PKPdif波——内核低速层存在的地震学证据

<正>通过对中国数字地震仪台网(CDSN)宽频带数字地震仪记录到的30个,震中距在119.4°~176.1°间,震源深度h120 km的极远震记录的分析,识别出了PKP波在内外核界面(ICB)上的衍射波PKPdif。根据PKPdif的记录特征,对PKPdif波的成因和传播机理做了设想,设想在距地面约5156.1~5372.2 km的深度,即内外核界面下,有可能存在一个低速层。该设想试图解释PKPdif波在震中距120°Δ150°左右间,     

核幔边界反射P波对接收函数影响的研究

远震P波接收函数是探测壳幔结构的有效方法,它采用平面波入射假定,将入射波视为具有相同射线参数的单一震相.然而,在一定震中距时,核幔边界反射P波(如PcP震相)会进入接收函数提取窗口,其射线参数与直达P波相差较大,可能导致提取的接收函数存在偏差.本文理论测试了不同震源机制,震中距以及震源深度等情况下核幔边界反射P波对远震P波接收函数的影响,并结合实际观测资料进行对比分析.测试结果显示,与走滑断层产生的PcP震相对接收函数影响较小不同,倾滑断层产生的PcP震相会使接收函数出现虚假震相并降低直达P波及后续震相的振幅,从而干扰壳幔间断面(如410 km和660 km间断面)的识别,并导致反演的台站下方S波速度降低达到5%.进一步分析倾滑型地震对接收函数波形影响发现,当震源深度小于300 km时,PcP震相导致接收函数直达P波振幅要低于4%.在震源深度在300～450 km、震中距为50°～60°、断层倾角在大约30°～60°,以及震源深度大于450 km、震中距为50°～60°、断层倾角大约25°～65°情况下影响可达20%.接收函数叠加方法可以有效压制结果中PcP震相导致的虚假信号,但是仍然无法完全去除PcP对接收函数振幅的影响,叠加后直达P波振幅降低仍然能够达到4%.本文结果表明,在计算接收函数时,剔除掉产生较强PcP的特定震源机制、震中距和震源深度的地震事件有助于反演精确的壳幔结构.     

河北红山台宽频带地震记录区域叠加研究

可靠的震相走时是地震预警技术中精确测定震源位置和发震时刻的基础,本文运用STA/LTA震相识别技术,针对单台（河北红山台）2009-2021年共计12年积累的地震记录进行叠加计算,得到了红山台记录到的区域地震各震相走时曲线。结果显示,震中距0°～50°范围内红山台共成像7种震相的走时曲线,分别为P、S、PP、SS、PcS、ScS以及R面波震相,且随着组合参数变化,叠加成像的震相种类、震中距范围、清晰度均有所不同。此外,通过绘制各震相走时曲线发现,震中距0°～15°范围内,P波、S波及R波走时曲线基本呈线性变化,震中距0°～15°范围内计算得到红山台区域地震P波传播速度为7.5 km/s左右,S波传播速度为4.2 km/s左右,R波传播速度为3.5 km/s左右,介于P波和S波之间存在一个震相的走时痕迹,波速为5.4 km/s左右。本工作对于提升红山台震中距≤1 000 km的地震预警定位精度有指导意义。     

Pdif波在中国CDSN台站的运动学特征

利用中国数字地震台网(简称CDSN,下同)11个台的宽频带长周期(VLP)数字记录对1990-2012年间的124个极远震记录进行了分析处理,在震中距100.0°～179.0°之间,获取了CDSN11个台站的Pdif波的震相数据,得到了Pdif波在地球核幔界面上衍射的运动学特征和《Pdif波走时表》。所得结果大大拓展了Pdif的记录范围,在144.0°～179.0°之间弥补了《IASPEI1991地震波走时表》的缺失,为更大范围内的Pdif震相分析提供了参考标准,有助于提高中国地震台网的地震分析水平和积累震相分析经验,以及对地球核幔边界物理性质的认识。     

银川基准地震台记录地核界面波特征初探

对2004-2009年银川地震台数字地震仪记录的数字观测波形资料进行震相分析,总结震中距30°-50°范围内地核界面反射波PcP、地核界面反射转换波ScP的震相特征.结果表明,在30°-50°范围内,银川地震台对于地震频发的印度尼西亚震区地核界面反射波PcP、地核界面反射转换波ScP的记录最为清晰,此结论有助于台站工作...     

