Life in the World's Oceans: Diversity,Distribution, and Abundance

October 2010, Wiley-Blackwell, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

384 pages, hardcover

ISBN 978-1-4051-9297-2. Price £120.00/€144.00/$170.17     

Book review

Introduction to Marine Chemistry, by J. P. Riley and R. Chester. Academic, London, 1971. 465 pp. £6.00.     

Book review

Offshore Soil Mechanics edited by Philip George and David Wood. Cambridge University Engineering Department and Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London, 1976. 468 pp. £7.50 + shipping.

Beach Processes and Sedimentation by Paul D. Komar. Prentice‐Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1976. 429 pp., $26.95.     

Book review

Jane's Ocean Technology 1974–75 by Robert L. Trillo (Editor). Jane's Yearbooks, London, England (in North America, Franklin Watts, Inc., New York), 1974. 344 pp. £12.50 ($55.00).

The Ocean Basins and Margins—Volume 2: The North Atlantic by A. E. M. Nairn and F. G. Stehli (Editors). Plenum Publishing, New York, 1974. 598 pp. $38.00.     

Small versus large-scale,multi-fleet fisheries: The case for economic,social and environmental access criteria in European fisheries

Overfishing is a major problem in global fisheries, plaguing 32% of stocks around the world and a massive 72% in the EU. Despite this, access to public fish resources in the EU and its member states are granted without any social or environmental conditions. Without these, the process of allocating quotas – essentially determining the future health of marine resources and the fishing industry – is blind to virtually all of the impacts of fisheries. Here, the United Kingdom's North Sea cod fishery is studied, comparing the social, environmental and economic impacts of trawlers and gillnets, the two major fishing gears targeting cod in this area. Comparisons are also made on a vessel-length basis to address recent debate concerning the benefits of small-scale fisheries. The results show that, for each tonne of cod landed in these fisheries, all trawlers have impacts that are more costly than the value of their landings. There are also vessel length-specific differences, with the largest trawlers the most destructive (−£1992/tonne and −£2.50/fish). Gillnets, on the other hand, generate positive value to society (+£865/tonne and +£2.16/fish). Despite these impacts, gillnets land only 1% as much cod as trawlers do. The results support the policy implementation of access criteria into the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy, to ensure fishermen generate positive outcomes for society and to provide incentives that align fishermen's interests with conservation objectives.     

Book reviews

Climate change in contrasting river basins: adaptation strategies for water, food and environment. Edited by J Aerts and P Droogers. Published in 2004 by CABI Publishing, 288 p., hardcover. ISBN: 0–85199–835–6. Price: US$100 (orders: services@dadirect.com.au).

Australian water bugs. Their biology and identification (Hemiptera‐Heteroptera, Gerromorpha &; Nepomorpha). By Nils M Andersen? and Tom A Weir. Published in 2004 by CSIRO Publishing/Apollo Books, P.O. Box 1139, Collingwood, VIC 3066, Australia. 344 p., hardcover. ISBN: 0–643–090517. Price: AU$135.00 (orders: publishing.sales@csiro.au).

The Lakes Handbook. Volume I: Limnology and Limnetic Ecology. Volume II: Lake restoration and rehabilitation. Edited by Patrick O'Sullivan and Colin Reynolds. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 109 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, United Kingdom (http//www.blackwellpublishing.com). Volume I (published in 2003) 712 p., hardcover. ISBN: 0632047976. Price: £125. Volume II (published in 2004) 568 p., hardcover. ISBN: 063204795X. Price: £125.     

多鳞(Sillago sihama)高密度遗传连锁图谱构建及生长性状QTL定位分析

为构建多鳞(Sillago sihama)遗传连锁图谱并鉴定生长等重要经济性状数量性状位点(QTL),实验通过基因分型测序(GBS)技术对163个多鳞个体(2个亲本和161个全同胞家系F1代)进行测序及标记分型,并通过复合区间定位法对该物种的体重、体高、体厚、眼径、体长和背鳍前长6个生长性状进行QTL定位分析。结果显示,多鳞首张高密度遗传连锁图谱全长2 154.803 c M,标记间平均遗传距离0.455 c M,共有4 735个SNP标记分配到24个连锁群。QTL定位分析结果发现在6个生长性状中共检测到20个生长显著相关QTL位点,分布在8个连锁群上,单个QTL的LOD值范围为3.02～4.23,可解释的表型变异范围为0.14%～8.42%。其中,在连锁群LG08聚集了8个生长性状显著相关的QTL。通过对候选QTL区间内的基因进行功能注释,共筛选到了19个潜在生长调控相关基因,包含igf1、igf2、sstr5、sst1a、tgfbr2、gas1、igfals、gfg6、gfg20、bmp7、kdm5c、tti1以及rbm10等。实验获得的遗传标记及相关候选基因是多鳞生长相关性状标记...     

