黑河中游灌区水价探讨

在实施黑河流域治理中,建设节水型社会农业节水极为关键。水价是促进节水灌溉的最重要经济手段。为此,在对黑河中游各灌区现状水价调查的基础上,分析了各灌区现状水价水平及用水户对水价的承受能力,并提出了有关调整农业灌溉水价试行的建议:试行累进制水价、季节浮动水价达到流域节水目的。调查分析表明:各灌区现状水价偏低,达不到成本水价。农户可承受的水价水平为0.12元·m-3。累进制水价以0.12元·m-3为基价,以净灌溉定额作为用水基数。季节浮动水价在春灌期及冬灌期,水价取0.15元·m-3,其余月份取0.08元·m-3。     

山区县国土空间规划协同的弹性空间测度——以湖南省茶陵县为例

县域空间是中国城乡交融最明显的空间规划基本单元,空间发展与约束导致的用途冲突或重叠现象非常突出。论文以典型山区县湖南省茶陵县为研究对象,建立多规协同的国土空间系统弹性评价体系,运用土地利用区间优化及适宜性评价方法确定各类用地的弹性区间,预测不同土地利用类型的空间转移特征,并提出相应的弹性空间差异化管控建议。结果表明：茶陵县域国土空间系统相关社会与经济指标的弹性贡献度较小,弹性综合评价值在整体上低于湖南省平均水平。不同用地类型的弹性规划区间有明显差异,按不同用地类型弹性区间分析,园地、林地、水域、耕地、其他农用地对茶陵县发展弹性承纳贡献值依次降低,分别占总面积的3.47%、2.97%、1.02%、0.90%、0.06%。不同用地弹性空间转移具有显著的带状分布特征,呈现生态用地与农用地、建设用地与农用地、建设用地与生态用地空间等3种类型交叠,生态用地与农用地空间交叠区最大,占总面积的6.41%;其次是建设用地与农用地交叠区,占比0.97%。对不同用地类型的弹性交叠区域尤其农用地转为建设用地应加强差异化管控。弹性空间测度研究为山区县域国土空间规划用途管制提供了差异化的空间管理技术方法和实证。     

干旱环境胁迫下农户适应性研究——基于民勤绿洲地区农户调查数据

适应能力及其评估框架为农户生计研究提供了一个新思路。本文在干旱环境背景下,借鉴农户可持续生计和适应能力相关理论,探讨民勤绿洲地区农户适应能力及适应行为。按照适应能力评估框架,构建农户适应能力评价指标体系,通过问卷和实地调查获取数据,在农户适应行为分类的基础上,测量不同适应类型农户的适应能力,分析影响农户适应类型的因素。结果表明：①从农户的适应行为来看,积极主动的适应行为选择较多,减少消费、参加社会保险等适应行为选择较少;农户适应类型中,综合适应型的比重最大,被动适应型最小。②农户的适应能力方面,各维度整体分布较为均衡,但自然能力和社会能力存在显著分异,而物质能力、金融能力、劳动能力和学习能力较均衡;不同农户适应类型中,综合适应型农户适应能力更稳定,务工主导型和被动适应型的稳定性较差。在适应能力六大维度中,物质能力在六大农户适应类型中所占比重最大,自然能力最小。③家庭物质资产、非农就业比重、社会网络、人均“退还关压”面积、受教育程度等适应能力指标对农户的适应行为选择具有显著影响。     