核幔界面衍射波Pdiff震相最大 记录震中距探讨

智利M_S8.8特大地震在甘肃数字测震台网记录的最大震中距达179.7°, 通过读取该地震初至震相的观测走时, 计算该震相的平均观测慢度为4.104 s/°, 与P_diff震相的理论慢度4.439 s/°基本一致. 研究结果表明: 由于甘肃数字测震台网和甘东南野外观测流动台阵独特的地理位置, 记录到了至今全球最大震中距(179.7°)的核幔界面衍射波P_diff震相; P_diff震相起始观测走时明显滞后于IASP91理论走时; 核幔界面复杂的形态对不同方位传播的P_diff震相观测走时产生了一定的影响.      

上海及邻近地区Pb震相识别

收集2009年以来上海地区近震事件,并重新进行震相拾取。通过走时曲线、时频分析等识别震相的辅助手段,确认震相的可靠性。研究结果表明,上海地区地震的Pb波作为初至震相时,震中距约100 km;初至震相是Pb波时,地震波形类似于正弦波且周期较大。     

核幔边界的速度结构对PKPab波形的影响

用地球的自由振荡研究地球内部结构、速度间断面、密度分布等具有射线理论不可替代的优点。而地球的自由振荡可以用简正振型来表示,用简正振型叠加方法合成的PKP波理论地震图,其PKPab波震相和PKPdf波震相的走时与射线理论计算的理论走时基本一致,并且研究了在地幔底部至核幔边界上方300km处,压缩波的速度梯度的变化对PKPab波振幅的影响,从而证明当波以接近掠射角或者大于掠射角入射时,会有漏能现象的发生,或者可称之为隧道效应。发现用3个不同模型合成的地震图,在震中距相同的情况下,核幔边界上P波速度梯度大的,其PKPab波的振幅较小一些。这也进一步说明核幔边界上方P波速度梯度的变化对漏能现象有一定程度的影响。     

数字化地震记录震相自动识别的方法研究

针对目前震相自动识别方法不能自动给出震相识别区间,以及不能确定识别出震相名称的问题,运用震相的运动学特征,由平均速度模型和J-B走时表数据,自动计算近震、远震和极远震的震相走时及震中距。对多尺度小波分解进行单支重构作为识别不同震相的分析信号。先求出初至震相和最大面波到时,估算出震中距,然后找到S波或PP波到时,求出准确的震中距,即可自动给出各震相的识别区间,采用线性偏振法在给定区间中识别出震相的初至时刻。由于该方法采用的是先明确要找什么震相,再由该震相的走时确定寻找区间,所以找出的初至就是要寻找的震相,自然解决了识别出震相的名称问题,从而实现了对震相的全程自动识别。     

山西地区Pb震相记录特征研究

通过识别山西测震台网2016-2018年记录到的ML≥2.5地震事件波形Pb震相,获得山西地区不同震中距Pb震相的记录特征:山西地区Pb震相作为初至震相出现的最小震中距约80km左右,记录形态类似于正弦波,波形特征和Pn波相似,振幅比Pg波小,周期比Pg波大;Pb震相作为后续震相出现,一般呈锯齿状,处于Pn与Pg震相之间,周期较Pn与Pg波小,振幅稍大于Pn波,小于Pg波。通过识别Pb震相,采用在不同震中距范围内实测数据进行线性拟合的方法,得到其传播速度为6.815km/s。     

The effect of the descending lithosphere beneath the Tonga island arc on P-wave travel-time residuals at the Warramunga Seismic Array