Thermal constraints on the respiration and excretion rates of krill,Euphausia hanseni and Nematoscelis megalops,in the northern Benguela upwelling system off Namibia

Rates of respiration and ammonia excretion of Euphausia hanseni and Nematoscelis megalops were determined experimentally at four temperatures representative of conditions encountered by these euphausiid species in the northern Benguela upwelling environment. The respiration rate increased from 7.7 µmol O₂ h^?1 g_ww ^?1 at 5 °C to 18.1 µmol O₂ h^?1 g_ww ^?1 at 20 °C in E. hanseni and from 7.0 µmol O₂ h^?1 g_ww ^?1 (5 °C) to 23.4 µmol O₂ h^?1 g_ww ^?1 (20 °C) in N. megalops. The impact of temperature on oxygen uptake of the two species differed significantly. Nematoscelis megalops showed thermal adaptations to temperatures between 5 °C and 10 °C (Q₁₀ = 1.9) and metabolic constraint was evident at higher temperatures (Q₁₀ = 2.6). In contrast, E. hanseni showed adaptations to temperatures of 10–20 °C (Q₁₀ = 1.5) and experienced metabolic depression below 10 °C (Q₁₀ = 2.6). Proteins were predominantly metabolised by E. hanseni in contrast to lipids by N. megalops. Carbon demand of N. megalops between 5 and 15 °C was lower than in E. hanseni versus equal food requirements at 20 °C. It is concluded that the two species display different physiological adaptations, based on their respective temperature adaptations, which are mirrored in their differential vertical positioning in the water column.     

圆斑星鲽(Verasper variegatus)wtl基因的克隆与表达分析

圆斑星鲽（Verasper variegatus）雌鱼生长快,成熟雌鱼个体大小是雄鱼的2倍以上,开展性别相关基因的功能研究,对于探究圆斑星鲽性别决定机制,建立单性培育技术具有重要意义。本研究获得了wt1a及wt1b两个同源基因,wt1a基因全长为3263bp,预测开放阅读框（ORF）长为1245bp,编码415个氨基酸,5''-UTR和3''-UTR分别长372bp和1640bp;wt1b基因全长为2312bp,预测开放阅读框（ORF）长为1281bp,编码427个氨基酸,5''-UTR和3''-UTR分别长369bp和659bp。wt1a基因编码氨基酸分子量为46.2kDa,理论等电点为9.24,无跨膜结构及信号肽,在ORF末端有4个锌指结构,编码KTS三肽;wt1b基因编码氨基酸分子量为46.95kDa,理论等电点为8.99,无跨膜结构及信号肽,在ORF末端有4个锌指结构,并且编码KTS三肽。基因表达结果表明：wt1a和wt1b基因主要在圆斑星鲽性腺中表达,精巢的表达高于卵巢,肾脏的表达量显著高于其他组织,推测wt1a基因和wt1b基因在性腺和肾脏发育过程及功能方面均发挥重要作用;在早期发育阶段,wt1a基因在原肠期之前微弱表达,从原肠早期开始逐渐上升至神经胚期表达量达到最高,之后逐渐下降,直至孵化阶段,推测wt1a基因在圆斑星鲽原始生殖细胞分化过程及性腺发育中发挥重要作用。     

