Geochemical characteristics of mud volcano fluids in the southern margin of the Junggar basin,NW China: implications for fluid origin and mud volcano formation mechanisms

Mud volcanoes can provide important information about the underlying strata, hydrocarbon accumulation, and recent neotectonic movements in an area. The fluids erupting from mud volcanoes provide important information about their formation and evolution. The ion concentration and the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of the fluids that were erupted from the three mud volcano groups, Baiyanggou, Aiqigou, and Dushanzi, and nearby rivers in the southern margin of the Junggar basin, northwestern China, are studied. The concentrations of Na and Cl in mud volcano fluids are clearly elevated, displayed as the Na-Cl type. The δD and δ18O values of the fluids are similar between the Baiyanggou and Dushanzi mud volcanoes, which are mainly from ancient sedimentary pore water. However, the Aiqigou mud volcano is depleted in dissolved Cl and shows lower δ18O values with mixed sources, including deep pore and local meteoric water. Two types of mud volcanoes are proposed in this study. One type is low-energy mud volcanoes with a low volume of fluid of deep origin on the hillcrest, which display as mud pool/pie/hole. The other type is high-energy mud volcanoes having mixed fluid origin in the valley and formed in the shape of a mud cone (dome).     

Origin of salinity of deep groundwater in crystalline rocks

Deep groundwater in fractured crystalline basement has been reported from deep mines and from scientific deep wells. Highly saline brines have been described from several km depth in the continental basement of the Canadian, Fennoscandian and Ukrainian shields and elsewhere in the world. The origin of salinity is unknown and many different possibilities have been presented. We compare the compositional evolution of deep waters in the Black Forest basement, SW Germany, with those of other deep crystalline waters, and use halogen systematics (e.g. Cl/Br ratios) and other parameters of the waters to deduce the origin of their salinity. In the Black Forest the composition of deep thermal waters results from chemical interaction of surface water with the rock matrix (mainly weathering of plagioclase and mica) and from mixing of the reacted water with stagnant saline deep water. Here we show by Na/TDS-and Cl/TDS-investigations, by molality-ratios of the Na and Cl concentrations, and by Cl/Br systematics that these deep saline waters have a marine origin. The Cl/Br ratios in deep crystalline waters are very close to normal marine ratios (Cl/Br = 288 ppm basis). In contrast, Cl/Br ratios of other possible sources of salinity show distinctly different Cl/Br ratios: water derived from dissolved Tertiary halite deposits of the rift valley is in the order of Cl/Br = 2400 and water from dissolved Muschelkalk halite deposits has values of about Cl/Br = 9900. Leaching experiments on crystalline rocks, on the other hand, show that the average Cl/Br ratio of crystalline rocks is far below Cl/Br = 100.     

Isotopic evidence (He,B, C) for deep fluid and mud mobilization from mud volcanoes in the Caucasus continental collision zone

The Caucasian orogenic wedge formed as a consequence of the closure of the Tethyan Ocean, and numerous fields of active mud volcanoes pepper the area adjacent to the Black and Caspian Seas. Stable isotope ratios of boron, helium, and carbon have been measured for gas, fluid and sediment samples from active mud volcanoes of Taman Peninsula and Georgia to estimate the sources and mobilization depths of the fluid phase and mud. Boron concentrations in mud volcano fluids were found to be 5–35× higher than seawater. Fluid isotope ratios vary between ¹¹B=22 and 39, while isotope ratios of the smectite- and illite-rich extruded mud are considerably depleted in heavy ¹¹B (¹¹B=–8 to +7). B contents of these muds are ~8× higher than modern marine sediments. This suggests that liquefaction prior to mud volcanism was accompanied by both B enrichment and isotope fractionation, most likely at an intermediate depth mud reservoir at 2–4 km.The hydrocarbon-generating source beds to the mud volcanoes are located at 7 to >10 km depth in the folded Maikop Formation and are of proposed Oligocene–Miocene age. The most likely mechanism is re-hydration of these shales by both hydrocarbons and a geochemically mature fluid from greater depth within the orogenic wedge. Such a deep fluid source is supported by our results from gas analyses, which imply an admixture of minor amounts (less than 1%vol) of ³He (Georgia), thermogenic ¹³C in methane as well as "ultraheavy" ¹³C in CO₂ (both Taman and Georgia). The overall results attest active local flow of geochemically different fluids along deep-seated faults penetrating the two study areas in the Caucasian orogenic wedge, with the waters as well as the gases coming from below the Maikop Formation.     

