Effect of winter meteorological conditions on the formation of the cold bottom water in the eastern Bering Sea shelf

The cold bottom water, formed in the previous winter on the eastern Bering Sea shelf, remains throughout the summer. in order to examine the mechanism for the formation of the cold bottom water, we used minimum water temperature in the cold bottom water observed over the eastern Bering Sea shelf for 30 years. The interannual variation in the minimum water temperature of the cold bottom water was closely related to that of mean air temperature during cooling period at St. Paul Island. The air temperature in previous winter primarily affects the cold bottom water. We estimated decrement of the water temperature due to ice melting with simple box model. It was found with the box model that decreasing of the water temperature and lowering of the salinity depend on ice melting. To investigate the cause of interannual variation in air temperature in winter, we applied EOF analysis to the 500 hPa height. The Pacific/North American pattern (PNA) was related to mean air temperature at St. Paul Island in cooling season and the cold bottom water temperature. These results suggest the connection between ENSO events and warming or cooling in the Bering Sea shelf in winter.     

Warped temperature profiles observed in the sediment of geothermally active areas in the Japan Sea— A hypothesis of double diffusive sinking

Some temperature profiles observed in sea floor sediments of the Japan Sea, west of the northern part of Honshu, show distinct gradients changing with depth, for which we use the term warping. Using a simplified model, this warping can be attributed to an abrupt temperature change in the bottom water just above the sediment. The bottom water temperature change might be explained by the hypothesis that warm and salt surface water in the region sank to the sea bottom, through colder and less saline water, maintaining a relatively warmer temperature than the bottom water which originates from ordinary lateral intrusion.     

Periodic Intrusion of Cold Water from the Pacific Ocean into the Bottom Layer of the Bungo Channel in Japan

A cold-water intrusion, called a “bottom intrusion”, occurs in the lower layer of the Bungo Channel in Japan. It is an intrusion from the shelf slope region of the Pacific Ocean margin in the south of the channel. In order to reveal the fundamental characteristics of the bottom intrusion, we conducted long-term observations of water temperature at the surface and bottom layers of the channel and 15-day current observations at the bottom of the shelf-break region. The long-term water temperature data indicated that the bottom intrusion occurs repeatedly between early summer and late autumn, and its reiteration between early and mid-summer causes a local minimum of water temperature in the lower layer in mid-summer. Moreover, the data revealed that most of the bottom intrusions occurred in neap tidal periods. The current meter recorded a bottom intrusion with a speed of approximately 15 cm⋅s⁻¹. The current meter also revealed that the intruded cold water slowly retreated back to the shelf slope region after the intrusion. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Current and Turbidity Variations in the Western Part of Suo-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan: A Hypothesis on the Oxygen-Deficient Water Mass Formation

A hydrographic survey and a 25-hour stationary observation were carried out in the western part of Suo-Nada in the summer of 1998 to elucidate the formation mechanism of the oxygen-deficient water mass. A steep thermocline and halocline separated the upper layer water from the bottom water over the observational area except for near the Kanmon Strait. The bottom water, in comparison with the upper layer water, indicated lower temperature, higher salinity, lower dissolved oxygen, higher turbidity, and higher chlorophyll a. Turbidity in the upper layer water changed with semi-diurnal period while the bottom water turbidity showed a quarter-diurnal variation, though the M₂ tidal current prevailed in both waters. From the turbidity distribution and the current variation, it is revealed that the turbidity in the upper layer water is controlled by the advection due to the M₂ tidal current. On the other hand, the quarter-diurnal variation in the bottom water turbidity is caused by the resuspension of bottom sediments due to the M₂ tidal current. The steep thermocline and halocline were maintained throughout the observation period in spite of the rather strong tidal currents. This implies an active intrusion of the low temperature and high salinity water from the east to the bottom of Suo-Nada. Based on the observational results, a hypothesis on the oxygen-deficient water mass formation was proposed; the periodical turbidity variation in the bottom water quickly modifies the oxygen-rich water in the east to the oxygen-deficient bottom water in Suo-Nada in a course of circulation.     

