Copepods of Hatschekiidae (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida) new to Korean fauna, with description of a new species

Eight species of the Hatschekiidae are recorded as parasites of marine fishes from southern coast of Korea. One new species, Hatschekia jejuensis, parasitic on Cheilodactylus zonatus Cuvier is included. The remaining seven species are new to Korean fauna: Hatschekia iridescens Wilson, 1913, H. japonica Jones, 1985, H. monacanthi Yamaguti, 1939, H. tenuis (Heller, 1865) H. pseudolabri Yamaguti, 1953, H. cylindrica Shiino, 1957, and Pseudocongericola chefoonensis Yü, 1933. Hatschekia jejuensis n. sp. has a combination of characteristics in the female where the trunk is 2.35 times as long as the cephalothorax and displays a pair of posterolateral bulges on both sides, the antennules is 5-segmented, the mandible bears six teeth, and the armature formulae of the legs are I-0; III (exopod) and 0-0; II (endopod) for leg 1 and I-0; I (exopod) and 0-0; II (endopod) for leg 2.     

中国海盘海牛科(腹足纲, 裸鳃目)一新记录属和一新记录种

2021年3月在大连进行潮间带生物调查时采集到2个裸鳃类标本,经鉴定发现为欧氏针盘海牛Diaulula odonoghuei (Steinberg, 1963),为中国新记录属和新记录种。在研究中对其进行了活体拍照,利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对其外部形态和内部解剖特征进行了观察。此外,测定了这两个标本的COI、16S rRNA和H3基因序列,将测得的基因片段与GenBank数据库中的针盘海牛属Diaulula的同源序列进行对比分析,构建了针盘海牛属的系统发育树。欧氏针盘海牛在我国沿海的发现,进一步丰富了中国海软体动物的物种多样性研究。     

中国海蝉虾亚科Scyllarinae Latreille,1825(Crustacea: Decapoda:Palinura)的研究

报告了蝉虾亚科Scyllarinae分类研究最新进展和中国海的种类。根据Holthuis 2002年在蝉虾属ScyllarusFabricius,1775之外为印度-太平洋的种建立了13个新属的最新研究进展,记载中国海蝉虾亚科8属12种,内含1新纪录;讨论了有关的分类问题和地理分布特点,纠正了过去的错误鉴定,分清了种的混淆。     

Epibiotic assemblages on the pen shell Pinna rudis (Bivalvia,Pinnidae) at Matiota Beach,São Vicente Island,Cabo Verde

The rough pen shell Pinna rudis Linnaeus, 1758 (family Pinnidae), a mollusc with an Atlantic–Mediterranean distribution, is able to live in coarse sandy substrates. Considering its shell structure and ecological characteristics, P. rudis can enhance biodiversity by providing a substrate for settlement on its shell. For this reason, we compared the diversity of benthic taxa around P. rudis shells with the species diversity on P. rudis shells, at Matiota Beach, São Vicente Island, Cabo Verde. We sampled an area of 900 m2 and recorded data in situ to estimate the population size of P. rudis and the epibiotic and benthic community diversity. The average density of P. rudis estimated in the sampled area was 6.6 ind. 100 m–2 and the highest density was found at between 2 and 3 m depth, mostly in biogenic and sandy substrates. The epibiotic species diversity on P. rudis shells was significantly higher than the species diversity in the microhabitat around the shells. The P. rudis shell seems to play an important role in increasing the biodiversity of the ecosystem, with some species found only as epibionts on P. rudis.     

厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)Hox基因家族的鉴定、进化与表达分析

为探究厚壳贻贝Hox基因家族的定位、进化以及在不同成体组织中的表达模式,基于厚壳贻贝全基因组数据,结合生物信息学方法,鉴定分析厚壳贻贝Hox基因家族成员的理化性质、染色体分布、系统进化关系、基因结构以及表达分析。结果显示,从厚壳贻贝全基因组数据中鉴定出11条Hox基因序列,并分别命名为Hox1-5、Antp、Lox2、Lox4、Lox5、Post1、Post2。对11条Hox序列的基本特征分析发现最长的是编码703个氨基酸的Hox2,最短的是编码190个氨基酸Post2,等电点5.11～10.22,且不均等分布于同一条染色体上。亚细胞定位预测结果显示,除Post1基因在细胞质和细胞核中均有发现,其余10个基因亚细胞均定位在细胞核内。系统进化分析发现,使用厚壳贻贝中鉴定出的101条氨基酸序列进行建树,聚类的结果倾向于四类,而从已鉴定的厚壳贻贝11个基因结合软体动物Hox建树结果分析, Post1和Post2聚为一支, Hox4、Antp、Lox5、Lox2和Lox4聚为一个大类,Hox1、Hox2和Hox3各自聚为一类Hox,此外,Hox5单独聚为一类。厚壳贻贝不同组织的qRT-PCR结...     