P-wave travel-time residuals at the Warramunga Seismic Array (WRA) in the Northern Territory, Australia, have been studied from 49 earthquakes with epicenters south of 19°S in the Fiji-Tonga region. Focal depths are between 42 and 679 km as determined from pP-P. Using the Jeffreys-Bullen and the Herrin travel-time tables the epicentral parameters have been redetermined by considering only “normal” seismic stations in the location procedure. These are those stations where P-wave travel times are probably not affected by lateral heterogeneities caused by the lithosphere descending beneath the Tonga trench. Epicenters of deep earthquakes below 300 km have been relocated by using stations at Δ > 25° only. Epicenters from shallower-depth earthquakes have been recalculated without using stations between 35 < Δ < 75° epicentral distance. In both cases focal depths were determined from pP-P times. The resulting pattern of P-residuals at WRA does not show any significant change with depth below 350 km. The residuals become more negative for shallower earthquakes above about 250 km. P-waves to WRA are advanced by approximately 2 s compared with those from deep earthquakes. The results do not essentially differ for the two different travel-time tables used. The observations can be interpreted by P-wave velocities that are higher in the sinking slab down to 350–400 km by 5±2% than in both the Jeffreys-Bullen and Herrin models. Without considering possible elevations of phase boundaries this estimate yields a temperature contrast of 1000±450°C between slab and normal mantle material in this depth range.     

Estimation of PKP times from ISC data

The International Seismological Centre (ISC) treats reports of the earliest observed core phase arrivals from earthquakes as PKIKP observations and provides residuals based on Jeffreys-Bullen PKIKP times. An analysis of some 30 000 such data from ISC bulletins for the year 1967 has shown that the data include, in addition to PKIKP, many observations of PKP₁ and precursors to PKP. By the use of simple truncation and trimming techniques, travel-time curves (expressed as differences from JB), with standard errors, have been obtained for PKIKP in the ranges 110 to 139° and 152 to 173°, and for PKP₁ in the range 144 to 154°. The PKIKP curve in these ranges agrees quite closely with the curve obtained by Cleary and Hales, and with one derived from model 1066B of Gilbert and Dziewonski, except that the Cleary-Hales curve is up to 0.7 s earlier at distances below 120°, and the 1066B curve is up to 1 s later beyond 152°. The PKP₁ curve is in good agreement with that derived from 1066B.A plot of the number of observations in each 1° distance interval has been used to estimate the positions of the cusps B, C and D on the PKP curve as 144, 152.5 and 115°, again in reasonable agreement with 1066B.     

Evidence for P wave velocity discontinuities at depths greater than 650 km in the mantle

The arrival times of seismic P waves recorded at long lines of portable seismographs deployed on the shield region of central Australia show evidence of breaks in the travel-time curve at epicentral distances near 30, 39 and 43°. These breaks are additional to those at about 20 and 24° (associated with the 400- and 650-km discontinuities) and imply that the P wave velocity structure of the mantle does not increase smoothly in the depth range 650–1100 km, but rather consists of regions of nearly constant velocity separated by small but significant velocity increases at depths of approximately 770, 980 and 1080 km. These conclusions are in agreement with those previously inferred from first and later arrivals at the Warramunga Seismic Array.     

Crustal thickness in Vrancea area,Romania from S to P converted waves

Crustal thickness (CT) in Vrancea region (Romania) and adjacent area is investigated using 1294 S to P converted waves from the Moho discontinuity. A total of 269 local earthquakes in the depth range 99.8 to 171.1 km and recorded by 76 permanent and 46 temporary stations of the Romanian Seismological Network are used. Time difference between the converted wave and the direct P phase is corrected to a first order for epicentral distance and for the errors in focal depth, being finally inverted to CT. Greatest values for the Moho depth are observed for stations located in the Carpathians molasse foredeep and smaller values are observed in the Southern part of the Moesian Platform, for stations in the eastern part of Moldavian (East-European) Platform and in Dobrogea area, close to the Black Sea shoreline. In Vrancea epicentral area, an important CT variation is observed, from 42 km at MLR and 41.8 km at SIR, stations placed in the south-western part of the epicentral area, to 30.9 km at VRI, located above north-eastern part of the seismogenic volume. Stations CVO and OZU, placed in Transylvanian Basin in the proximity of the epicentral area, have CT values of 32.1 and 24.1 km, respectively. The results seem to support that a mantle delamination process is responsible for Vrancea intermediate depth seismicity.     

