基于陆生植被对河流沉积作用的影响论上三叠统须家河组的冲积构架：以重庆永川普安剖面为例*

尽管还存在一些不同的认识和争论,陆生植被对河流沉积作用的影响,得到了越来越多的地质事实的支持,主要表现在以煤或泥炭的形式保存下来的碳质物质对河堤的保护,从而促进了曲流河与网状河的发育。四川盆地上三叠统须家河组为一套含有煤系地层的冲积序列为主的地层,属于具有前陆盆地性质的磨拉石序列,成为研究植被发育条件下河流序列的典型代表。重庆永川普安剖面的须家河组是以河流相沉积为主的须家河组的典型代表,包括6个正式的岩性段,在其中一段、三段和五段为含煤细粒碎屑岩组成的低能河流相地层,二段、四段和六段由砂质底荷载高能河流相沉积构成,岩石地层划分及其所反映出的旋回性成为层序地层的识别和划分的基础,从而将须家河组划分成3个河流相沉积层序。两个主要的特征赋予了普安剖面须家河组河流相层序序列重要意义：（1）总体向上变粗的而且与现行的河流相层序模式形成巨大差异的河流相沉积序列组成的冲积构架;（2）明显受到植被发育影响的高能底荷载河道相砂岩。基于植被发育对河流沉积作用的影响,对普安剖面须家河组的河流相沉积序列的观察与研究,对长期以来须家河组沉积相分析存在的较大争议将提供重要的线索和思考途径。     

天山北坡玛纳斯河流域晚冰期以来植被垂直带推移*

建立了反映天山北坡玛纳斯河流域典型花粉类型与气候指标（湿润指数和温暖指数）的统计函数。基于前人研究得出的玛纳斯湖沉积剖面中不同花粉的百分含量复原了晚冰期以来玛纳斯河流域古气候的变化,并基于山地植被—气候—地形关系推断了玛纳斯河流域的植被演变过程。研究结果表明：该区晚冰期以来经历了暖干—冷湿—暖干—偏冷偏湿—暖干—冷湿—暖干的气候变化过程,植被垂直带基带相应为荒漠—荒漠草原（在局部低洼地段发育有草原和低湿地草甸）—极旱荒漠—荒漠化草原—荒漠—荒漠草原（局部发育低湿地草甸和草原）—荒漠的演化过程。当气候由暖干转为冷湿时,玛纳斯河流域所有的植被界限均向下移,此时荒漠化草原面积增大,针叶林的下限可以到达今天的禾草草原,同时森林带的面积有所增加。当气候由冷湿转为暖干时,玛纳斯河流域所有的植被界限均向上移,荒漠的面积大增,禾草草原和森林的面积均有所减小。     

鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代古构造*

鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代基底继承了奥陶纪中部高、东部和西部低及西陡东缓的古构造面貌。利用大量钻井分层数据,绘制了晚古生代各个时期残存地层厚度图,其空间变化反映了鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代古构造格局特征。结合东西向及南北向地层厚度对比、演化剖面的研究,认为晚古生代鄂尔多斯盆地的沉积在本溪期—太原期主要受中央古隆起的控制,地层空间展布东西分带明显;山西期中央古隆起对沉积作用的控制不是很明显,地层从东西分异逐渐过渡到南北分异,这种沉积格局的转变与古地理演化具有一致性,从而说明了古构造对沉积的控制作用。     

湖相深水细粒物质的混合沉积作用探讨*

沉积物的混合是自然界的普遍现象,湖盆中广泛发育的深水细粒沉积岩本身就是一类混积岩。以东营凹陷古近系沙河街组三段下亚段—沙河街组四段上亚段细粒沉积岩为研究对象,通过厘米级岩心观察描述、小型沉积构造解剖、岩石薄片观察、X射线衍射全岩矿物分析及微量元素测试等方法,研究细粒物质的产出状态和混合方式;分析湖盆流体、气候及水体性质对细粒物质迁移、混合、沉积的控制作用,尝试探讨细粒物质的混合沉积机制。结果表明,湖相深水细粒沉积岩既有物质成分上的混合,也有结构的混合,且在宏观与微观的不同尺度均存在混合;混合沉积作用有均匀混合、纹层叠置混合、不均匀团块状混合等类型。纹层叠置混合沉积是最主要的混合沉积方式,依据纹层接触关系、所占比例及矿物产出状态可分为泥砂—灰纹层叠置混合型、泥—灰纹层叠置混合型、泥砂粒序—灰纹层叠置混合型、灰—泥—云纹层叠置混合型等。湖相深水细粒物质的混合沉积作用类型多且往往受多个因素同时控制,气候及水动力条件是控制细粒混合沉积岩发育的最主要因素,不同流体(浊流和底流)作用下的细粒沉积物混合作用存在差异。气候引起湖水性质变化及水体分层,从而控制不同类型细粒物质的絮凝沉降及化学沉积。不同构造部位、不同水体深度的混合作用不同;相同构造部位在垂向上也存在混合沉积方式的差异。     