Geotechnical Investigations at the Dalian Offshore Airport,China

Based on the geotechnical investigation data of artificial island at Dalian Offshore Airport, the spatial distribution of the physical and mechanical properties of deposit soils was statistically analyzed. The field investigation revealed that the deposit soils could be subdivided into three strata, i.e., the top marine deposit stratum, middle marine-continental deposit stratum, and deep continental deposit stratum. Field and laboratory test results demonstrated that the marine deposit soils had high water content (31.2% < w_n < 63.10%), large void ratio (0.88 < e₀ < 1.75), low permeability (k_v < 10^?6 cm/s), flow-plastic state (I_L > 1), under consolidated (OCR < 1), high compressibility (E_s < 4 MPa), low shear strength (11.7 kPa < c_u < 43.7 kPa), and low bearing capacity (0 < f_ak < 120 kPa), they could not be used as natural foundation. The marine-continental and continental deposits were normally consolidated to over-consolidated (OCR ≥ 1), medium compressibility (4 MPa < E_s < 20 MPa), high shear strength (29.7 kPa < c_u < 73.7 kPa), and high bearing capacity (f_ak > 120 kPa). In addition, regression analysis results showed that the compression ratio was positively correlated with the natural water content, the coefficient of vertical consolidation was negatively correlated with the plasticity index, and the coefficient of vertical permeability was positively correlated with the initial void ratio. The results of the field and laboratory tests were synthesized to provide a basis for reclamation design.     

环境因素对短角异剑水蚤摄食的影响

通过单因子实验,研究了短角异剑水蚤(Apocyclops royi)在不同温度、光照、pH 值、饵料密度以及单性条件下对盐生杜氏藻的滤水率(F)和滤食率(G),及其对3种常见饵料微藻(盐生杜氏藻、球等边金藻和海水小球藻)摄食的选择性,旨在为该物种的人工高效可控培养提供实验和技术基础.结果表明,实验温度范围内(20,25和30℃),短角异剑水蚤对盐生杜氏藻的滤水率和滤食率差异不显著,其中25℃时 F和 G 较高,分别为(0.049±0.014)mL/(个?h)和(1.393±0.369)×104个/(个?h);滤水率和滤食率随光照强度的增加而升高,光照强度为9800 lx 时 F 和 G 最高,分别为(0.053±0.012)mL/(个?h)和(1.295±0.303)×104个/(个?h); pH 值为9.0时,滤水率和滤食率显著高于其他实验组(7.0、8.0、10.0);滤水率随饵料密度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势,滤食率随饵料密度的增大而升高;滤水率和滤食率存在性别差异,雌性的 F 和 G 均比雄性约高16%.实验的3种微藻中,球等鞭金藻的选择性指数最高.     

Residual depth and residual geoid anomalies of the South Atlantic ocean

Abstract

We have obtained the residual depth and residual geoid anomalies of the South Atlantic Ocean and interpreted them in terms of upper mantle processes. Starting from the 5’ X 5’ SYNBAPS data, we computed the 1° X 1° mean water depth. We digitized a recent sediment thickness map of the South Atlantic and corrected for the isostatic sediment loading effects. A plot of the corrected basement depth against crustal ages shows a good match to the depth‐age curve of the plate model. We then subtracted the predicted plate model depths from the corrected basement depths and obtained the 1° X 1° residual depth. The residual depth anomalies have positive values over the topographic highs and relative negative values over the ocean basins. A prominent asymmetry is observed between the residual depth over the Argentine Basin and that over the Cape Basin.

We have obtained the 1° X 1° residual geoid of the South Atlantic by subtracting both the long wavelength features and the geoid variations due to the plate cooling from the 1° X 1° Seasat altimeter derived geoid. The long wavelength features are represented by the degree and order 10 geoid of GEM1OC, and the geoid variations due to the plate cooling effects are predicted by the plate model geoid‐age relationship. The residual geoid anomalies also show an asymmetry although weaker than the case of the residual depth, between the Argentine and Cape basins.

By taking the 5° X 5° averages, we removed possible plate bending effects on the depth and geoid anomalies. We then compared those two data sets with respect to the reported hot spot tracks in the South Atlantic. The residual depth generally shows positive values over the hot spot tracks, whereas the residual geoid does not show any sign of them. A prominent asymmetric feature of depth and geoid anomalies is observed over the Argentine and Cape basins. This asymmetry is probably caused by hotter and less dense materials beneath the Cape Basin. Hot spots or other mantle upwellings may be the heat sources.     

