福建省森林生态系统NPP的遥感模拟与分析

利用MODIS遥感影像,结合气象资料等数据,采用BEPS过程模型对2004年福建省的森林生态系统植被净初级生产力(NPP)进行了模拟验证。研究结果表明,2004年福建省森林生态系统NPP平均值为578.97gC/m²·a,NPP总量累计达到46.18×106tC;不同林地NPP全年平均值大小依次为:竹林≈阔叶林>杉木>马尾松,其值分别为:788.6gC/m²·a,780.0gC/m²·a,519.8gC/m²·a,437.3gC/m²·a;时空分析结果表明,2004年6-8月NPP形成较为明显的"坑"形分布形态,主要的原因之一很可能是有效降水量偏少;在空间分布上,福建省森林生态系统NPP与海拔高程显著相关,体现了该地区森林生态系统NPP空间分布的地域特征,这在一定程度上表明随着海拔上升,山高坡陡,人类对森林生态系统的干扰活动减少,有助于森林生态系统生产力的提高和维持。最后,分析了应用BEPS过程模型模拟福建省森林生态系统净初级生产力的不确定性问题。     

近30年来三江源自然保护区土地覆被变化分析

本文利用三江源地区20世纪70年代中后期、80年代末和2004年三期土地覆被的数据,分析了三江源18个自然保护区3个圈层的2004年的土地覆被类型特征,以及70年代中后期至80年代末,80年代末至2004年土地覆被类型的变化特征。结果表明:三江源18个自然保护区土地覆被均以草地为主,2004年草地占保护区面积的65.68%,其中,约古宗列保护区最高,为83.0%,格拉丹东保护区最低31.48%。2004年18个保护区土地覆被状况指数由高到低依次为玛可河>多可河>江西>麦秀>中铁-军工>白扎>东仲>通天河沿>年保玉则>阿尼玛卿>昂赛>扎陵湖-鄂陵湖>当曲>果宗木查>星星海>索加-曲麻河>约古宗列>格拉丹东。1970年中后期至2004年土地覆被动态度大小依次为:星星海>扎陵湖-鄂陵湖>玛可河>多可河>年保玉则>江西>白扎>麦秀>阿尼玛卿>通天河沿>果宗木查>中铁-军工>约古宗列>索加-曲麻河>当曲>格拉丹东>昂赛>东仲。1970年中后期以来,18个保护区中有14个的土地覆被状况是变差的,按转差程度依次是星星海>阿尼玛卿>扎陵湖-鄂陵湖>年保玉则>多可河>白扎>约古宗列>通天河沿>索加-曲麻河>果宗木查>麦秀>中铁-军工>昂赛>东仲;有四个保护区的覆被状况有所好转,分别是当曲、格拉丹东、玛可河、江西保护区。     

基于GF-1/WFV数据的三江源草地月度NPP反演研究

准确认识三江源植被生产力月度尺度的时空格局变化,对三江源畜牧业生产以及生态保护政策制定具有重要意义,可稳定获取的重访周期为4 d的16 m分辨率GF-1/WFV数据使中等空间分辨率的月度NPP产品生产成为可能。本文建立了一套以GF-1/WFV为基本数据源的中等空间分辨率草地月度NPP估算技术方法,并评估了其在三江源地区应用的可行性。在黄河源区玛多县的实验表明以GF-1/WFV为基础,以MODIS13Q1数据为补充,可以获得覆盖全区的中等空间分辨率月度NDVI数据,据其反演得到的草地NPP,地面验证精度在70%以上,优于MODIS NPP产品精度,且能更为详细地反映草地生产力变化的空间差异,在青海三江源地区利用GF-1/WFV数据生产中等空间分辨率的草地月度NPP产品是可行的。     

三江源生态工程实施以来草地恢复态势及现状分析

三江源生态保护与建设工程实施以来,区域生态环境发生了明显的改善。为了正确认识该地区草地退化恢复的程度及其空间分布特征,本文通过对比分析2004年和2012年2期遥感影像,利用人工解译的手段获取了工程实施后三江源地区退化草地变化态势数据集,并在此基础上分析了退化草地的恢复态势,以及草地退化现状的空间格局特征。结果表明：① 2004-2012年三江源生态工程实施以后,该地区草地退化呈现不同程度的减缓态势,而且局部地区草地状况明显好转;② 三江源地区各县草地退化趋势基本得到控制,退化草地变化以轻微好转和明显好转为主,退化发生和退化加剧现象仅发生在极少数县;③ 2012年三江源退化草地面积比2004年降低了5.78%,其中中度退化草地的面积减少最显著,下降了5.35%。黄河源和长江源草地退化的形势依然比较严峻,玛多县、曲麻莱县、称多县北部和治多县东南部草地退化最明显。三江源生态工程自实施以来,草地恢复态势及现状分析对归纳总结三江源生态保护与建设一期工程的成功经验和基本教训,以及合理指导二期工程的实施具有重要的科学意义。     