生物和非生物因子对秋季海州湾长蛇鲻栖息地适宜性的影响

根据2011年和2013?2018年秋季在海州湾及邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步采集的底层水温、底层盐度、水深、资源密度、饵料生物等生物和非生物因子数据,开展长蛇鲻(Saurida elongata)栖息地适宜性的相关研究。利用提升回归树(Boosted Regression Tree, BRT)模型确定各环境因子的权重,分别采用算术平均法和几何平均法建立栖息地适宜性指数(Habitat Suitability Index, HSI)模型,并通过交叉验证确定最优模型。结果表明:海州湾长蛇鲻在秋季最适宜栖息的底层水温范围为17.5～18℃,最适底层盐度范围为31.3～32.0,最适水深范围为24～37 m;选择其3种主要饵料生物作为生物因子,即枪乌贼(Loligo spp.)、戴氏赤虾(Metapenaeopsis dalei)和六丝钝尾鰕虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema),与底层水温、底层盐度和水深共同作为影响因子建立HSI模型。结果显示,对长蛇鲻空间分布总偏差贡献率最高的是饵料因子,其次是水深和底层水温。通过交叉验证发现,运用算术平均算法,且赋予权重的HSI模型具有较低的赤池信息准则值(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)。研究发现,海州湾秋季长蛇鲻的最适栖息地(HSI≥0.7)主要分布在34.5°～36°N,119°～121°E之间,其中35°～36°N海域的最适栖息地分布范围大,而且从近岸至远海,HSI指数有增加的趋势。     

黄海、渤海底层温、盐度与其垂直平均值的统计关系

文中根据黄渤海区１９５９～１９８２年间水温和盐度垂向剖面历史资料，建立了在给定水深下底层温、盐度与其对应的垂向平均值间的线性关系，进而对所获得的系数建立其与水深和时间（月份）间非线性关系，最终发展了底层温、盐度与其平均值、水深和时间的普适经验关系式ＴＨ（Ｓｕ）＝ｆ（ＴＡ（ＳＡ），Ｈ，ｔ），为建立避开来自海面的热量、质量和动量在会向上分配的复杂物理过程的简易底层温、盐度二维数值预报模式奠定基础。     

长江口及其邻近海区环流和温、盐结构动力学研究III 温度结构

数值模拟结果表明: 冬季长江口及其邻近海区温度分布为近岸低, 外海高; 近岸和海底地形变化缓慢区温度呈垂直均匀分布, 海底地形变化显著的陡坡区生成温度锋; 外海深水区的中上层温度低且呈垂直均匀分布, 底层温度高并形成弱的分层。春季, 近岸温度高、外海低; 近岸温度大致呈垂直均匀分布, 外海出现明显分层; 长江口以北温度表层低、底层高; 长江口及其以南表层和底层温度低, 而中层高; 陡坡区至外海生成温度锋, 随着温度锋自陡坡至外海的下移,锋面以上温度逐渐变为垂直均匀分布, 而锋面以下温度却大致呈水平均匀分布。夏季, 海区的温度分布和春季一样, 为近岸高、外海低; 长江口及其以南近岸浅水区温度呈垂直均匀分布; 长江口以北和长江口及其以南的外海温度自表层至底层由高变低且大致呈水平均匀分布, 并在表层至次表层生成强温跃层, 跃层强度随水深增加迅速减弱, 深底层温度几乎呈均匀分布且保持低温特征。秋季, 海区的温度分布与冬季相同, 也为近岸低, 外海高; 在长江口以北, 近岸温度为表层高, 底层低; 外海底层温度低且大致呈水平均匀分布, 而底层以上温度高且大致呈垂直均匀分布; 长江口及其以南, 近岸温度呈垂直均匀分布, 陡坡至外海的表层至底层生成弱的温度锋,随温度锋自陡坡至外海的下移, 锋面以上温度逐渐变为垂直均匀分布, 长江口以南陡坡区的底层温度几乎呈均匀分布。     

