Some littoral harpacticoid copepods,including five new species,from Wellington,New Zealand

Seven species of littoral harpacticoid copepods are recorded from the Wellington coast of central New Zealand. Amongst these are five new species, one in each of the genera Scutellidium, Eupelte, Amphiascus and two in Porcellidium. Amphiascopsis cinctus (Claus, 1866) and A. south‐georgiensis (Lang, 1936) are recorded and figured.     

Additions to the echinoid fauna of New Zealand

Seven species of echinoids are added to the New Zealand fauna, two being described as new species of the genera Caenopedina and Spatangus Described species, new to the fauna, are Gracilechinus multidentatus (H. L. Clark), Pourtalesia laguncula A. Agassiz, Hemiaster expergitus gibbosus A. Agassiz, and Gymnopatagus magnus A. Agassiz and H. L. Clark. Fragments of Spatangus, possibly hybrid S. thor Fell, and fragments of Echinocardium, almost certainly not E. cordatum (Pennant), are also described.     

东海蛾螺属二新记录种(腹足纲,蛾螺科)

在整理近年来东海采集的蛾螺科Buccinidae标本时,鉴定出属于蛾螺属Buccinum Linnaeus,1758的两个中国新记录种:(1)白肋蛾螺Buccinum leucostoma Lischke,1872,采自于东海300—400m深的泥沙质海底;(2)古式蛾螺Buccinum koshikinum Okutani,1988采自于东海400m深的泥沙质海底。文中分别对这两个新记录种的形态特征、生活习性等进行了描述,并与相似种进行了分类学讨论。此外,文中还列出了中国海已报道的其他蛾螺属种类。     

New Zealand Caprellidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

The New Zealand Caprellidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) are reviewed. Only two species previously recognised from New Zealand, Caprella equilibra Say and Caprellina longicollis (Nicolet) are accepted. A new monospecific genus near to Protomima is described.     

Reproductive biology of horse mackerel Trachurus capensis and Trachurus trecae in Namibia and Angola

Harvest control measures for Namibia and Angola are defined using reference points for spawning biomass, which requires knowledge of spawning potential and dynamics of fishery stocks. The reproductive biology of two species of horse mackerel, Trachurus capensis and Trachurus trecae, in these waters was investigated for spawning distribution in time and space. Samples were collected during two scientific cruises conducted in February and July/August 2007 off the coast of Namibia and Angola. A total of 396 fish ovaries was examined to determine the spawning dynamics of the two species. The ovaries were histologically analysed and their oocyte distributions mapped. The length (TL)–weight relationships of the two species differed significantly. The observed development of oocyte recruitment and absence of a hiatus in the oocyte distribution indicated that these species are indeterminate spawners. Analyses of the data from the NatMIRC database (2001–2004) indicated annual changes in gonadosomatic index (GSI) for T. capensis at different latitudes, but these changes were small. GSI also fluctuated between years and areas, but there were no clear spatial or temporal trends, with averages ≤4.0% at all stations. The GSI of both species was not indicative of the histologically determined development of gonad maturity. Oocyte maturation for T. capensis indicated that smaller and younger fish spawn first. Batch fecundity (F) for T. trecae was best described by F = 4 986 TL (cm) – 99 645 (r ² = 0.83). This study provided the first analyses of oocyte development in time and space for the two species in the region.     

中国海洋仙菜科(Ceramiaceae)新记录属——盖氏藻属Gayliella(红藻门)的分类研究

利用生物压片技术,通过形态学和解剖学方法,对采自我国沿岸海洋的仙菜科红藻(Ceramiaceae,Rhodophyta)进行了分类学研究,发现了我国仙菜科新记录属——盖氏藻属(新拟名)Gayliella T.O.Cho,L.McIvor et S.M.Boo。该属目前在我国共有5个种,即短毛盖氏藻(新拟名)Gayliella pmbriatum (Setchell et N. L. Gardner). T. O. Cho et S. M. Boo、优美盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella βaccidum (Kützing) T. O. Cho et L. McIvor、泰式盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella taylorii (E. Y. Dawson) T. O.Cho et S. M. Boo、马沙盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella mazoyerae T. O. Cho, Fredericq et Hommersand和横轴盖氏藻(新拟名) Gayliella transversalis (Collins et Hervey) T. O. Cho et Fredericq,其中前3个种为由仙菜属Ceramium归并的物种,后2个为我国的新记录种。本文对此2个新记录种进行了详细的形态学描述,并讨论了它们与中国已报道的横列仙菜Ceramium gracillimum间的关系。该研究结果丰富了我国海洋仙菜科的物种多样性。     

