 a、15 a、10 a、5 a的TFOM分别为70.35%,69.18%,76.32%和88.00%。基于2005—2010年转移概率的模拟结果更接近于2015年实际结果,适合模拟四道河子镇未来的土地利用变化。土地利用模拟应依据区域LUCC特征确定最佳的时间间隔,提高模拟精度。     

LUCC对湿地碳储量及碳排放的影响

湿地生态系统是陆地上重要的碳库,其碳储量和排放通量的变化对全球碳循环和气候变化起着重要作用。湿地碳库的变化受到诸多因素的影响,其中土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)是影响湿地碳库的主要因素之一。研究表明,土地利用/覆盖变化通过影响湿地植被覆盖状况、土壤湿度、氧化还原电位、微生物活性等方面,影响着湿地的碳储存与碳排放。湿地垦殖后大量的碳被释放出来,湿地的碳汇和碳源功能发生了变化。     

Land use and land cover change and its driving forces in Maqu County, China in the past 25 years

Maqu County is located in the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and it is the main watershed for the Yellow River. The ecosystem there is extremely vulnerable and sensitive to climate change and human activities, which have caused significant deterioration of the eco-environment in this region. In order to restore the ecological environment, a government project to restore the grazing areas to grassland was implemented in Maqu County in early 2004. This study evaluates the effects of that restoration project on land use and land cover change (LUCC), and explores the driving forces of LUCC in Maqu County. In the study we used Landsat images obtained in 1989, 2004, 2009, and 2014 to establish databases of land use and land cover. Then we derived LUCC information by overlaying these layers using GIS software. Finally, we analyzed the main forces responsible for LUCC. The results showed that forests, high-coverage grasslands, and marshes experienced the most significant decreases during 1989-2004, by 882.8 ha, 35,250.4 ha, and 2,753.4 ha, respectively. However, moderate- and low-coverage grasslands and sand lands showed the opposite trend, increasing by 12,529.7 ha, 25,491.0 ha, and 577.5 ha, respectively. LUCC in 2004-2009 showed that ecological degradation slowed compared with 1989-2004. During 2009-2014, high- and moderate-coverage grasslands increased obviously, but low-coverage grasslands, marshes, unused lands, sand lands, and water areas showed the opposite trend. These results suggested that the degradation of the eco-environment was obvious before 2009, showing a decrease in the forests, grasslands, and water areas, and an increase in unused lands. The ecological degradation was reversed after 2009, as was mainly evidenced by increases in high- and moderate-coverage grasslands, and the shrinkage rate of marshes decreased obviously. These results showed that the project of restoring grazing lands to grassland had a positive effect on the LUCC. Other major factors that influence the LUCC include increasing temperature, variation in the seasonal frozen soil environment, seasonal overgrazing, and pest and rodent damage.     

额尔齐斯河-斋桑湖流域近20年来土地利用/土地覆被时空演变

土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)是影响生态环境和气候变化的主要驱动力之一,同时又是受其影响的结果。LUCC研究对于开展生态环境变化及气候变化的研究均具有重要的意义。针对目前境外LUCC研究中土地利用/覆被分类效率低的问题,探索一种适用于大数据量而又精度较高的分类方法。以额尔齐斯河国外部分-斋桑湖流域为研究区域,以1990年及2007年的Landsat TM/ETM+夏秋季影像以及DEM作为数据源,综合利用影像光谱、纹理信息参与到决策树构造中,进而利用决策树分类方法分别提取这两个时期的土地利用/覆被空间分布信息,最后分析两个时期的土地利用时空变化状况。实验结果表明:(1)光谱与空间纹理信息参与的决策树分类方法具有较高的分类精度;(2)两个时期的土地利用变化分析发现,近20年来该区域土地利用发生了较大的变化,耕地和灌木林地大面积减少,而低覆盖度草地和未利用地却显著增加。     

Effect of Land Use and Land Cover Change on the Changes in Net Primary Productivity in Karst Areas of Southwest China: A Case Study of Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County

Karst areas in southwest China have experienced significant land cover and land use change (LUCC) due to utilization for human activity and a comprehensive rocky desertification control project (RDCP) since 2008. It is important to quantify the effect of LUCC on ecosystem productivity in this region for assessing the overall benefit of this ecological restoration project. In this study, we used using MODIS land cover and NPP products to investigate the relative contribution of LUCC to the change in net primary productivity (NPP) during 2008-2013 in Huanjiang County, one of first one hundred pilot counties to implement RDCP. Our results show that NPP increased in 95.53% of the county, and the average growth of NPP in non-rocky desertification area was higher than in rocky desertification or potential rocky desertification areas. LUCC has an important contribution (25.23%) to the NPP increase in the county, especially in the LUCC area (70.97%), which increased the average NPP by 3.9% and 10.5%, respectively. Across the six RDCP regions in the county, the average increase in NPP for the vegetation restoration measure of governed karst area is significantly greater than in the ungoverned karst area, and the positive change in NPP increased with the increasing implementation area of the vegetation restoration measure.     

干旱区绿洲LUCC马尔柯夫过程分析——以新疆于田绿洲为例

土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)在干旱区环境变化及生态监测中具有重要意义。本文选取塔里木盆地南缘典型绿洲于田县,利用TM遥感影像,基于Markov模型预测了于田绿洲未来的发展趋势,得出绿洲将向良性方向发展的结论。通过对Markov模型中不同步长收敛结果的讨论,可以看出间隔10 a1、2 a步长的马尔柯夫过程与间隔两年的马尔柯夫过程有着明显的不同,短时间序列(两年)具有很大的随机特性,说明马尔柯夫模型中时间尺度是一个重要环节。由本文研究可以看出,基于遥感的Markov模型可以分析绿洲的变化趋势,在干旱区绿洲LUCC及其环境动态监测中具有重要的实用意义。     

Landuse/landcover changes in Zhangye oasis of Hexi Corridor

Taking two false color composite Landsat 5 TM (Thematic Mapper) images of band 4,3,2 taken in 1995 and 2000 as data resources, this paper carried out study on LUCC of Zhangye oasis in recent five years by interpretation according to land resources classification system of 1:100,000 Resources and Environmental Database of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The results show that great changes have taken place in landuse/landcover in Zhangye oasis since 1995: (1) Changes of landuse structure show that cropland and land for urban construction and built-up area increased, on the contrary, water area and grassland decreased. These changes reflect the deterioration of eco-environment and the acceleration of urbanization, and also indicate the problems existing in the arrangement of water and land resources between the upper and lower reaches of the Heihe River. (2) Regional differences of landuse/landcover are evident, characterized by following aspects: in Sunan County located in Qilian Mountain area, unused land and grassland decreased, but cropland and land for urban construction and built-up area increased. In Minle and Shandan counties located in foothills, unused land, water area and cropland decreased, but grassland and land for urban construction and built-up area increased. In Zhangye City, Linze County and Gaotai County located in plain area of the middle reaches of the Heihe River, unused land, water area and grassland decreased, while woodland, cropland and land for urban construction and built-up area increased.