印度植被净初级生产力的时空变异及其影响因素分析

本研究旨在探讨1983-2008 年间印度植被净初级生产力(NPP)的时空变化格局及其与温度降水的关系。基于遥感数据和GLOPEM-CEVSA模型估算区域植被NPP,利用分段线性回归,分析了过去26年印度植被NPP的时空格局与变化特征。结果表明：（1）过去26年间印度植被年均NPP为414.29 gC·m^-2·a^-1,森林、农田和草地的NPP平均值分别为1002.32、485.98和631.39 gC·m^-2·a^-1。（2）分段线性回归结果显示,1983-2008 年间,印度植被总平均NPP呈先上升后下降的趋势,趋势转折点在1996年。占印度面积比例最大的农田植被类型的平均NPP也呈先上升后下降的趋势,趋势转折点在1996年,与总平均NPP的趋势转折点一致。（3）在空间上,印度大部分地区,发生了趋势转折,趋势转折点集中在1991-2000年间,大部分地区NPP在趋势转折点前呈上升趋势,其后呈下降趋势,与区域平均NPP的变化趋势一致。（4）印度西北部干旱地区植被NPP与温度呈负相关,与降水呈正相关。喜马拉雅山南部森林NPP则与温度呈正相关。降雨量较大的印度南部地区NPP与降水呈负相关。     

基于Google Earth Engine平台的三江源地区生态环境质量动态监测与分析

三江源是中国陆地生态系统最脆弱和敏感的区域之一,一旦遭到破坏则不可逆转。受三江源地区多云等不利气象条件的影响,很难获取大范围尺度上季相一致的、无云的Landsat遥感影像。本文利用Google Earth Engine平台,对1990-2015年的相同季节的3766景Landsat影像进行像元级融合并重构最小云量影像集,借助GEE的并行云端计算,快速得到了能够反映生态环境质量的遥感生态指数（RSEI）,对三江源地区的生态环境质量进行了评价与监测。三江源时空变化与差异分析表明：1990-2000年生态环境质量呈快速下降状态,RSEI平均值从0.588下降到了0.505,生态环境质量变化以轻度恶化为主;2000-2015年生态环境质量下降速度变缓,并于2015年呈现变好态势,生态环境质量变化以不变为主,且轻度恶化面积大幅减少;该地区的生态环境状况呈现出空间分异,自西向东,生态状况变差。基于GEE平台在三江源地区的实验结果表明,GEE可以作为大区域范围的生态环境质量评价与监测的计算平台。     

不可掉以轻心的生态安全维护--从富有美丽传说到屡遭虫侵扰的山口红树林谈起

一、美丽传说中的山口红树林北回归线以南热带红树林生态系统的代表——山口红树林自然保护区,是1990年9月经国务院批准建立的我国首批（5个）国家级海洋类型保护区之一,1993年加人中国人与生物圈,1994年被列为中国重要湿地,1997年5月与美国佛罗里达州鲁克利湾国家河口研究保护区建立姐妹保护区关系。2000年1月加入联合圆教科文组织世界生物圈,2002年被列入国际重要湿地。     

武陵山区植被净第一性生产力的时空格局及其与地形因子的关系

本研究旨在探讨2001-2010年武陵山区植被净第一性生产力(NPP)的时空变化格局及其与主要地形因子间的关系。利用MODIS MOD17A3数据、地形数据,以及土地覆盖等数据,基于回归分析和分级统计等方法,开展了武陵山区植被NPP的时空变化格局及其与高程和坡度2个基本地形因子间关系的研究。结果表明：(1)10年间武陵山区植被年NPP的平均值为590.72 gC·m^-2·yr^-1,森林、灌草和农田的NPP平均值分别为596.79 gC·m^-2·yr^-1、586.98 gC·m^-2·yr^-1和563.31 gC·m^-2·yr^-1;(2)2001-2010年武陵山区植被NPP总量的平均值为98.90 TgC·yr^-1,波动范围为92.79 ~ 106.99 TgC·yr^-1,从NPP年际变化的空间分布来看,武陵山区植被NPP的变化趋势整体上呈北增南减的格局;(3)分别以30 m和3°为高程和坡度的分级级差时,发现武陵山区平均植被NPP随海拔和坡度的升高有明显的先增加后缓慢下降的趋势,但在海拔高于1500 m及坡度大于50°的地区,平均植被NPP出现了较大波动,然而,在波动中均有随海拔和坡度的增加而先上升后再下降的趋势;(4)在地理区间尺度上,200~1000 m的高程段以及5~25°的坡度段内植被NPP的平均值较高,500 m以上的高程区间平均植被NPP依次递减,但50°以上的坡度区间平均植被NPP反而有所增加,这在一定程度上反映了坡度高于某一临界值后坡面侵蚀强度又有所下降的趋势。     