Morphological observation and rbcL gene sequences studies of two new species, Grateloupia dalianensis H.W.Wang et D.Zhao, sp. nov. and G. yinggehaiensis H.W.Wang et R.X.Luan, sp. nov. (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) from China

A few species in the genus Grateloupia (Halymeniaceae,Rhodophyta) have been investigated in detail with respect to morphological observations and molecular analyses.In this study,the authors document the vegetative and reproductive structures of two new species of Grateloupia,G.dalianensis H.W.Wang et D.Zhao,sp.nov.and G.yinggehaiensis H.W.Wang et R.X.Luan,sp.nov.They both have the morphological character that carpogonial ampullae and auxiliary cell ampullae are the simple Grateloupia-type.The two species can be distinguished from other species of the genus by their distinctive morphological features respectively.Based on ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) gene sequences,the phylogenetic tree obtained in the study indicated that they are both embedded within the Grateloupia clade.G.dalianensis clusters a subclade with G.asiatica,and G.yinggehaiensis forms a single monophyletic subclade with G.hawaiiana.     

南海地区明管虫属(多毛纲:欧努菲虫科)的两种报道,及乳突明管虫在中国海的首次记录

基于中国科学院海洋生物标本馆历年收藏的标本对明管虫属开展了分类学研究,共发现两种明管虫：Hyalinoecia tubicola （Müller,1776）（明管虫）和H.papillata Imajima,1999（乳突明管虫）。二者均采集于南海北部海域沙质基底,Hyalinoecia tubicola广泛分布于广东省沿岸海域向南至西沙群岛,H.papillata则首次报道于中国南海,其区别于H.tubicola在于第一疣足具伸长舌状、两侧边缘具有乳突的前刚叶（ vs.耳状前刚叶、边缘光滑）。本文详细提供了二者的形态学描述和绘图。     

台湾省两个港湾污损生物初步研究

研究台湾岛北端八斗子港和南部大鹏湾的污损生物,其湿重两个港均偏小(142和168kg/m2).共记录60个物种,两个港的共有种仅7种.八斗子港的28种中,优势种花石莼、变化短齿蛤、缘齿牡蛎、纹藤壶和冠瘤海鞘.大鹏湾29种动物中,优势种是3种管栖端足类(C.insidiosum,E.brasiliensis,E.hoobeno)、3种海鞘(P.constellotum,D.areolatum,S.canopus)、多室草苔虫和沙筛贝,后者是外来物种,还有双凸双眉藻等12种硅藻.两处的污损生物群落各自反映了亚热带和热带两类半封闭港湾污损生物的生态特点.     

Taxonomic reexamination and geographic distribution of copepods known asAcartia clausi in Japanese Coastal and inlet waters

Abundant planktonic copepods which have been attributed toAcartia clausi in Japanese coastal and inlet waters were revised by examining specimens from various localities. It is concluded that they consist of two species,A. omorii andA. hudsonica, and no other closely related species occur in Japanese waters.A. omorii is widespread in coastal waters and bays, whileA. hudsonica is strictly confined to brackish waters and closed embayments, in which the two species usually co-occur. The two species are readily distinguished by the shape of the inner lobe of the 3rd segment of the right 5th leg in the male. But the relative lengths of the 2nd and 3rd segments of the male left 5th leg, which separate the two species in Bradford's key to the subgenusAcartiura, did not differ clearly between the specimens of the two species examined here. The body size is also an important distinctive character of the two species especially when water temperature is low.1985 11 29, 1986 2 10, 1986     

Three-dimensional visualisation of brooding behaviour in two distantly related brittle stars from South African waters

Brooding in ophiuroids (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) is a highly-developed reproduction strategy and has evolved independently several times. In South African waters, brooding occurs both in the very small amphiurid Amphipholis squamata, which is hermaphroditic, and in the large ophiodermatid Ophioderma wahlbergii, which is gonochoric. For the first time, microcomputed tomography was applied to visualise and compare brooding and brooded young of these two brittle star species from two distantly related families. The scanned A. squamata brooded six young, whereas O. wahlbergii brooded 13 young. Volume measurements of the adults revealed that A. squamata dedicated about 25% of its disc volume to brooding and O. wahlbergii about 14%. Although the brooded young of O. wahlbergii are thought to be among the largest of all known ophiuroids, young of A. squamata were four times larger in relation to adult body disc volume. Other than differences in the sizes of brooded young, these distantly related species have evolved very similar brooding adaptations. All juveniles were found lying with the mouth upward, pressed against the mother's bursal wall, strengthening the hypothesis that the bursal wall acts as a nutritive organ. In both species, the large size of the young can only be explained by maternal nutrient supply. Both brittle star species, therefore, are regarded as truly viviparous.     