Mud Volcanoes: Distribution Regularities and Genesis (Communication 2. Geological–Geochemical Peculiarities and Formation Model)

The work discusses relationships between mud volcanoes, tectonic faults, folds, and oil-and-gas deposits. The location of roots and centers of mud volcanic activity is analyzed. It proposes a new model of mud volcano formation, according to which these structures result from the development of elision systems of sedimentary basins.     

The experience in estimating the sedimentary basin petroleum potential on the basis of study of mud volcanic breccia clasts (an Example from the Deep Part of the Gulf of Cadiz)

Mud volcanism is a natural phenomenon well-known for on-shore and off-shore environments. Its major driving forces are deeply seated fluid accumulations and lithology and tectonism favorable for creating overpressure within deep strata with subsequent breakthrough of solid, liquid, and gaseous products of mud volcanism towards a ground surface. The mud breccia clasts provide information about the sedimentary section (up to several kilometers thick) through which the mud volcano erupted. Geochemical investigation of mud breccia clasts with characteristics of source rocks can help in understanding the petroleum potential of entire basin prior to expensive offshore exploration drilling. This is an especially important and useful method for initial estimation of petroleum potential of deep continental margin basins. The method of geochemical investigation of organic matter in the mud breccia clasts allowed to identify the Miocene and Upper Cretaceous clayey and carbonate deposits in the sedimentary sequence in the deep part of the Gulf of Cadiz as having the highest petroleum potential.     

Lithofacial complexes of quaternary deposits in the central and southeastern baltic sea

Geological and seismic profiling data (more than 25000 km of seismic profiles and about 1000 sediment sampling stations) collected during the last 30 yr by research vessels of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences are summarized. Seismic records are directly correlated with sediment cores. The distribution map (scale 1 : 500000) of Quaternary lithofacial complexes corresponding to certain stages of the Baltic Sea evolution is compiled. The following four complexes are distinguished (from the base to the top): (I) moraine, with maximum thicknesses 60 and 170 m in valleys and ridges respectively: (II) varved clay of periglacial basins and from the Baltic Ice Lake (BIL), up to 25 m thick in depressions; (III) lacustrinemarine homogeneous clay with a thickness up to 4–8 m in depressions; (IV) marine sediments (mud, aleurite, coarse-grained deposits) accumulated in environments with intense bottom currents activity (thickness 2–4 m in the Gotland Basin, 4–6 m in the Gdansk Basin, and 10–20 m in fans and prodeltas). The Quaternary sequence is cut through by inherited valleys, where the thickest Holocene sediments are noted. Today, these valleys serve as routes of sediment transport to slope bases and central parts of basins. Outblows of deep gas (through faults and fractures) and diagenetic gas (from sediments) to the bottom surface also occur in the valleys. Sedimentation rates are higher in the Gdansk Basin (up to 100–120 cm/ka). Thick sand, aleurite, and mud bodies are accumulated here (about 15–20 m in the Visla River prodelta). The sedimentation rate is slower in the Gotland Basin (up to 50–60 cm/ka), where thin (2–4 m) sections of more fine-grained mud occur     

东海与泥底辟构造有关的天然气水合物初探

根据所获得的高分辨率地震资料分析,发现冲绳海槽南部西侧槽坡附近以及海槽内部发育有一系列泥火山（底辟）构造,在地形上表现为泥火山地貌,在穿过泥火山的地震剖面上,表现出典型的泥底辟构造。对穿过泥底辟构造的DMS01-5地震剖面进一步的处理和解释发现,泥底辟构造顶部存在明显的似海底反射（BSR）,其与海底反射波组极性相反,在BSR之上存在振幅空白带,在速度谱上出现速度异常,指示存在与泥火山有关的天然气水合物。从世界广泛发现的与泥底辟构造有关的天然气水合物来看,天然气水合物既可以在泥底辟构造的丘状外围成藏,也可以在其外围的海底沉积物中产出。在泥底辟构造的丘状外围附近,天然气水合物的形成机制类似于传统的矿物低温热液的形成;在泥底辟构造外围海底沉积物中,其形成过程类似于传统的矿物交代形成机制。冲绳海槽泥底辟构造的发育与很高的沉积速率和槽坡的活动断层有关。在冰期期间,长江携带大量的陆源物质直接输送到大陆坡地区,沉积速率达300 m/Ma,产生异常高压,同时张性断层极为发育,为流体的迁移提供了良好的通道,在异常压力以及上覆地层压力作用下大量流体向上运移,从而发育大量的泥底辟构造。富含甲烷的流体易在其外围及外围海底沉积物中形成天然气水合物藏。     