多重压力对重点生态功能区农户生计资产可得性的影响——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

重点生态功能区主要承担着提供持续、稳定生态服务的功能,农户作为维护其主体功能的最基础单元和该区最主要的经济活动主体,面临着自然、社会、政策等多重压力,其交互作用不仅加剧了农户的生计脆弱性,更影响到该区主体功能的发挥,当前急需辨明多重压力对农户生计的影响,以便寻求有效的生计脆弱性减缓对策。本文以甘南黄河水源补给区为例,运用入户调查数据与有序Logistic回归模型等方法在识别农户遭受关键压力的基础上,进一步探讨生计压力的交互作用对生计资产可得性的影响。结果显示：① 甘南黄河水源补给区大多数农户遭受自然+经济型多重压力,其中,重点保护区、恢复治理区及经济示范区农户遭受的多重压力分别以自然+经济型、自然+经济型、经济+社会型为主。② 在多重压力的冲击下,重点保护区与恢复治理区农户除了社会资产可得性变化处于稳定状态,其余各类资产可得性变化几乎处于降低态势,而经济示范区农户的金融资产与社会资产的可得性变化处于稳定状态,其余各类资产可得性变化均处于降低态势。③ 婚嫁支出高与农牧产品价格下降、牲畜患病与人畜饮用水困难、子女学费支出高+婚嫁支出高+农牧产品价格下降+养老无保障、建房开支高与生态政策、子女就业困难与农业病虫害等压力的交互作用分别对自然资产、物质资产、金融资产、社会资产、人力资产等的可得性变化影响最强烈。     

农业多功能的地域类型与优化策略——以吉林省为例

中国农业的发展正面临可持续发展、消费者需求变化、全球化的挑战。农业供给侧改革和乡村振兴背景下,应深入研究农业多种功能的空间格局、地域类型和优化策略。论文首先简要探讨了多功能农业的发展过程和农业功能时空差异的理论基础,然后以吉林省为例,构建了农业多功能的评价指标体系,采用聚类分析等方法,对农业多功能的地域类型及优化策略进行了实证研究。研究表明：① 农业多功能具有联合生产和外部性特征,经济社会发展阶段、农业资源禀赋以及两者的组合作用,是导致农业多功能时空分异的关键因素;② 吉林省县域农业各功能的空间分异具有不同特征,农产品供给功能高值县域主要分布在中西部松辽平原,经济发展功能高值县域主要为大农业发达的县域,社会保障功能高值县域主要为东部城镇化水平高且劳均农业产值高的县域,生态服务功能高值县域主要为林地、草地、水域面积占比高的东部和西部县域;③ 吉林省县域农业多功能的地域类型可分为4类,即农产品供给优势区、多种功能并重区、非生态功能弱势区和生态服务优势区;④ 不同农业多功能的地域类型具有不同的功能组合特征和区域发展背景因素的结构性差异,应有针对性地采取差异化的发展策略。     

Agricultural water poverty: Using Q-methodology to understand stakeholders' perceptions

The aim of this Q methodology study was to identify perceptions of farmers and agricultural specialists toward agricultural water poverty concept and its causes in Marvdasht County, Iran. Seventy five participants completed the Q sort procedure. Data analysis identified seven types of perceptions toward agricultural water poverty: Management-adherents, Adaptive-adherents, Fatalists, Support-seekers, Farmer blamer Pessimists, Technocratic Realists and Optimists. The first four types of perceptions were dominated by farmers and the last three by agricultural specialists. These different perspectives indicated that various individuals think differently about the nature, causes, effects and permanency of agricultural water poverty. Understanding the multiple meaning systems of agricultural water poverty for decision and policy makers will be critical as they may provide the basis for the development of more appropriate strategies to mitigate water poverty in agricultural sector.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响及其群体差异

生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响研究对于分析区域生态系统的社会贡献及有效减贫等方面具有重要的理论与实践意义。本文以地处黄土丘陵沟壑区的陕西省米脂县为例,在整合主客观人类福祉的基础上,基于生态系统服务可得性评估,利用结构方程模型定量分析了生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响及其群体差异。结果如下：① 生态系统服务对客观福祉和主观福祉具有显著正向影响,并通过客观福祉对主观福祉产生间接影响。农户属性对生态系统服务和客观福祉直接效应显著,对主观福祉直接效应不显著。② 生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响存在群体差异,纯农型与兼业型的服务可得性对客观福祉直接效应显著,而非农型不显著;纯农型与兼业型的服务可得性对主观福祉的直接效应明显大于非农型,且非农型间接效应不显著;非农型客观福祉对主观福祉的影响明显高于纯农型与兼业型。③ 生态系统服务对人类福祉影响的因子贡献与服务组合存在群体差异,即三类群体生态系统服务对福祉影响的差异不仅体现在服务类型及影响程度上,还体现在服务组合的差异上。     