秋季湛江港和入海口温盐结构及生态特征

采用2015年10月采集的湛江港海域水体叶绿素a浓度、温度、盐度等参数,分析了秋季湛江港和入海口温盐结构及生态特征。研究结果表明,湛江港海域盐度的水平分布上由湾内往湾外逐渐递增,叶绿素a浓度由湾内往湾外逐渐递减,水深比较浅的区域水温较高,同时在航道入海口底层存在着“高盐低温低叶绿素”的相对稳定的冷水团结构。该水团的形成是由于湛江港出海口独特的地形构造促进区域性水体层化,同时底部水体透明度低,限制航道入海口区域底层的浮游植物的生长等因素所致。     

2008年夏季楚科奇陆架海域近底层水温大幅快速变化事件研究

2008年夏季中国第3次北极科学考察期间,利用锚碇潜标对北冰洋楚科奇陆架海域进行了为期33 d的海流剖面、近底层温度与盐度连续观测。观测数据显示楚科奇陆架海域近底层海水温度出现了两次较大幅度的快速升降现象。结合此次科学考察R断面温盐深仪(CTD)观测资料、以及卫星遥感海表温度(SST)和海表风场等资料,综合分析表明:观测到的这种快速升、降温现象不仅发生在近底层;这种快速升、降温现象应该是由海水温度锋面在夏季整体缓慢北移的同时存在短暂南北摆动所导致;温度锋面的季节性北移属于北极气候特征,而温度锋面短暂的南北摆动则与短期天气过程有关。     

獐子岛养殖区夏季底层水温快速变化的机理分析

Rapid changes in the near-bottom water temperature are important environmental factors that can significantly affect the growth and development of species in the bottom culture. The object of this research is to investigate the mechanism causing these rapid changes within a bottom culture area near the Zhangzi Island. The hydrographic transects observations in the North Yellow Sea(NYS) suggest that our mooring station is very close to the tidal mixing front. The horizontal advection of the tidal front has induced the observed tidal change of bottom temperature at the mooring station. Analysis of the mooring near-bottom temperature and current measurements show that the angle between the tidal current horizontal advection and the swing of the tidal front is crucial in determining the variation trend of temperature. When the angle equals 90°, the horizontal tidal current advects along the isotherms so the temperature remains the same. When the angle is between 0° and 90°, the seawater moves from deep water to the warmer coastal zone and the temperature decreases. In contrast, the horizontal tidal advection moves the coastal warm water to the mooring station and the water temperature increases when the angle is between 90° and 180°. The amplitude of the temperature change is proportional to the magnitude of the horizontal temperature gradient and the tidal excursion in the direction of the temperature gradient. This study may facilitate the choice of culture area in order to have a good aquaculture production.     

Long-term bottom water warming in the north Ross Sea

We measured potential temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen profiles from the surface to the bottom at two locations in the north Ross Sea (65.2°S, 174.2°E and 67.2°S, 172.7°W) in December 2004. Comparison of our data with previous results from the same region reveals an increase in potential temperature and decreases in salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration in the bottom layer (deeper than 3000 m) over the past four decades. The changes were significantly different from the analytical precisions. Detailed investigation of the temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and σ ₃ value distributions and the bottom water flow in the north Ross Sea suggests a long-term change in water mass mixing balance. That is to say, it is speculated that the influence of cool, saline, high-oxygen bottom water (high-salinity Ross Sea Bottom Water) formed in the southwestern Ross Sea has possibly been decreased, while the influences of relatively warmer and fresher bottom water (low-salinity Ross Sea Bottom Water) and the Adélie Land Bottom Water coming from the Australia-Antarctic Basin have increased. The possible impact of global warming on ocean circulation needs much more investigation.     