基于16S rDNA基因序列探讨引进物种紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)在海湾扇贝属(Argopecten)中的分类地位

秘鲁紫扇贝(Argopecten purpuratus)于2008年被引进我国,与海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians irradians)成功杂交。为探讨紫扇贝在海湾扇贝属中的分类地位及与相似种海湾扇贝的进化关系,随机选取紫扇贝和海湾扇贝各10个个体,利用通用引物进行16S rDNA基因片段扩增并双向测序。序列分析结果表明,紫扇贝和海湾扇贝扩增获得基因片段长度均为542bp,碱基组成A+T所占比例分别为紫扇贝54.2%和海湾扇贝55.1%。紫扇贝和海湾扇贝种内分别有6和10个变异位点,种间有41个变异位点,且种内和种间变异均为转换或者颠换,无插入/缺失类型。结合Gen Bank同源序列信息,对海湾扇贝属物种进行遗传距离分析及分子系统树的构建。结果表明:海湾扇贝属7种扇贝[紫扇贝(A.purpuratus)、A.irradians、墨西哥湾扇贝(A.i.concentricus)、A.i.irradians、A.nucleus、A.gibbus和A.ventricosus]在系统树上聚为2支,与紫扇贝亲缘关系最近的是A.ventricosus,且该两种扇贝单独聚为一支。其余5种扇贝中,A.irradians、A.i.concentricus和A.i.irradians最先聚为一支,支持A.i.concentricus和A.i.irradians为A.irradians两个亚种的结论;另外,A.nucleus与以上三者也有很近的亲缘关系。该研究结果为海湾扇贝属物种进化、迁移及其遗传育种研究提供了理论基础。     

Arnoglossus boops (hector): A synonym of a. scapha (schneider) (pisces: Heterosomata: Bothidae)

The unique holotype of Arnoglossus boops Hector is compared with specimens of Arnoglossus scapha (Schneider). It is concluded that the two species are identical, and that A. boops is therefore a junior synonym of A. scapha.     

我国海洋底栖猛水蚤目两个新记录种

通过对2008 年5 月在江苏平岛潮间带采集的砂质沉积物进行离心提取, 经形态分类学方法 鉴定发现底栖猛水蚤目两个新记录种, 濑户叶足猛水蚤Phyllopodopsyllus setouchiensis Kitazima, 1981 和扎哈美猛水蚤 Ameira zahaae Karanovic & Cho, 2012, 分别隶属于矩头猛水蚤科 Tetragonicipitidae Lang, 1948 和美猛水蚤科 Ameiridae Boeck, 1865.其中, 濑户叶足猛水蚤目前仅在 砂质潮间带环境中发现。扎哈美猛水蚤与韩国海域发现的种形态基本一致。     

有棘无棘两种表型栉江珧28S和COI基因序列差异的比较

在形态学分析的基础上,对有棘和无棘两种不同表型栉江珧(Atrina pectinata)的28S rDNA和COI基因片段进行序列分析比较.结果显示这两种表型的DNA序列差异很小,28S rDNA(1 075 bp)无差异,而COI(659 bp)碱基差异最大为1.5%,不能提供这两种表型的栉江珧划分为两个种的证据.     

New Notodelphyidae (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) from New Zealand solitary ascidians

The male of Doropygus platylhorax Jones, 1974 and two new species of Doropygus (D. louisae and D. spinosus) are described and illustrated. The specimens of Doropygus described by Schellenberg (1922) as D. pulex are assigned to the new species D. louisae. Specimens of Ophioseides (Scolecimorpha) joubini described by Schellenberg (1922) have been re‐examined together with fresh material, and have been described as a new species, Ophioseides schellen‐bergi.     