Geochemistry of mud volcano fluids in the Taiwan accretionary prism

Taiwan is located at the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Asian Continental Plate and is one of the most active orogenic belts in the world. Fluids sampled from 9 sub-aerial mud volcanoes distributed along two major geological structures in southwestern Taiwan, the Chishan fault and the Gutingkeng anticline, were analyzed to evaluate possible sources of water and the degree of fluid-sediment interaction at depth in an accretionary prism. Overall, the Taiwanese mud volcano fluids are characterized by high Cl contents, up to 347 mM, suggesting a marine origin from actively de-watering sedimentary pore waters along major structures on land. The fluids obtained from the Gutingkeng anticline, as well as from the Coastal Plain area, show high Cl, Na, K, Ca, Mg and NH₄, but low SO₄ and B concentrations. In contrast, the Chishan fault fluids are much less saline (1/4 seawater value), but show much heavier O isotope compositions (δ¹⁸O=5.1–6.5 ‰). A simplified scenario of mixing between sedimentary pore fluids and waters affected by clay dehydration released at depth can explain several crucial observations including heavy O isotopes, radiogenic Sr contents (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.71136–0.71283), and relatively low salinities in the Chishan fluids. Gases isolated from the mud volcanoes are predominantly CH₄ and CO₂, where the CH₄–C isotopic compositions show a thermogenic component of δ¹³C=−38 ‰. These results demonstrate that active mud volcano de-watering in Taiwan is a direct product of intense sediment accretion and plate collision in the region.     

Sedimentological and ichnological implications of rapid Holocene flooding of a gently sloping mud‐dominated incised valley – an example from the Red River (Gulf of Tonkin)

The Gulf of Tonkin coastline migrated at an average rate of ca 60 m year^?1 landward during Holocene sea‐level rise (20 to 8 ka). Due to a combination of rapid coastline migration and undersupply of sand, neither coastal barriers nor tidal sand bars developed at the mouth of the Red River incised valley. Only a 30 to 80 cm thick sandy interval formed at the base of full‐marine deposits. Thus, the river mouth represented a mud‐dominated open funnel‐shaped estuary during transgression. At the base of the valley fill, a thin fluvial lag deposit marks a period of lowered sea‐level when the river did not reach geomorphic equilibrium and was thus prone to erosion. The onset of base‐level rise is documented by non‐bioturbated to sparsely bioturbated mud that occasionally contains pyrite indicating short‐term seawater incursions. Siderite in overlying deposits points to low‐salinity estuarine conditions. The open funnel‐shaped river mouth favoured upstream incursion of seawater that varied inversely to the seasonal strongly fluctuating discharge: several centimetres to a few tens of centimetres thick intervals showing marine or freshwater dominance alternate, as indicated by bioturbational and physical sedimentary structures, and by the presence of Fe sulphides or siderite, respectively. Recurrent short‐term seawater incursions stressed the burrowing fauna. The degree of bioturbation increases upward corresponding to increasing marine influence. The uppermost estuarine sediments are completely bioturbated. The estuarine deposits aggraded on average rapidly, up to several metres kyr^?1. Siphonichnidal burrows produced by bivalves, however, document recurrent episodes of enhanced deposition (>0·5 m) and pronounced erosion (<1 m) that are otherwise not recorded. The slope of the incised valley affected the sedimentary facies. In steep valley segments, the marine transgressive surface (equivalent to the onset of full‐marine conditions) is accentuated by the Glossifungites ichnofacies, whereas in gently sloped valley segments the marine transgressive surface is gradational and bioturbated. Marine deposits are completely bioturbated.     

西藏沙拉岗锑矿控矿构造及成矿时代约束

西藏沙拉岗锑矿床位于中国北喜马拉雅地区然巴杂岩穹窿的东南部40km。该地区至少有4种矿床类型被发现:(1)金矿;(2)金锑矿;(3)锑矿;(4)铅锌(银,锑)矿。沙拉岗是该地区代表性的一个以辉锑矿为主要矿石矿物的脉状锑矿床。赋矿围岩为下白垩统甲不拉组板岩、粉砂岩、硅质岩以及辉长岩和闪长岩等侵入体。主要的矿体受控于近东西向和近南北向断裂构造。近东西向的断裂构造多为低角度浅层次的层间断裂,在成矿前和成矿后均有活动。近南北向的构造多为高角度的断裂,切割了矿区的近东西向断裂,闪长岩和辉长岩,是主要的导矿构造和成矿要素,连通了深部含矿热液和浅表近东西向断裂构造。当近东西向和近南北向的构造发生交汇,沿断裂构造分布的蚀变和矿化的规模随之扩大,往往存在较大规模的工业矿体。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb分析说明辉长岩形成于23.6Ma左右,近南北向断裂构造及其伴随的锑矿化的时间,至少要晚于23.6Ma。     