我国14年投入三江源地区生态保护资金逾180亿元

正记者从青海省发改委及三江源国家公园管理局获悉,2005年至今,我国在三江源地区的生态保护投入资金已超180亿元,今年将再投9亿元。三江源地区是长江、黄河、澜沧江的发源地。20世纪70年代起,气候变化及人为因素致当地草原、河湖等生态系统发生退化,源头涵水能力下降,对下游产生影响。2005年,我国启动为期9年的三江源生态保护     

浅谈玉树地区生态效益建设的现状与未来的思考

玉树州地处三江源地区的特殊地理位置,有着丰富的自然生态系统众多的江河源头和原始森林．保护生态环境显得特别重要。因此,2000年8月19日“三江源自然保护区”的成立标志着三江源地区的生态建设进入了一个前所未有的新阶段．2002年开始又启动了退耕还林还草试点工程．保护“母亲河”绿色工程、天保工程、防护林建设及绿色通道工程等6项重点项目,     

Examining Forest Net Primary Productivity Dynamics and Driving Forces in Northeastern China During 1982–2010

Forest net primary productivity （NPP） is a key parameter for forest monitoring and management. In this study, monthly and annual forest NPP in the northeastern China from 1982 to 2010 were simulated by using Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach （CASA） model with normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） sequences derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer （AVHRR） Global Invento y Modeling and Mapping Studies （GIMMS） and Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） products. To address the problem of data inconsistency between AVHRR and MODIS data, a per-pixel unary linear regres- sion model based on least ~;quares method was developed to derive the monthly NDVI sequences. Results suggest that estimated forest NPP has mean relative error of 18.97% compared to observed NPP from forest inventory. Forest NPP in the northeastern China in- creased significantly during the twenty-nine years. The results of seasonal dynamic show that more clear increasing trend of forest NPP occurred in spring and awmnn. This study also examined the relationship between forest NPP and its driving forces including the climatic and anthropogenic factors. In spring and winter, temperature played the most pivotal role in forest NPR In autumn, precipitation acted as the most importanl factor affecting forest NPP, while solar radiation played the most important role in the summer. Evaportran- spiration had a close correlation with NPP for coniferous forest, mixed coniferous broadleaved forest, and broadleaved deciduous forest. Spatially, forest NPP in the Da Hinggan Mountains was more sensitive to climatic changes than in the other ecological functional re- gions. In addition to climalie change, the degradation and improvement of forests had important effects on forest NPP. Results in this study are helpful for understanding the regional carbon sequestration and can enrich the cases for the monitoring of vegetation during long time series.     

Trade-offs and Synergies of Ecosystem Services in Karst Area of China Driven by Grain-for-Green Program

As an important means regulating the relationship between human and natural ecosystem,ecological restoration program plays a key role in restoring ecosystem functions.The Grain-for-Green Program(GFGP,One of the world’s most ambitious ecosystem conservation set-aside programs aims to transfer farmland on steep slopes to forestland or grassland to increase vegetation coverage)has been widely implemented from 1999 to 2015 and exerted significant influence on land use and ecosystem services(ESs).In this study,three ecological models(In VEST,RUSLE,and CASA)were used to accurately calculate the three key types of ESs,water yield(WY),soil conservation(SC),and net primary production(NPP)in Karst area of southwestern China from 1982 to 2015.The impact of GFGP on ESs and trade-offs was analyzed.It provides practical guidance in carrying out ecological regulation in Karst area of China under global climate change.Results showed that ESs and trade-offs had changed dramatically driven by GFGP.In detail,temporally,SC and NPP exhibited an increasing trend,while WY exhibited a decreasing trend.Spatially,SC basically decreased from west to east;NPP basically increased from north to south;WY basically increased from west to east;NPP and SC,SC and WY developed in the direction of trade-offs driven by the GFGP,while NPP and WY developed in the direction of synergy.Therefore,future ecosystem management and restoration policy-making should consider trade-offs of ESs so as to achieve sustainable provision of ESs.     