Trophic Potential and Photoecology of Endolithic Algae Living within Coral Skeletons

Abstract. The biomass of the endolithic algae Ostreobium quekettii Phyllosiphoniaceae living within skeletons of the scleractinans Mycedium elephantotus and Leptoseris fragilis averages 300 μg protein. cm^-2. This represents approximately 7% of the protein of the zooxanthekie-containing tissue of M. elephantotus and approximately 38% of that of L. fragilis. Oxygen production Pmax_net of 0. querkettii in bare skeletons of M. elephantotus averaged 0.7 μg O₂.cm^-2· h^-1 measured in large skeletal fragments. This amount is approximately 6% of the productivity of the zooxanthellae Symbiodinium microadriaticum living in the same scleractinian species at the same depth Pmax_net 11 μg O₂· Cm^-2· h^-1. Light compensation of O. quekettii - within skeletons - was reached at approximately 10 and saturation at 35 40 μE·m^-2· s^-1. Algae within the M. elephantotus skeletons receive a maximum of 4–6% of the ambient irradiance, which is approximately 0.9 μE · m^-2· s^-1 approximately 0.04% surface irradiance at a depth of 88 m. In L. fragilis at a depth of 145 m, the photon flux decreases to 0.3 μE·m^-2· s^-1, which is less than 0.004% of surface intensity. With increasing depth, the ratio of Chl b to Chl a increased in endolithic algae colonizing L. fragilis, indicating improvement of light harvesting under low light conditions. In free-living O. quekettii cultured at irradiance levels from 0.5–60 μE·m^-2· s^-1, the concentrations of chlorophylls increased and that of siphonein and β-carotene decreased with decreasing photon flux.     

Book review

“Fertility of the Sea”. J. D. Costlow (Ed.). 1971. 2 Volumes (Vol. 1, 320 pp.; Vol. 2, 326 pp.) Gordon & Breach, Science Publishers, 12 Bloomsbury Way, London. £14.60 the set.     

Respiration rates of planktonic crustaceans from the Inland Sea of Japan with special reference to the effects of body weight and temperature

A total of 293 measurements of respiration rate were made on planktonic crustaceans collected in different seasons from the Inland Sea of Japan. The relationship between the rate of oxygen consumption (R,μl O₂ indiv.⁻¹ hr⁻¹) and body dry weight (W, mg indiv.⁻¹), as expressed by a power function (R=aW ^b , or logR=loga+b logW), was established as a function of temperature (T, °C). The slope of the regression equation (b) was not significantly affected by seasonal temperature variation, but the intercept of the equation (loga) was strongly influenced by temperature. The equation describing this general relation is logR=(0.0444T−0.333)+0.713 logW.     

Consumption,absorption efficiency,respiration and excretion in the South African abalone Haliotis midae

Feeding periodicity, consumption rate, absorption efficiency, respiration rate and ammonia excretion were measured as functions of wet body mass in abalone collected from the western and southern Cape coasts. A well developed diel feeding rhythm was evident, consumption being restricted to the period 16h00–08h00. Food intake averaged 8,1 per cent of wet flesh mass·d^?1 at 14°C and 11,4 percent at 19°C. The daily consumption rate was related to body mass by the relationships C(g) = 0,54 W(g)^0,67 at 14°C and C(g) = 0,35 W(g)^0,77 at 19°C. Absorption efficiency averaged 37 per cent and was independent of body size. Equations relating respiration rate to wet body mass were R(m? O₂·h^?1) = 0,03 W(g)^0,83 at 14°C and R = 0,03 W(g)^0,94 at 19°C. No significant differences were detected between day and night rates or between fed and starved individuals. The rate of ammonia excretion (μmole·h^?1) was related to wet body mass (g) by the equations U = 0,22 W^0,43 at 14°C and U = 0,03 W^0,85 at 19°C.     