Relational Agriculture: Gender,Sexuality, and Sustainability in U.S. Farming

Although 97% of U.S. farms are “family-owned,” little research examines how gender and sexual relationships – inherent in familial dynamics – influence farmers’ practices and livelihoods. Gender and sexual dynamics – shaped by race and class – affect who is considered a farmer, land management decisions, and access to resources like land, subsidies, and knowledge. We use feminist and queer lenses to illuminate how today’s agricultural gender and sexual relations are not “natural,” but when left uninterrogated are constructed in ways that harm women and queer farmers while limiting potential to develop sustainable practices. Women and queer farmers also resist, “re-orienting” gender and sexual relations in ways that expand possibilities for achieving food justice and ecological sustainability. We offer “relational agriculture” as a tool for making visible and re-orienting gender and sexual relations on farms. Relational agriculture brings sexuality into food justice and demonstrates the centrality of gender and sexuality to agricultural sustainability.     

Same Disease—different research strategies: Bananas and Black Sigatoka in Brazil and Colombia

Fungal disease epidemics have the potential to bring about drastic innovations. However, in the case of the Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) fungus in bananas, producers and international traders are still awaiting a breakthrough in crop protection research. Using the cases of Brazil and Colombia, this paper examines different agricultural research responses to the disease. Brazil opted to replace susceptible varieties with resistant ones, whereas in Colombia chemical control by private actors dominated. We argue that these different responses result from at least three interrelated factors. First, producer type—smallholder farmers or larger export‐oriented plantations—influences the setting of crop protection research priorities. Second, a central, state‐led role versus a private sector response influences the size and time perspective of research activities. Third, domestic markets with multiple crop varieties versus Cavendish‐only export markets leads to differences in control practices and research responses. From this case study, we argue that the currently proposed innovation systems approaches in international agricultural research should adopt a broader perspective that assesses how research is interwoven with agrarian dynamics, commodity chains and particular state roles to elucidate how state–producer–researcher networks perform disease control and where and how to find new solutions.     

农户后顾生计来源及其居民点整合研究 ——基于重庆市西部郊区白林村471户农户调查

农户生计资产决定着农户生计方式选择与生计策略行为,作为当前农户主要消费性投资行为的农村居民点建设消费受制于农户所拥有的生计资产量,基于此引导农户的居民点建设消费行为、开展农村居民点整合已成为当前提高农村土地利用效率、改善农户生产生活条件的关键。研究选取重庆市沙坪坝区白林村为样点,采用“PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) +3S”相结合的方法,以地理坐标为标识码,建立农户属性数据与地块的空间数据相链接的“农户-土地”数据库。运用该数据库,构建农户生计资产量化指标体系,量化农户生计资产进行农户分化,剖析不同农户的后顾生计来源及其住居意愿,开展农村居民点整合。结果表明,农户生计资产的配置结构差异明显,8%的农户各项资产产值高于平均水平,23%的农户各项资产产值处于中等水平;以农户拥有的自然资产产值为主辅以其他各项资产产值,将农户划分为农业多样化发展型(16%)、农业专业化发展型(8%)、兼业化发展型(23%)、非农多样化发展型(31%) 和非农专业化发展型(22%) 5 类;根据不同生计来源农户的住居意愿并结合国家与地方发展战略,构建了社区型(非农多样化发展型与非农专业化发展型)、组团型(农业专业化发展型)、块状型(农业多样化发展型) 和带状型(兼业化发展型) 4 种农村居民点整合方式。     

特色种植的空间持续性及其影响因素研究——以河南省封丘县树莓产业为例

以河南省封丘县树莓产业为例,基于实地调查,从特色种植的空间扩散网络、村域种植规模变化、不同类型村空间分布特征、整体参与村空间集聚特征4方面对特色种植的空间持续性进行分析发现：特色种植空间扩散网络密度低,空间持续性不强,但其变化的空间范围一定,集聚特征明显。运用AMOS21.0对以上现象的影响因素进行分析发现：① 农户自身特性,尤其是冒险性精神对其持续种植时长影响较大;② 资金、技术、信息等生产条件获取越便利,农户持续种植时间越长;③ 政府推动对农户持续种植具有正向作用;④ 资源环境,尤其是土壤特性和能人带动对村域种植规模影响深刻;⑤ 距离区位对村域持续种植的影响弱于基础设施条件。     