Year-to-year variation of cold waters around the korea strait

Year-to-year variation of bottom cold waters around the Korea Strait was investigated based on bottom temperatures measured by submarine telephone cable between Pusan, Korea and Hamada, Japan from 1982 to 1992. The characteristics of bottom temperatures could be divided into three different groups: the Korean side, the middle, and the Japanese side. Temperature drops in summer appeared in all the three regions implying the intrusion of cold waters into the Korea Strait. Significant decreases in the Korean side were observed in 1983, 1986, 1990, 1991, and 1992 when bottom temperatures were high in the middle. In contrast, bottom temperatures significantly decreased in the middle in 1985, 1988, and 1989 when the temperature drops in the Korean side were relatively small. This tendency for a negative relationship was also shown in the second mode of an EOF analysis. In the years when bottom temperatures significantly decreased in the Korean side, the cold water along the east coast of Korea expanded offshore and its temperature was low. On the contrary, cold water in the southern region of the Ulleung Basin developed in the years when bottom temperatures decreased considerably in the middle.     

海州湾鹰爪虾栖息地适宜性研究

根据2011年及2013?2017年春季和秋季在海州湾进行的底拖网调查数据,结合同步测定的底层水温、底层盐度、水深和资源量等数据,开展鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)栖息地适宜性的研究,先利用广义加性模型对环境因子进行筛选,再应用提升回归树模型确定各环境因子的权重,然后分别采用算术平均法和几何平均法建立栖息地适宜性指数模型,并通过交叉验证选择最优模型。结果表明:春季鹰爪虾的栖息地适宜性指数模型采用算术平均法构建,选择水深和底层盐度作为变量,具有最小的拟合;秋季鹰爪虾的栖息地适宜性指数模型采用几何平均法构建,选择底层水温和底层盐度作为变量,具有最小的拟合。对春季栖息地适宜性指数模型总偏差贡献率最大的是水深(76.23%),其次是底层盐度(23.77%);对秋季栖息地适宜性指数模型总偏差贡献率最大的是底层水温(82.56%),其次是底层盐度(17.44%)。海州湾春季鹰爪虾的最适栖息水深为24 m以内,底层盐度为29.7～31.8;秋季的最适栖息底层水温为18～24℃,底层盐度为29.2～31.5。本研究表明,环境因子的优化有助于改进栖息地适宜性指数模型,并提升其预测能力。     

Observation of the bottom boundary layer off the Soya Warm Current

A mooring observation of current velocity, temperature and bottom pressure was carried out approximately 30 km off the coast of Monbetsu, between August 7 and September 2, 2005, to investigate the characteristics of bottom boundary layer (BBL) off the Soya Warm Current (SWC). We succeeded in measuring the Ekman veering and bottom Ekman transport in the BBL. On comparing the observed current velocity with that represented by the classical theoretical equation, the observed alongshore current velocity in BBL disagreed with that represented by the classical theoretical equation, but the cross-shore one agreed well. However after applying a linear extrapolation for the alongshore current velocity to estimate the alongshore geostrophic current velocity above the bottom, we could explain the alongshore current velocity by that represented in the classical theoretical equation. Consequently, our observations strongly support one of the proposed formation mechanisms of the cold-water belt observed off the SWC, that is, the convergence of bottom Ekman transport. The volume transport of vertical pumping velocity was estimated to be (0.12–0.25) Sv. In addition, the vertical profile of average temperature in all observation periods shows that slightly warmer water lies beneath the homogenous temperature layer, in the BBL. The result is considered to imply that the down-slope advection due to bottom Ekman transport supplies the SWC water in BBL and the eddy diffusivity of order of 10⁻³ m²s⁻¹ maintains the oceanic structure in the bottom mixed layer.     

黄海、渤海底层温度数值预报方法的研究

根据文献［ｌ］建立的底层温度（ＴＨ）与其水柱垂向平均温度（）的经验关系，结合流体动力学方程和（垂向平均）热传导方程，发展了以水气温差和风速为已知量的底层温度二维数值预报模式。该模式避开了海面热量和动量输入在垂直水柱中分配的复杂物理过程而直接报出底层水温场，具有较好的实用性；此外，从试报结果看，效果令人满意。     

山东半岛东北部海域悬浮体季节分布及控制因素

基于2018年山东半岛东北部海域冬、夏两季悬浮体浓度、浊度及水温和盐度调查资料,分析了研究区水体悬浮体浓度的季节性变化,探讨了其控制因素.结果表明:夏季浊度在0.2～37.8FTU之间变化,冬季浊度在1.5～100.1FTU之间变化,均表现为底高表低、东高西低的特征.夏季水温分层明显,表现为表层高、底层低的特征,盐度整...     