Molybdenum deposits in the eastern Qinling,central China: constraints on the geodynamics

More than a dozen molybdenum prospects, distributed within a zone about 200 km long and 20 km wide, have been discovered in the Eastern Qinling orogenic belt, central China. These deposits are mainly hosted within small, dominantly granoporphyritic and quartz monzonitic intrusions of Cretaceous age. They can be classified into five groups based on spatial relationships between the ores and intrusions: porphyry-type, transitional-type (between porphyry and skarn), skarn-type, vent breccia-type, and hydrothermal vein-type Mo deposits. Regional geologic relations and deep-seated structures define the presence of the Luanchuan syncline, an EW-striking west-dipping depression located beneath the Mo-bearing metallogenic zone. Because the axis of the syncline is west-dipping in the study area and the crust overlying it is thickened, the stress is inhomogeneous, resulting in a S–N compressive stress in the deep crust and development of a set of NE-oriented extension-shear faults. These faults are superimposed on the W–E-striking deep-seated faults parallel to the ancient continental margin. The two groups form a chequerboard-like assemblage of deep-seated faults, providing channels for ascending ore fluids derived from crust–mantle interaction and space for subsequent ore precipitation. These faults controlled the emplacement of a series of intermediate-acid granite magmas and also contributed significantly to the distribution of the various Eastern Qinling ore deposits.     

Structure of the sedimentary cover of the Pugachevo mud volcano area in Sakhalin: Evidence from geophysical modeling

The geological-geophysical data on the Pugachevo mud volcano group located in the zone of the submeridional Central Sakhalin Fault (CSF) are analyzed. The results of the density and geothermal modeling along two orthogonal profiles passing through the central part of the Pugachevo area are examined. It is found that the Late Cretaceous sequence of this fault-related area contains a subvertical narrow anomalous deconsolidation cone-shaped zone widening from 1 km on the surface to 4 km at its base (at the depths more than 6 km). The density of the deconsolidation blocks is 2.20–2.22 g/cm³, whereas that of the adjacent blocks reaches around 2.4–2.5 g/cm³. The largest deconsolidation block is located in the Lower Cretaceous Ai Formation, where a vast reservoir zone with mainly hydrocarbon gas (HC) is inferred at depths of more than 4400 m with temperatures of more than 140°C. The modeling results showed that the main reservoir of gases periodically ejected from the Pugachevo mud volcano is localized in the Ai Formation sequence in the tectonically weakened zone of the CSF at depths of 4.5–5.6 km. The overlying sequences contain smaller intermediate reservoirs. The Pugachevo area is promising for economic hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

辽东白云-小佟家堡子矿集区控矿构造及成矿有利区预测

白云-小佟家堡子矿集区是辽东青城子矿集区的重要组成部分之一,包括位于北部的白云（二道沟、三道沟）、荒甸子等大中型金矿床及位于南部的林家三道沟、小佟家堡子、杨树、桃源等大型或中小型金矿床,高家堡子、凤银大地、姜家沟等大中型银矿床.前人对该区成岩成矿时代及金-多金属成矿作用开展了大量的研究工作,但控矿构造研究相对薄弱.研究结果表明,北部白云-荒甸子矿区容（含）矿构造为近东-西走向,向南倾,倾角30°左右逆冲断裂带,沿走向延伸近8 km.该逆冲断裂带由主逆冲断层及与其近于平行的若干条逆冲断层组成,宽度可达200 m.主断层面下部地层产状陡,上部缓,明显切层;而上部逆冲断层则以顺层为主.断层面一般呈舒缓波状,缓倾部位为矿体富集区域.南部林家三道沟-小佟家堡子矿区容矿构造为总体向北倾的缓倾逆冲断层,延伸稳定,在盖县组碎屑岩与大石桥组上部大理岩硅-钙面上部碎屑岩中形成金矿体,而硅-钙面下部大理岩中则形成铅锌银矿体,不同矿区赋矿层位近于一致.NW走向的尖山子断裂是本区规模最大的陡倾断裂,长度超过13 km,并具有多期活动特征.该断裂早期以右行走滑为主,晚期为正断层,在成矿后还有明显活动,可能将白云-荒甸子矿区近东-西向容矿逆冲断裂带向南错移至扈家堡子-马隈子北-毛甸子一带,最大错断距离达6 km.根据对白云-小佟家堡子矿集区控矿构造及赋矿层位的综合分析,结合成矿后断裂活动的改造,提出了白云-荒甸子矿区以南和小佟家堡子金矿-风银大地银矿2个深部成矿有利区及扈家堡子-马隈子北-毛甸子和桃源村以南2个外围成矿有利区.      