Spatio-temporal pattern of net primary productivity in Hengduan Mountains area,China: impacts of climate change and human activities

Net primary productivity(NPP), a metric used to define and identify changes in plant communities, is greatly affected by climate change, human activities and other factors. Here, we used the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model to estimate the NPP of plant communities in Hengduan Mountains area of China, and to explore the relationship between NPP and altitude in this region. We examined the mechanisms underlying vegetation growth responses to climate change and quantitatively assessed the effects of ecological protection measures by partitioning the contributions of climate change and human activities to NPP changes. The results demonstrated that: 1) the average total and annual NPP values over the years were 209.15 Tg C and 468.06 g C/(m2·yr), respectively. Their trend increasingly fluctuated, with spatial distribution strongly linked to altitude(i.e., lower and higher NPP in high altitude and low altitude areas, respectively) and 2400 m represented the marginal altitude for vegetation differentiation; 2) areas where climate was the main factor affecting NPP accounted for 18.2% of the total research area, whereas human activities were the primary factor influencing NPP in 81.8% of the total research area, which indicated that human activity was the main force driving changes in NPP. Areas where climatic factors(i.e., temperature and precipitation) were the main driving factors occupied 13.6%(temperature) and 6.0%(precipitation) of the total research area, respectively. Therefore, the effect of temperature on NPP changes was stronger than that of precipitation; and 3) the majority of NPP residuals from 2001 to 2014 were positive, with human activities playing an active role in determining regional vegetation growth, possibly due to the return of farmland back to forest and natural forest protection. However, this positive trend is decreasing. This clearly shows the periodical nature of ecological projects and a lack of long-term effectiveness.     

Simulating alpine vegetation net primary productivity by remote sensing in Qinghai Province,China

Primary productivity of ecosystem is important indicator about ecological assessment. Remote sensing technology has been used to monitor net primary productivity （NPP） of ecological system for several years. In this paper, the remotely sensed NPP simulation model of alpine vegetation in Qinghai Province of Tibet Plateau was set up based on the theory of light use efficiency. Firstly a new approach based on mixed pixels and Support Vector Machine （SVM） algorithm were used to correct simulated NPP values derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） data. Finally, spatial distribution and monthly variation characteristics of NPP in Qinghai Province detail. The result showed in 2006 were analyzed in that NPP of vegetation in Qinghai Province in 2006 ranged from o to 422 gC/m2/a and the average NPP was 151 gC/m2/a. NPP gradually increased from northwest to southeast. NPP of different vegetation types were obviously different. The average NPP of broad-leaved forest was the largest （314 gC/m2/a）, and sparse shrub was the smallest （101 gC/m2/a）. NPP in Qinghai Province significantly changed with seasonal variation. The accumulation of NPP was primarily in the period （from April to September） with better moist and heat conditions. In July, the average NPP of vegetation reached the maximum value （43 gC/m2）. In our model, the advantage of traditional LUE models was adopted, and our study fully considered typicalcharacteristics of alpine vegetation light use efficiency and environmental factors in the study area. Alpine vegetation is the most important ecological resource of Tibet Plateau, exactly monitoring its NPP value by remote sensing is an effective protection measure.     

Low-frequency variations in primary production in the Oman upwelling zone associated with monsoon winds

Thirteen-year satellite-derived data are used to investigate the temporal variability of net primary production (NPP) in the Oman upwelling zone and its potential forcing mechanisms. The NPP in the Oman upwelling zone is characterized by an abnormal decrease during El Ni o events. Such an NPP decrease may be related to El Ni o-driven anomalous summertime weak wind. During the summer following El Ni o, the anomalous northeasterly wind forced by southwest Indian Ocean warming weakens the southwest monsoon and warms the Arabian Sea. The abnormal wind weakens the coastal Ekman transport, offshore Ekman pumping and horizontal advection, resulting in reduced upward nutrient supply to the euphotic zone. A slightly declining trend in NPP after 2000 associated with a gradual decrease in surface monsoon winds is discussed.     

Estimations of net primary productivity and evapotranspiration based on HJ-1A/B data in Jinggangshan city, China

Net primary productivity(NPP) and evapotranspiration(ET) are two key variables in the carbon and water cycles of terrestrial ecosystems.In this study,to test a newly developed NPP algorithm designed for HJ-1 A/B data and to evaluate the usage of HJ-1 A/B data in the quantitative assessment of environments,NPP and ET in Jinggangshan city,Jiangxi province,are calculated using HJ-1 A/B data.The results illustrate the following:(1) The NPP and ET in Jinggangshan city in 2010 both show obvious seasonal variation,with the highest values in summer and the lowest values in winter,and relatively higher values were observed in autumn than in spring.(2) The spatial pattern indicates that the annual NPP is high in the southern area in Jinggangshan city and low in the northern area.Additionally,high NPP is distributed in forests located in areas with high elevation,and low NPP is found in croplands at low elevations.ET has no significant north-south difference,with high values in the southeast and northwest and low values in the southwest,and high ET is distributed in forests at low elevations in contrast to low ET in forests in high-elevation areas and in cropland and shrub grassland in low-elevation areas.(3) Compared to the MODIS product,the range of HJ-1 NPP is larger,and the spatial pattern is more coincident with the topography.The range of HJ-1 ET is smaller than that of the MODIS product,and ET is underestimated to some extent but can reflect the effect of topography.This study suggests that the algorithm can be used to estimate NPP and ET in a subtropical monsoon climate if remotely sensed images with high spatial resolution are available.