吉林省西部土地荒漠化现状、特征与治理途径研究

吉林省西部土地荒漠化主要表现为土地沙漠化、盐碱化和草场退化,制约着该地区农、牧业的发展,该区土地荒漠化具有脆弱性、可恢复性和可逆性的三性特征。采取不同实用技术,治理盐碱化、沙漠化和草原退化,并将其纳入社会经济发展规划,常抓不懈,使生态环境保持良性循环、经济可持续发展。     

北碚与重庆主城核心区的空间联系——基于交通和居民出行调查数据的分析

城镇体系中的空间联系研究可以分为大尺度的网络联系和小尺度的地域联系两种。以国内外研究相对较少的小尺度范围的城市空间联系为研究对象,选择处于快速城镇化进程中的重庆主城核心区与作为其卫星城之一的北碚为案例地,借用数据量需求较大、结论更符合实际的经验主义研究方法,系统分析了北碚区与重庆主城核心区间的空间联系。研究显示:北碚区与重庆主城核心区空间联系发展历程经历了4 个阶段,联系日益紧密;城市功能方面,北碚区已经从独立城市成为重庆主城核心区重要的功能组团,有别于传统的"卧城"概念;空间联系强度方面呈现出明显的距离衰减特征,并与地区的社会因素、经济发展水平等因素有密切关系;通过对二者空间联系解释的框架分析,表明城市政府的政策和规划在两地空间联系发展中起到主导作用。     

黑河流域农业节水协调可持续发展研究

构建了黑河流域农业节水协调可持续发展指标体系、协调度和协调发展度模型,采用熵值法确定指标权重,分析了该流域2004—2009年社会经济与农业节水协调可持续发展水平。结果表明：（1）社会经济与农业节水技术水平综合指数呈上升趋势,农业水资源开发利用程度综合指数呈下降趋势;（2）农业节水可持续发展水平呈波动发展趋势,整体发展水平较低,属于传统落后发展阶段,2006年和2009年最高,为0.43,2005年最低,均为0.34;（3）社会经济与农业节水协调发展2004年和2006年不协调,2005年不太协调,2007—2009年达到基本协调,但仍有较大潜力可挖。     

西藏自治区农牧民收入结构分析

依据入户调查资料 ,文章重点分析了现阶段西藏农牧民的收入结构 ,包括收入来源、收入性质、现金收入等内容 ,探索了不同地区 (农区、牧区、半农半牧区、一江两河农业开发区、城郊区等 )及不同收入段农牧民收入结构和收入来源的差异。通过分析发现西藏农牧民收入有以下特征 :①收入以实物为主 ,现金收入和可支配收入少 ;②城郊区农牧民收入多样化指数高 ,农牧民收入高 ,收入多样化指数与农牧民收入正相关 ;③低收入农户收入来源单一 ,抗风险能力弱 ,收入增加困难 ;④从生活质量看农区优于牧区 ,半农半牧区农牧民生活质量最差 ;⑤影响农牧民人均收入的主要因子为人均生产性投入、区域通达度等。     

福建省乡村发展水平及主导类型划定

乡村发展水平测度是美丽乡村建设规划编制的重要依据和基础。在构建福建省乡村发展水平评价指标体系的基础上,从县域层面测度并划定福建省乡村发展水平的基本特征及主导类型。结果表明:1福建省乡村发展增长趋势显著,闽南地区、北部地区、闽西小部分地区具有较明显的区域特色,不同区域在不同时期内乡村发展水平具有波动性;2福建省乡村发展受地理、资源、经济、文化等方面的影响痕迹明显,特色农业现代化、新型城镇化及新农村建设等是主要驱动因素;3将福建省乡村发展类型划分为工商业导向型(Ⅰ)、农工业导向型(Ⅱ)、农工商导向型(Ⅲ)、农业主导型(Ⅳ)4个基本类型。针对不同类型区的优势、潜力和限制因素进行政策导向分析与对策建议。     

Impact of Agricultural Labor Transfer on Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution: A Case Study of Jiangxi,China