Surface wave tomography of the crust and upper mantle of Chinese mainland and its neighboring region

Introduction The three-dimensional S wave velocity of Chinese mainland and its neighboring region in-verted by surface wave dispersion data plays an important role in studying the lateral variation of lithosphere and geodynamic process, and understanding the forming and evolution of Chinese mainland and the relationship between shallow and deep structures. The three-dimensional veloc-ity structures of China and its major tectonic blocks were respectively studied by SONG, et al (1993), ZHOU…     

Quantitative analysis of travel-time curves of seismic events in the Ostrava-Karviná coal mining district

Summary The paper is intended as a contribution to the quantitative analysis of travel-time curves of seismic events recorded in the Ostrava-Karviná District (OKD). The input data represent a set of 2621 seismic events, recorded by the local seismological network of 26 mine stations DSLA and a regional diagnostic polygon consisting of five surface Lennartz stations. All the events were processed automatically in the Operational Seismological Centre of the Czechoslovak Army Mine in Karviná and stored in the seismological data base. The results are presented in the form of graphs of arrival times versus distance for the whole OKD, for two mines and one tectonic block.Travel-time curves of direct P and S waves, as well as of reflected and refracted waves are given. The direct P and S waves propagate well practically throughout the whole region studied, but their apparent velocities of propagation are affected by the properties of the rock medium.As a result of the complicated geological conditions, the recorded wave image is quite complicated. Methods of mathematical modelling, using kinematic and dynamic parameters of seismic waves, will have to be applied to identify the separate wave groups uniquely.     

鄂尔多斯块体北缘呼包鄂地区岩石圈各向异性初步研究

选取呼包鄂区域11个宽频带地震台站记录的156个远震事件,使用剪切波分裂软件,对所选远震波形数据进行处理,求取并分析震中距85°—110°范围内同时被各地震台站记录的远震震相SKS的各向异性参数,即快波偏振方向及慢波到时差,结果表明:呼包鄂区域地下深层介质存在各向异性,快波偏振优势方向为ESE,慢波延迟时间为0.87—...     

Low velocity zone of upper mantle and its effect on PdSwr phase related to 670 km discontinuity

This paper studied some properties of PdSwr phase related to 670 km discontinuities in detail, and theoretically processed a preliminary analysis to this phase. We discussed the relationships between the incident angle ih of PdSwr phase with its path, epicentral distance, travel-time and relative amplitude due to low velocity zone (LVZ) of upper mantle, and preliminarily pointed out the main characters of PdSwr phase recorded in seismogram. The PdSwr phase is concentrated in range of 13.5(～96.5(. When epicentral distance is greater than 33(, the start point of PdSwr phase is relatively well distinguishable and could thus be determined more easily. When the epicentral distance is between 13.5( to 33(, the triplication of PdSwr(s travel-time curve could be slightly distinguished due to the low velocity zone and 220 km seismic velocity discontinuity of upper mantle. The relevant observed PdSwr phase should be in a more complex pattern and it should be more difficult to determine its start point.     

第二影区地震震相到时特征变化浅析

运用国家台甚宽和超宽频带地震计记录的波形数据,对震中距介于105°～128°(即第二影区)的地震波形进行仿真处理,分析各台站地震波由地幔传播到核幔交界面时,各震相记录特征发生的变化.结果表明,当震中距增大到105°左右时,地震波进入到核幔过渡带这一复杂的低速层中,地震波能量衰减加快;P波与Pdif波震相未表现出明显的分...     

sPL,一个近距离确定震源深度的震相

实际地震波形观测表明,对于大陆结构相对简单的地壳中的地震而言,有一震相出现在P 波和S波之间.一般在30~50 km附近发育得较好,其能量主要集中在径向分量,而垂向分量的振幅相对径向要小,切向分量上的振幅很弱,且波形以低频为主,通常没有P波尖锐.在利用FK方法计算合成地震图的基础上,发现该震相是由S波入射到自由地表形成水平传播的P波(文献称为surface P wave,自由地表P波)或者包括S波入射到地表后形成的多次P波或其散射震相.由于该震相是由S波和P波之间耦合而形成,本文将其定义为sPL(s coupled into P) 震相.理论波形研究表明,sPL相对直达P波的到时差对震中距离不敏感,而随着震源深度的增加几乎呈线性增加,因此可以很好的约束震源深度.本文以2005年江西九江地震为例,证实了sPL确定震源深度的可行性和可靠性.在观测到sPL震相的情况下,离震源50 km以内的一个三分量地震台站的波形就可以帮助获得可靠的震源深度,而不需要精确的震中距离.由于sPL震相出现距离较近,对于较小(三级以上)的地震也可以应用,因此在稀疏台网布局情形下sPL对于确定中小地震深度应该具有很好的应用意义.