Five new species of lichomolgid copepods associated with ascidians from Korea,with proposal of two new genera (Crustacea,Copepoda, Lichomolgidae)

Five new species of the family Lichomolgidae associated with solitary ascidians are described from the east coast of Korea. Two new genera are proposed: Protomolgus n. gen. to incorpotate Protomolgus duplex n. sp. and P. singularis n. sp., and Dontimolgus n. gen. to incorporate Dontimolgus brevicaudatus n. sp. Protomolgus n. gen. characteristically has a four-segmented female maxilliped and a bipartite mandible. Dontimolgus n. gen. possesses a large, tooth-like process on the first maxillary segment and three spines on the third exopodal segment of leg 3. Other two new species described are Lichomolgus infirmus n. sp. and L. pectinatus n. sp.     

Some New Zealand parasitic Copepoda of the family Pandaridae

The 723 copepods from 42 sharks captured in New Zealand waters belong to seven genera and 11 species of the family Pandaridae. Of these, Nesippus borealis (St. and Lüt.), recorded for the first time from a host fish, Dinemoura latifolia St. and Lüt., D. producta (Müller), Phyllothyreus cornutus (Milne‐Edwards), Pandarus cranchii Leach, and Echthrogaleus coleoptratus (Guérin) are widespread species. Pandarus bicolor Leach, Nesippus orientalis Heller, and Perissopus dentatus St. and Lüt. are each recorded from the Pacific for the second time, and the last two may be restricted to warmer waters. Demoleus latus Shiino and Echthrogaleus braccatus (Dana) are respectively recorded for the second and third time only and may be restricted to the western Pacific. Nesippus alatus Wilson, N. ornatus Thomsen and N. incisus Heegaard are probable synonyms of N. orientalis Heller; Dinemoura hamiltoni Thomson is a synonym of D. latifolia St. and Lüt. D. carcharodonti Thomson is a synonym of D. producta Dana and D. affinis Thomsen is probably a host form of this species. Pandarus armatus Heller may be a synonym of P. cranchii Leach and P. armatus as recorded by Thomson (1889) certainly belongs to the latter species; P. cranchii and P. satyrus Dana have not been satisfactorily separated in the literature.     

Isolation of CYP2L2 and two other cytochrome P450 sequences from a spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, hepatopancreas cDNA library

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases constitute an enzyme superfamily, with at least 74 known families. Members of CYP families 1–4 are important in the phase 1 metabolism of lipophilic xenobiotics, such as those found in contaminated marine environments. Previous studies (James et al. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1996) 329, 31–38) showed that a major form of P450 in spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, hepatopancreas was CYP2L1, a new sub-family, and that there was evidence for other P450 forms in hepatopancreas. We now report the sequence of a second member of this subfamily, named CYP2L2, present in P. Argus hepatopancreas. The deduced amino acid sequences of CYP2L1 and CYP2L2 share 54.7% sequence identity and an additional 13.6% of the sequences show conservative substitutions. Analysis of the sequences of CYP2L1, CYP2L2 and other representative CYP2 family members (from rat and mouse sub-families 2A, 2B, 2D and 2E) showed that the crustacean sequences clustered together. In addition to CYP2L2, cDNA clones of 66 to 117 base pairs from the 5′ coding region of two more P450 isoforms were isolated from the spiny lobster cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence of one of these additional cDNA clones was identical to the first 22 amino acids of the N-terminal sequence of a P450 protein previously isolated from hepatopancreas microsomes. These studies confirm earlier biochemical evidence that the hepatopancreas contains multiple forms of cytochrome P450.     