夏季北黄海水体浊度分布特征的初步研究

应用2007月7月国家908专项北黄海区块水体调查获取的浊度资料,与同步获得的悬浮物质量浓度进行拟合分析,结果表明,中底层水的相关系数在0.94以上,表层相关度较差.根据调查海域浊度的水平大面分布及选取的6个典型断面的垂直分布,初步阐述了夏季北黄海水体浊度的分布特征——近岸高和底层高,山东半岛北部沿岸、成山角海域和老铁山水道以及庄河河口附近海域为高浊度区.夏季北黄海冷水团对水体浊度分布具有控制性影响:调查海域水体垂向层结稳定,北黄海冷水团海域中下层表现为高盐、低温、高密特征,水体浊度小,且浊度锋面的分布与温度较为相近.同时,夏季北黄海冷水团对悬浮物的分布起到了屏障作用——在山东半岛北部沿岸和辽东半岛南部沿岸阻止了近岸悬浮物的经向输送,而在山东半岛东部沿岸则阻止了近岸悬浮物的纬向输送.     

春季东海北部近岸水体中的溶解无机碳和有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素

根据2010年4月在东海北部近岸的调查,分析了研究海域溶解无机碳（DIC）和溶解有机碳（DOC）的含量及其分布状况,并分别对DIC、DOC与温度、盐度、表观耗氧量等要素的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,春季研究海域表、底层DIC平均含量分别为24．54mg／L和25．03mg／L,平面分布趋势均为近岸高于远岸,象山口附近...     

大亚湾及其邻近海域冬季温度、盐度的分布及日变化特征

根据2018年1月冬季航次的水文实测资料,详细分析了大亚湾海水温度(T)、盐度(S)的分布特征。整体而言,观测海区海表相对于海底具有高温低盐的特征;同时,无论是表层还是近底层,大亚湾湾内的海水相对于湾外都呈现高温低盐的特征。观测期间,应是受到大亚湾核电站温排水的影响,湾内西侧存在一个高温中心。盐度的差异在近底层更加明显,低盐中心位于大亚湾的湾顶和大亚湾的中部海域,而高盐中心则主要分布于湾口西侧及惠东以东附近海域。太阳辐射和潮流变化是影响大亚湾温度、盐度变化的两大重要因素。其中,太阳辐射的影响主要局限于表层3~4 m,对近底层海水的影响较小;其加热效应使湾内和湾口附近的表层海水都表现出明显的昼夜变化。由潮汐和温度、盐度的对应关系可知,潮流对湾内温度、盐度的影响较大,而对湾外温度、盐度的影响较小。     

2012年春季渤海中部及邻近海域叶绿素a与环境因子的分布特征

分析了2012年春季渤海中部及其邻近海域32个站点叶绿素a和环境因子的空间分布特征及其相互关系。结果发现:渤海中部靠近黄河口邻近水域相对于其他水域,呈现出相对较高的水温和较低的盐度,这与黄河淡水输入以及近岸水深相对较浅有密切关系。营养盐浓度在空间分布上表现为黄河口附近海域较高,在垂直分布上表现为中、底层高于表层,显示出黄河水输入与沉积物营养盐再释放的影响;此外,营养盐浓度与结构显示,渤海海域存在明显的磷和硅限制,磷限制尤其严重。叶绿素a浓度的空间分布显示,表层叶绿素a浓度的高值区出现在渤海湾湾口处,而中层与底层的叶绿素a浓度高值区出现在渤海中部。主成分分析结果表明,磷酸盐和温度是影响表层叶绿素a浓度的重要因素,而中、底层叶绿素a浓度主要受磷酸盐的影响。