Farming of spiny lobsters in sea cages in India

Pueruli and post‐pueruli, early juveniles and sub‐adults of the spiny lobster, Panulirus homarus and juveniles of P. ornatus were grown in different floating sea cages along the southeast coast of India from May 2003 to May 2007. The first type of cage had a galvanised iron pipe frame (2.0 m × 2.0 m × 1.2 m) with steel woven mesh and four inner detachable compartments (0.75 m × 0.75 m × 1.10 m). Fibre‐reinforced plastic was used subsequently to fabricate cages (1 m × 1 m × 1 m). Pueruli and post‐pueruli of P. homarus (1.58 ± 0.62 g SD), stocked at 60 individuals/m², grew to an average weight of 123.10 ± 26.22 g in 266 days with a survival rate of 70%. Sub‐adults of P. homarus with an average weight (± SD) of 123.61 ± 29.26 g reached 341.25 ± 46.22 g in 225 days at a stocking density of 21 individuals/m² with a survival of 73 ± 6%. The post‐pueruli grew by 0.46 ± 0.10 g per day with a specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.64, whereas sub‐adults had a growth rate of 0.97 ± 0.20 g per day with a SGR of 0.43. At a higher stocking density of 80 individuals/m², juveniles (51.83 ± 10.32 g and 58.20 ± 28.22 g) of P. homarus recorded growth rates of 0.86 ± 0.25 (SGR 0.82) and 0.97 ± 0.34 g (SGR 0.96) per day. This study indicates that post‐pueruli of P. homarus can be grown to over 200 g in 12 months and up to 350 g in 16 to 17 months in sea cages. Juveniles (average weight 76.35 ± 34.50 g) of P. ornatus, reared with P. homarus at a stocking density of 80 individuals/m², recorded a weight gain of 139 g in 155 days at arate of 0.89 ± 0.32 g per day with an SGR of 0.67. Marine live clam, Donax spp., was the main feed supplemented with the gastropod, Xancus pyrum, the green mussel, Perna viridis, marine crab (Charibdis sp.), squid (Loligo sp.), and fish such as clupeids and Leognathus sp. Pueruli and post‐pueruli settled in large numbers (up to 35 individuals/month in one cage) both inside and outside the cages.     

Effects of irradiance on pigment signatures of harmful algae during growth process

Three harmful algal bloom (HAB) species, Phaeocystis globosa, Thalassiosira rotula, and Proro-centrum donghaiense were isolated from the coast of China and cultured in batches at three light intensities (40, 70 and 150 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1). The variation patterns of cell numbers and growth rates with light intensity during growth process were different among species. In P. globosa and T. rotula, maximum growth rates were found at 150 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1 and ranged from 0.60 divisions per day in T. rotula, to 1.17 divisions per day in P. globosa. The highest growth rate of P. donghaiense, however, was found at 70 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1 (0.36 divisions per day). In general, all the three HAB species showed adaptation to increasing light intensity by decreas-ing cellular concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl a), but the variation patterns during the growth process were species-specific. The cellular concentrations of Chl a in P. donghaiense and T. rotula increased gradually with incubation time, but the opposite trend was found in P. globosa. Most of the pigment ratios and pigment indices of these three species were nearly constant during the growth process and showed small changes at different light intensities illustrating the applicability of chemotaxonomy during the initial and developing stages of HAB events, which is very important to study the ecological issues related to HAB species. Ratios of photoprotective carotenoids, such as diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin and β,β-carotene to total chlorophylls a (Tchl a) showed the trend of increasing with the increase of light intensity during growth process. The species-specific and pigment-specific variations in pigment ratios/indices at different light intensities during growth pro-cess probably reflected the differences in the pigment composition as well as the adaption capabilities of different species to the changes of physical conditions.     

Observational studies on association between eastward equatorial jet and Indian Ocean dipole

Association between weakening/strengthening of the eastward equatorial jet (EEJ) in both seasons and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) was investigated using two independent observational datasets (October 1992 to September 2007): (a) the dipole mode index I(t) and (b) the 5-day Ocean Surface Current Analyses-Realtime (OSCAR) obtained from satellite altimetry and scatterometer data, which has strong seasonal variability, with the EEJ occurrence in spring and fall, shown from the time-longitude cross-section of equatorial zonal velocity (1°S-1°N). The association is detected in two ways. First, time series of averaged zonal velocity over (1°S-1°N, 42°E-100°E) U(t) shows a close association to the dipole mode index: positive IOD events (1994, 1997, 2006) correspond to negative U (westward equatorial current), and negative IOD events (1994, 1995, 1999, 2005) correspond to positive U (eastward equatorial current). Second, the EEJ weakening/strengthening is represented by the streamfunction anomaly relative to its climatological monthly mean fields. The streamfunction anomaly is further analyzed using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method. The first EOF mode accounts for 55% of the variance with corresponding principal component A ⁽¹⁾(t) showing evident pattern of EEJ strengthening and weakening. The correlation coefficient between I(t) and A ⁽¹⁾(t) is around 0.49. This may confirm the linkage in some sense (only EOF-1 considered) between the positive (negative) IOD events and the weakening (strengthening) of the EEJ. The dipole pattern of lag-correlation between the sea surface temperature anomaly and U confirms the connection between the EEJ weakening/strengthening and the IOD events.