赣北黄茅潭近代湖泊~(137)Cs蓄积特点、SCP计数和事件性沉积及其对~(210)Pb计年的矫正

对赣北黄茅潭近代湖泊沉积岩芯进行了~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb测试和SCP(球状碳粒)计数分析,阐述了~(137)Cs蓄积特征,结合SCP计数、粒度指标及降水记录厘定了一些事件性沉积层位。研究表明,1986年前后是沉积环境中~(137)Cs行为的转折点;在这之前,~(137)Cs以大气散落为主,其蓄积行为大致与降水存在正相关关系,在这之后,~(137)Cs以流域侵蚀为主,其蓄积行为与降水呈负相关关系。1953—1954年、1974—1975年、1998—1999年,流域降水丰沛,相应沉积层位~(137)Cs比活度低,这与流域强烈侵蚀稀释了进入湖泊的~(137)Cs有关。1963—1964年沉积层位~(137)Cs蓄积峰稳定而显著,与高通量的大气散落有关,也与当时降水量低,大雨、暴雨次数少,流域侵蚀强度低造成较低的沉积速率等密切相关,是可靠的定年时标。1986年存在同样的气候环境特点,其蓄积峰可能也是存在的,但需要进一步确认。基于~(210)Pb方法,利用多种计年模式计算了沉积岩芯的年代,发现与这些事件性沉积层位具有较大差异。研究认为,在长江中游这种降水高、流域侵蚀强度高的较为复杂的沉积环境中,~(210)Pb计年存在较大误差。复杂沉积环境中近代沉积的定年,有必要深度挖掘~(137)Cs环境行为,在全面阐述其蓄积特点的基础上,辅以SCP计数、粒度指标及降水等识别事件性沉积层位,矫正~(210)Pb计年,是精确建立近代沉积时标的必要方法。     

中国南海蓝泥瓷海星(棘皮动物门:瓷海星科)新纪录

瓷海星科是一类深海底栖海星,广泛分布于全球大洋深海中。其模式种蓝泥瓷海星（Porcellanaster ceruleus Wyville Thomson 1878）具有全球分布性与多态性。本文报道了该物种在中国海的首次记录。2015年6月6日,在向阳红10号执行的南海底栖生物调查航次中,于C₁₉站位（10.15°N,110.03°E;水深1400m）由三角形拖网采集到海星一只,经鉴定为蓝泥瓷海星。本文提供了该样品的形态描述与细节照片,讨论了其与该种模式样品的共同形态特征及个体差异,并总结了蓝泥瓷海星的全球分布记录。该种在中国海的首次发现,进一步拓展了其地理分布范围。     

Plectranthias kamii Randll, 1980 (Perciformes: Serranidae) collected from Bitung, North Sulawesi: first record from the Southwest Pacific Ocean

Three specimens of the serranid fish(Serranidae), Plectranthias kamii Randall, 1980 were collected from fish market, Bitung, North Sulawesi on May and June 2010. Some morphological characters P. kamii is closely related to P. sheni, P. megalophthalmus, P. retrofasciatus, P. rubrifasciatus, P. knappi, P. helenae, P. pelicieri, P. jothyi, P.retrofasciatus and P. randalli in sharing of body width, upper jaw length, pelvic spine length and orbit diameter.Meristic count characters of P. kamii differ from P. sheni, P. pilicieri, P. megalophthalmus, P. retrofasciatus and P.rubrifasciatus in having more numerous dorsal spine(18 vs. 15–17) and below lateral line(33–34 vs. 29–33) and differ from P. megalophthalmus and P. rubrifasciatus in having more numerous pored scales in lateral line(13 vs.14–15) and shorter of anal spine. The present anthiine fish collected from Bitung, Indonesia was described as new record and bringing the total number of species of this genus known in Indonesia to seven.     

Cytochrome P450 gene diversity and function in marine animals: past, present, and future