A large proportion of the rural labor force in China will continue to transfer to non-agricultural sectors in the near future, which will inevitably lead to the transformation of the agricultural production mode and the structure of the farmers’ livelihood. The Chinese government is making great efforts to govern agricultural nonpoint source pollution (ANSP), and farmers' environmental behavior is a key factor that must be considered in the formulation of agricultural environmental policies. Based on a set of micro survey data on farmers in the study area and econometric methods, this study investigates the impact of agricultural labor transfer on ANSP by considering the substitution effect of agricultural factors and the effect of agricultural economies of scale. The results show that the increase of the agricultural labor force will not be conducive to reducing ANSP, while the income increase brought by agricultural labor transfer will improve the input structure of agricultural factors and have a positive impact on ANSP reduction. Government departments should provide subsidies or incentive measures to help agricultural social service organizations to expand their coverage and increase the frequency of socialized agricultural services, in order to guide farmers in the use of environment-friendly agricultural technology to reduce the ANSP caused by agricultural factors at the source. Furthermore, it is necessary to facilitate the development of small-sized agricultural machinery suitable for small-area land cultivation.     

The role of NTFPs in a shifting cultivation system in transition: A village case study from the uplands of North Central Vietnam

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2): 103–114, 2006

Periods characterized by agricultural change and transitions are often associated with insecurity and vulnerability regarding food production and food supplies. Forests and forest products tend to play an important buffer role during the process of change and uncertainty, where forest and fallows provide food products or income that people can temporarily fall back on. In the upland village of Que in North Central Vietnam, several different drivers are currently changing land use and land cover. The Forest Land Allocation policy, implemented in 1998, is one of the major driving forces, allocating farmers a reduced area of land for shifting cultivation in order to prevent any further deforestation and land degradation. However, the reduction in agricultural land set aside for shifting cultivation has lead to a severe decrease in hill rice production. The land use system is in a transition phase—from a conventional shifting cultivation system to a composite swiddening system. The area under shifting cultivation has been reduced, and the system has been intensified via the introduction of paddy rice cultivation, increased livestock rearing and commercial exploitation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Yet, the current transformation of the system has resulted in a drastic reduction in overall rice production. Thus, the collection and selling of NTFPs such as bamboo shoots, broom grass and pherynium leaves seem to prevent severe shortage of food since farmers are able to purchase food products with the money generated from the selling of NTFPs.     

Paving the Way for Social Learning When Governance Is Weak: Supporting Dialogue Between Stakeholders to Face a Groundwater Crisis in Morocco

Approaches to improve the governance of social–ecological systems are difficult to define in situations where governance is weak, that is, involving limited interactions between the actors and weak management of natural resources. This article analyzes an action research process implemented in the Chaouia coastal region of Morocco, where weak governance of the social–ecological system led to a groundwater and agricultural crisis. A dialogue between local actors was set up with the aim of identifying strategies to address the crisis. First separately and then together, farmers’ groups and staff members of public organizations analyzed the existing situation, scenarios for the future of the area, and strategies to cope with the crisis. Contrary to the expectations of the participants, farmers and staff members of public organizations had productive discussions. This approach clarified how social learning can be achieved and governance improved in this situation of weak governance.     

张家界农户乡村旅游脆弱性评价与影响因素

以张家界7个村庄334户农户为研究对象,运用参与式农村评估法（PRA）、主成分分析法、聚类分析法和多元线性回归等方法,分析不同类型农户脆弱性指数以及脆弱性影响因素。研究结果表明：① 农户乡村旅游脆弱性类型可分为意识脆弱型、社交脆弱型、人力脆弱型、发展均衡型和全面脆弱型5种类型;② 总体脆弱性方面,不同类型农户的总体脆弱程度均为脆弱,各自脆弱性指数不一,且非旅游农户高于旅游农户;③ 因子脆弱性中除社交脆弱型农户的民俗文化因子脆弱性指数高于农户认知因子脆弱性外,其他类型农户的人力素质、社会网络、生计资本和农户认知等4个因子脆弱性指数均高于政策制度、生态环境和民俗文化等3个因子脆弱性指数;④ 人力、文化和生态等方面的因子是影响农户乡村旅游脆弱性的主要因素。最后,从提升生计资本、传承民俗文化和保护生态环境等方面提出降低农户乡村旅游脆弱性的几点建议。