泥火山——天然气水合物存在的活证据

海底天然气水合物大多与通过切穿沉积盖层的断裂的上升烃类流体相关，这些高渗透带包括泥火山和底辟等侵入构造，所以泥火山、底辟和海底断裂等构造周围可能赋存水合物；实际钻探结果也证实，泥火山和水合物的形成与聚集有较为密切的关系。泥火山，它是地层内部圈闭气体由于压力释放上冲的结果，也是气体向上运移的通道。文章初步总结了泥火山与水合物的成矿关系，认为泥火山是水合物赋存的标志之一，是水合物存在的活证据。本文对我国泥火山与水合物的发育和赋存进行了分析预测，并对泥火山构造中水合物的成矿模式进行了初步探讨。     

Genetic Aspects of the Manto-type Copper Deposits Based on Geochemical Studies of North Chilean Deposits

Recent studies on mineralogy, geochronology, fluid inclusion and stable isotope (Pb, Os, S, C, O, Sr) characteristics were reviewed to determine constraints for genetic models of the Chilean manto‐type copper deposits. The Chilean manto‐type deposits are divided into the two geologic categories of the northern areas (Arica–Iquique, Tocopilla–Taltal) and the central areas (Copiapó, La Serena, Santiago). The former is distributed in the coastal range composed of Jurassic andesite‐dominated volcano‐sedimentary piles and younger plutonic intrusions, and yields chalcocite (‐digenite) and bornite as the principal hypogene copper sulfides. The latter is hosted mostly in Lower Cretaceous volcano‐sedimentary sequences, and has chalcopyrite‐rich mineral associations. The fluid inclusion data indicate that the primary copper mineralization was commonly generated in the temperature range 150–360°C under low‐pressure conditions near the boiling curve, mediated with relatively saline brines. Generally, homogeneous Pb and S isotope compositions for primary copper minerals imply direct magma source or leaching of igneous rocks. Pb and Os isotope data published for some deposits, however, suggest that ore‐forming metals were derived mainly from the volcano‐sedimentary host rocks. The noticeably negative isotope ratios of primary sulfide sulfur and hydrothermal calcite carbon of some central area deposits indicate influx of sedimentary rock components, and the high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr initial ratios of hydrothermal calcite from the Tocopilla–Taltal area deposits imply contribution of the contemporaneous seawater or marine carbonates. These isotopic constraints imply a formation mechanism in which the Chilean manto‐type copper deposits formed epigenetically in the process of hydrothermal interaction of non‐magmatic surface‐derived brine with the volcano‐sedimentary host rocks, which is inferred to have been induced by a deep‐seated plutonic complex as the possible heat source.     

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里造山型金成矿系统与区域构造演化

新疆东准噶尔卡拉麦里地区以金水泉、双泉、南明水、苏吉泉东等为代表的金矿床,构成了一套与晚古生代碰撞造山有关的金成矿系统。矿床夹持于区域性的卡拉麦里深大断裂和清水—苏吉泉大断裂之间,矿化受次级脆-韧性断层控制,以中等至陡倾斜的含金石英脉和破碎蚀变岩的形式产于晚古生代浅变质火山沉积岩中。流体包裹体、H-O-S-Pb同位素和热液锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明,成矿流体具中高温(集中于240~330 ℃)、低盐度(<6% NaCl_eq)、富CO₂的变质流体特征,成矿物质来自赋矿的火山沉积岩系,流体不混溶(相分离)和水-岩反应(围岩硫化作用)是导致金沉淀的主要机制,成矿深度变化于7~15 km之间,成矿时代约为314 Ma。晚石炭世至早二叠世,研究区的构造体制由挤压向走滑或走滑伸展转换,构造应力的释放导致深部变质脱水形成的低盐度CO₂-H₂O-NaCl±CH₄含金流体,沿走向NW至近EW向的走滑剪切断裂向地壳浅部流动,并在脆-韧性过渡带或脆性变形带的次级断裂中形成含金石英脉及蚀变岩型金矿石。     