The biotransformation of xenobiotics by microsomal cytochromes P450 is known to be pivotal in the effects of some compounds, and thought to be so for many. A knowledge of CYP gene diversity and CYP function and regulation in aquatic species is pursued, expecting that it will disclose mechanisms, allow predictions regarding species differences in susceptibility, and provide markers for exposure to xenobiotics. As well, it is hoped that such knowledge will provide clues to CYP endogenous functions, and to the origin and functional significance of CYP gene diversity. The knowledge of CYP in marine and other aquatic species is expanding rapidly. The diversity of CYP genes in non-mammalian vertebrates may approximate that in mammals. At present, cloning studies have identified members of gene families 1 to 4 have been cloned from one or more fish species. Where known, the gene structures of fish CYP genes are like those of mammalian homologues. Only one CYP1A gene has been identified in most fish species examined. Fish CYP1As, including multiple forms from recent divergence in some genera, have structural and catalytic properties more like CYP1A1, but also have properties that are 1A2-like, consistent with fish CYP1As representing the CYP ancestral to both CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. A number of genes cloned from several species have been classified in the 3A subfamily. Fish CYP3As catalyze steroid 6β-hydroxylase, and have other properties consistent with mammalian 3As. Recently identified CYP4 genes classify to novel subfamilies but apparently are homologues of mammalian CYP4 genes, and may act on similar substrates. The greatest diversity of fish CYP genes is in family 2; there are now six fish CYP2 subfamilies known. Four of these are novel subfamilies, although cladistic analysis suggests distinct relationships to mammalian CYP2 subfamilies. Heterologous expression and characterization of some of these CYP have identified similar functions among genes in different subfamilies. For example, fish CYP2Ns and CYP2Ps are related to mammalian CYP2Js, and CYP2P3 and CYP2J2 have strikingly similar functions as fatty acid epoxygenases and hydroxylases, with nearly identical regio- and enantioselectivity for metabolism of arachidonic acid. In addition to sequence and catalytic similarities, there also are indications that CYP regulation, tissue and cellular localization are similar between fish and mammals. Yet even in cases where orthology is strongly suggested, e.g. CYP1A, there appear to be taxonomic differences in active site structure suggesting potential differences in involvement of CYP1A in toxicity. In contrast to fish, CYP diversity and functions in aquatic invertebrates are poorly known. Investigators have identified novel gene families and subfamilies in crustaceans (CYP2L; CYP45), molluscs (CYP30, CYP10) and sponges (CYP38). CYP4C genes occur in crustaceans, molluscs and echinoderms, and a new subfamily (CYP4Y) in molluscs. The future? There is no doubt that new CYP will continue to be discovered in non-mammalian vertebrates; some (e.g. CYP51) can be predicted confidently. And, there is no doubt that the numbers known in invertebrates will expand greatly. In insects and C. elegans the numbers are very high, and even slime molds have 18 CYP genes. It is virtually certain that CYP genes with unique functions will be discovered. While the knowledge of CYP genes is increasing, knowledge of CYP function and regulation lag well behind. Technical approaches to speed the aquisition of such knowledge are available. The information will be essential to discern the role that CYP play in the disposition and toxicity of xenobiotics, during development as well as in adults. Yet, when such data are in hand, we may have to face the paucity of information on the diversity, function and regulation other enzymes, notably the glutathione S-transferases, glucuronyl transferases and sulfotransferases, in aquatic species. Discerning orthologous relationships among CYP genes, as well as those for phase II enzymes, could highlight gene lineages associated with conserved and endogenous functions. Understanding CYP endogenous functions, as well as their metabolism of xenobiotics, may reveal fully the ways that chemicals cause toxicity. [Support: Sea Grant NA46RG0470-R/P61, EPA R-829890, NIH ES07381].     

我国海洋底栖猛水蚤目两个新记录种

通过对2008 年5 月在江苏平岛潮间带采集的砂质沉积物进行离心提取, 经形态分类学方法 鉴定发现底栖猛水蚤目两个新记录种, 濑户叶足猛水蚤Phyllopodopsyllus setouchiensis Kitazima, 1981 和扎哈美猛水蚤 Ameira zahaae Karanovic & Cho, 2012, 分别隶属于矩头猛水蚤科 Tetragonicipitidae Lang, 1948 和美猛水蚤科 Ameiridae Boeck, 1865.其中, 濑户叶足猛水蚤目前仅在 砂质潮间带环境中发现。扎哈美猛水蚤与韩国海域发现的种形态基本一致。     

中国沿海球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)的分类、分布及其藻华

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel)是全球海洋广泛分布的有害藻华种类。1997年10月,中国东南沿海首次暴发了此种藻类的大规模藻华,其后陆续在福建、广东、广西、海南、河北及天津等省市沿海暴发多起同种藻华。中国近海的球形棕囊藻藻华呈现两大独有的特点,即藻类囊体较大(可达3厘米),以及藻华可毒害养殖业。历经20多年,球形棕囊藻在中国沿海已从一个"藻华新记录种"变成了"藻华常见种"。值得注意的是, 2014年以来,广西北部湾海域棕囊藻藻华肆虐,威胁核电冷源安全,受到了社会高度关注,也对球形棕囊藻藻华的研究提出了新的挑战与要求。针对这一生态灾害的最新发展趋势,本文总结了20年来中国球形棕囊藻及其藻华灾害的发生与发展状况,分别就棕囊藻的分类、生活史特征、营养特性、藻华形成的环境驱动因素、生态毒理等诸多方面开展简要综述,冀望为棕囊藻藻华的研究及防治提供基础资料及思路。     

Zooidal budding in the cheilostomatous bryozoan Fenestrulina malusii var. thyreophora

Zooidal budding in Fenestrulina malusii var. thyreophora is described and notes on the budding of Micropora mortenscni are included for comparison. In both, an autozooidal bud arises from a membranous window in the exterior wall of a dietella. Dietellae themselves arise by being delimited as dichotomies of the developing lateral walls of autozooids. Because of the structural discreteness of dietellae of Fenestrulina and Micropora, and Hastings’ (1963) observation that some dietellae of Microporella occur as avicularia, dietellae in the Microporellidae and Micropora are regarded as fully formed heterozooids and not merely as incipient zooid buds, as lateral septulae are. The formation of dietellae in Fenestrulina and Micropora is a continuous process, and comparable with the con‐strictive budding of distal autozooids of Membranipora and Metrarabdotos.     