The genus Neomonoceratina(Crustacea: Ostracoda) from the Cainozoic of the West Pacific margins

Fourteen species of Neomonoceratina from the West Pacific margins are considered in the present paper, of which two species and one subspecies are described as new. Lectotypes have been designated for three of Brady's 1868 species (N. bataviana, N. iniqua and N. rhomboidea) and also for two of Kingma's 1948 species (N. macropora and N. microreticulata).The taxonomic confusion within the genus, particularly with respect to N. crispata, N. delicata, N. dongtaiensis, N. iniqua and N. microreticulata, is clarified and the zoogeographical implication of the distribution of the genus is discussed.     

Quantitation of CYP1A expression in two flatfish species showing different prevalences of contaminant-induced hepatic disease

English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) are two sympatric flatfish species which show markedly different responses to chemical contaminant exposure. Whereas English sole develop hepatic neoplasms, the prevalences of which are strongly linked to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), evidence of neoplasia is virtually nonexistent in starry flounder, even those residing in areas with very high levels of PAH in the sediments. Because PAHs are activated to genotoxic forms by the action of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) in teleosts, we are examining the hypothesis that variation in the hepatic expression of this major inducible cytochrome P450 isozyme may contribute to the differential contaminant response. These two species were captured in the Duwamish Waterway, a contaminated area of Puget Sound, Washington. Catalytic activity of CYP1A [determined as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity] was measured in the liver to quantitatively assess the relative induction of CYP1A in these two species, and AHH activity was significantly higher in English sole than in starry flounder (p = 0.015). Cellular expression of CYP1A was determined by immunohistochemical localization of tissues, using an avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method, with polyclonal rabbit anti-cod CYP1A. The results showed a markedly reduced expression of CYP1A in hepatocytes of starry flounder, which is consistent with the apparent resistance of this species to the development of hepatocellular neoplasia. This reduced expression of CYP1A in hepatocytes of contaminant-exposed fish was previously seen in oyster toadfish from the Elizabeth River, Virginia, and this species is also apparently resistant to hepatocellular neoplasia.     

Similar reproductive cycles and life-history traits in congeneric limid bivalves with different modes of nutrition

We have studied two congeneric limid bivalves, Acesta species novum and Acesta excavata (Bivalvia: Limidae), that live in similar physical conditions but use different food sources. Acesta sp. nov. live on the giant siboglinid tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi at cold seeps and feed on their eggs, a continuous food source that ultimately is derived from chemosynthesis, whereas A. excavata relies on planktonic food of photosynthetic origin, which varies seasonally. We hypothesized that these two species might show differences in the periodicity of reproduction; specifically, we predicted that A. sp. nov. would breed continuously and that A. excavata would demonstrate an annual reproductive cycle. Our hypothesis was refuted, as both species have a semi‐continuous reproductive cycle. Food quality, quantity or seasonality had no clear effect. Reproductive adults are functionally gonochoristic. Females broadcast buoyant eggs with an average size of 179 μm in A. sp. nov. and 160 μm in A. excavata. Both the size of the larval shell and the size of the spawned eggs are suggestive of pelagic lecithotrophic development. Both species also appear to be protandric hermaphrodites, changing from male to female at approximately 77 and 90 mm shell height, respectively, although not all individuals change sex. In the material investigated in this study there was a biased sex ratio favouring males.     

黄东海奇异指纹蛤Acila mirabilis和指纹蛤Acila divaricata群体遗传多样性及进化研究

指纹蛤属Acila贝类是我国黄东海重要的底栖生物,研究其遗传多样性及进化对了解这一海区环境的变化及与生物的关系具有重要作用。本研究通过线粒体COI基因标记,分析了黄东海常见的两个指纹蛤属物种—奇异指纹蛤Acila mirabilis和指纹蛤Acila divaricata的分化情况,结果表明这两个种的分化形成时间分别在3.71和4.27百万年前,处于上新世时期,我们推测冰期时海平面下降引起的物种栖息地的缩减以及黄海和东海环境条件的不同是导致物种分化的重要原因。通过群体遗传多样性分析,我们发现分布于黄海的4个奇异指纹蛤群体中,3500-10群体的遗传多样性水平最高,且群体遗传多样性自冷水团中心内侧至外侧呈递减趋势,推测这可能与这一群体对冷水团有较好的适应性有关。分布于东海的3个指纹蛤群体均检测到两个单倍型类群ZA和ZB,两类群的分化时间大约在64万年前,发生于更新世中期,我们认为冰期时海平面升降引起的群体地理隔离与二次接触是导致指纹蛤两个单倍型类群形成的主要原因。