Regional and local geothermal conditions in the northern Black Sea

More than 100 new heat flow measurements have been collected in recent years (2002–2004) in different tectonic environments of the northern Black Sea. The northern periphery of the Black Sea is characterized by strong geodynamic and seismic activity, high sedimentation rates, diapiric structures, mud volcanism, and fluid and gas escape at the sea floor. We present new thermal data from the shelf, continental slope and deep-water basin, measured off-shore using a marine thermo-probe and on-shore in drill holes. Heat flow density ranges from 20 to more than 2,000 mW/m². For two local areas (the Dnieper gas seeps and the Dvurechenski mud volcano area), we discuss the relation between heat flow variability and the geological and physical processes in the near-bottom sediment layer. The Dnieper gas seeps area is characterized by strong small-scale heat flow variability and is controlled by fluid and gas migration. In the Dvurechenski active mud volcano, the near-bottom temperature in sediments is anomalously elevated because additional heat is carried out by mass flows of fluids and clay minerals. Away from the mud volcano heat flow quickly decreases to background values.     

湖南锡田钨锡多金属矿田燕山期NE向断层演化历史及其成矿意义

为了确定湖南锡田矿田燕山期NE向断层演化历史、蚀变特征及与钨锡成矿关系本文调查了矿田内燕山期断层野外宏观特征,对断层中充填石英脉进行了显微鉴定、阴极发光、含矿元素分析,结果显示:(1)断层以NE60°～70°平行分布于茶汉盆地南北两侧,均倾向茶汉盆地,断层的陡倾、棱角状角砾及梳状石英等指示了断层的张性性质;(2)断层经...     

Geology and mineralization of the Sanshandao supergiant gold deposit (1200 t) in the Jiaodong Peninsula,China: A review

The Jiaodong Peninsula in Shandong Province, China is the world’s third-largest gold metallogenic area, with cumulative proven gold resources exceeding 5000 t. Over the past few years, breakthroughs have been made in deep prospecting at a depth of 500–2000 m, particularly in the Sanshandao area where a huge deep gold orebody was identified. Based on previous studies and the latest prospecting progress achieved by the project team of this study, the following results are summarized. (1) 3D geological modeling results based on deep drilling core data reveal that the Sanshandao gold orefield, which was previously considered to consist of several independent deposits, is a supergiant deposit with gold resources of more than 1200 t (including 470 t under the sea area). The length of the major orebody is nearly 8 km, with a greatest depth of 2312 m below sea level and a maximum length of more than 3 km along their dip direction. (2) Thick gold orebodies in the Sanshandao gold deposit mainly occur in the specific sections of the ore-controlling fault where the fault plane changes from steeply to gently inclined, forming a stepped metallogenic model from shallow to deep level. The reason for this strong structural control on mineralization forms is that when ore-forming fluids migrated along faults, the pressure of fluids greatly fluctuated in fault sections where the fault dip angle changed. Since the solubility of gold in the ore-forming fluid is sensitive to fluid pressure, these sections along the fault plane serve as the target areas for deep prospecting. (3) Thermal uplifting-extensional structures provide thermodynamic conditions, migration pathways, and deposition spaces for gold mineralization. Meanwhile, the changes in mantle properties induced the transformation of the geochemical properties of the lower crust and magmatic rocks. This further led to the reactivation of ore-forming elements, which provided rich materials for gold mineralization. (4) It can be concluded from previous research results that the gold mineralization in the Jiaodong gold deposits occurred at about 120 Ma, which was superimposed by nonferrous metals mineralization at 118–111 Ma. The fluids were dominated by primary mantle water or magmatic water. Metamorphic water occurred in the early stage of the gold mineralization, while the fluid composition was dominated by meteoric water in the late stage. The S, Pb, and Sr isotopic compositions of the ores are similar to those of ore-hosting rocks, indicating that the ore-forming materials mainly derive from crustal materials, with the minor addition of mantle-derived materials. The gold deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula were formed in an extensional tectonic environment during the transformation of the physical and chemical properties of the lithospheric mantle, which is different from typical orogenic gold deposits. Thus, it is proposed that they are named “Jiaodong-type” gold deposits.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.