北部湾海域球形棕囊藻遗传多样性分析

南海北部湾海域近年来连年暴发球形棕囊藻赤潮,严重威胁近海生态安全,亟待探明赤潮成因。球形棕囊藻是一种广泛分布于温带至热带海域的有害藻华微藻,具有明显的种下遗传分化。为了解北部湾海域球形棕囊藻的遗传多样性及其对赤潮藻种来源的指示意义,本研究针对分离于北部湾海域赤潮发生期间的4株棕囊藻,以核糖体28S大亚基rRNA基因（28S rDNA）D1-D2区和转录间隔区（ITS区）为靶区构建克隆文库,通过测序分析了北部湾海域球形棕囊藻的遗传多样性。结果表明,从北部湾分离的4株棕囊藻均为球形棕囊藻,但不同年份分离的球形棕囊藻藻株之间存在明显的遗传差异。部分球形棕囊藻藻株（PG2015和PG2017）的不同克隆间也存在遗传差异,这种遗传差异在由单一藻细胞建立的克隆培养系中仍存在,表明遗传差异是来自细胞内多拷贝的基因序列,可能源自不同地理种群球形棕囊藻之间的基因交流。与ITS区相比,28S rDNA D1-D2区能更好地反映球形棕囊藻遗传多样性状况,具有作为分子标记指示球形棕囊藻地理种群的潜力,但仍需深入研究。研究结果深化了对北部湾球形棕囊藻遗传多样性的认识,有望为进一步解析北部湾海域球形棕囊藻赤潮原因种来源提供判据。     

Climatic regimes and the recruitment rate of anchoveta, Engraulis ringens, off Peru

The recruitment rate of Peruvian anchoveta, Engraulis ringens, was studied to test the hypothesis that long-term environmental variation (regime shifts) had a significant impact on density-dependent processes governing the anchovy recruitment during the period 1963–2004. On the basis of previous defined regimes and turning points for the Humboldt Current System, we identified two groups of years for increased recruitment of anchoveta (1963–1971 and 1986–2004), and one unfavorable period (1972–1985). A common intercept and significantly different slopes were found when the recruitment rate was plotted as a function of the spawning stock biomass during those groups of years, suggesting that density-dependent effects on recruitment were affected during different climate regimes. The favorable (unfavorable) regime was characterized by higher (lower) zooplankton volumes, and with a higher frequency of colder (warmer) waters. Dome-shaped relationships between recruitment rate, spawning stock biomass and SST, were detected with a Generalized Additive Model for the favorable regime. Thus, recruitment could be explained by non-linear effects of environmental variables. Ultimately, climatic regimes are affecting the density-dependent effects on recruitment of anchoveta and the mechanisms involved may be associated with changes in the carrying capacity of the spawning habitat of anchoveta off Peru, which in turn are related with the effects of cold and warm regimes.     

Population dynamics of cryptogenic calcarean sponges (Porifera,Calcarea) in Southeastern Brazil

The calcarean sponge Paraleucilla magna is classified as being an invasive species on the Mediterranean Sea, where it causes economic damages to mollusc farms. On the Brazilian coast, this species is considered to be cryptogenic, and information on its ecology is scarce. The same is true for Sycettusa hastifera, another calcarean sponge with a worldwide distribution. Data on the ecology of these species could help in elucidating their potential to become a threat if they are found to be exotic species in Brazil. In the present work, we studied habitat selection, growth and mortality of early juveniles of P. magna and habitat selection of S. hastifera in a Marine Reserve from Southeastern Brazil, where these species are abundant in the benthic community. Granite plates were used for habitat selection analysis, varying in substrate inclination (vertical and horizontal) and exposure to light and hydrodynamism (exposed and sheltered). To analyse the growth and mortality rates, sponges were mapped and then measured once a week for 10 weeks. If a monitored sponge was not found in the following week, it was considered to be dead. Our results showed that, although P. magna and S. hastifera are capable of inhabiting substrates exposed to different environmental conditions, they showed habitat preferences. Growth of the juveniles of P. magna seemed not to have damaged any neighbouring invertebrates. The mortality of juveniles of this species was higher during the first 2 weeks of life but its causes could not be elucidated.