黄河中下游焦作区段现代边滩沉积中的生物遗迹*

沉积物中的生物遗迹记录是生物与环境相互作用的结果,是沉积环境、气候及生态环境的良好指示标志。文中主要研究了黄河中下游焦作区段现代边滩沉积物中的生物遗迹及其造迹者的组成与分布特点,即：（1）近岸边滩：几乎无植被,以层面上的生物觅食迹为主,其造迹生物主要有鸟类、长泥甲虫（鞘翅目长泥甲科）和隐翅虫（鞘翅目隐翅虫科）等;（2）远岸边滩：有大量植物根出现,大多数生物遗迹是层内U形、Y形和W形潜穴以及层面上的F形、Y形爬行迹和觅食迹,其主要造迹生物为蝼蛄（直翅目蝼蛄科）、蟋蟀、狼蛛和蠕虫类等;（3）泛滥平原：出现大量植物根,以层内J形、漏斗形等的生物居住迹和进食迹为主,主要造迹生物为蝼蛄、蟋蟀、田鼠、蚁狮和狼蛛等。基于沉积物粒度分析、总有机碳测定、菌落平板计数法等手段分析得知,研究区现代生物遗迹的深度随沉积物中微生物群落数量的增加及植物根长度的增长而增加,而丰度和分异度随沉积物粒度的递减及总有机碳含量的增加而增大。该成果一方面能为研究区黄河边滩上生物成因的沉积构造提供新资料,另一方面也能为地史时期河流沉积环境的研究乃至古地理、古生态环境重建提供生物遗迹学方面的科学依据。     

华南热带海岸生物地貌过程*

海岸生物地貌过程研究海岸带生物过程和动力-沉积-地貌过程之间的双向相互作用,是海岸生态系统响应和反馈全球变化的重要机制,被列为全球变化核心项目海岸带陆海相互作用研究的重点内容。20世纪90年代以来的调查研究揭示了华南红树林和珊瑚礁热带生物海岸生物地貌过程的主要特点。造礁石珊瑚的高生长率和珊瑚礁高堆积速率是珊瑚礁生物地貌过程的物质基础;红树林生态系统的高生产力、高归还率和捕沙促淤功能是红树林生物地貌过程的物质基础。热带生物海岸地貌结构显示分带性和生物地貌类型和动力地貌类型的叠加和共存,潮汐水位严格控制群落分布格局并形成重要的生物地貌界限。热带生物海岸生物地貌过程有利于消除或减缓海平面上升的浸淹效应。热带生物海岸不断加剧的人类活动干扰和生态破坏导致生物地貌功能削弱和海岸资源环境恶化。     

青藏高原东缘数字高程剖面及其对晚新生代河流 下切深度和下切速率的约束*

文章利用数字高程剖面将青藏高原东缘分为4个大尺度地貌单元,即青藏高原地貌区、龙门山高山地貌区、山前冲积平原区(成都盆地)和四川盆地东部隆起区。根据数字高程剖面中的最高海拔高程点剖面与最低海拔高程点剖面之间的高差,定量计算了该地区河流下切深度;结合成都盆地岷江最古老冲积扇沉积物提供的青藏高原东缘河流形成的时间(3.6MaB.P.),定量计算了河流下切速率为1.29mm/a;在约束局部侵蚀基准面和气候变化对河流下切速率控制作用的基础上,建立了青藏高原东缘河流下切速率与表面隆升速率之间的定量关系,结果表明河流下切速率约为表面隆升速率的4倍。基于龙门山在表面隆升速率和下切速率等方面均大于青藏高原内部,认为青藏高原东缘的边缘山脉是剥蚀隆升和构造隆升两者叠加的产物。     

贵州羊子坡石笋记录的历史事件*

文章报道了贵州羊子坡洞一支长约18.6cm、宽约5cm石笋研究的结果。 对石笋分别作了²¹⁰ Pb、铀系质谱测年和显微镜下数沉积年轮方法定年;石笋的灰度和碳同位素结果可相互印证,表明其记录是连续可靠的。测年结果显示此石笋保存了从8629年前至今(1999年) 的气候变化,而发生在大约130年前(1869A.D.)各代用指标数值的大幅度变化尤其引人注目,其石笋的灰度、 同位素和岩性的变化尺度之大以至于不可能单纯从气候变化方面来解释。 进一步的深入研究和野外实地调查揭示出,这些急剧变化是由发生在当时一历史事件所产生的植被破坏及树木灰烬微粒被带入洞中而造成的。能谱扫描电镜的结果也证实了此层树木灰烬微粒的存在。此研究表明洞穴石笋具有记录人类活动的能力。     

南黄海、东海陆架及冲绳海槽北部 沉积物的10 Be和9 Be记录*

文章讨论了南黄海泥质区、东海陆架及冲绳海槽北部表层沉积物和柱状岩芯中¹⁰ Be及⁹ Be含量的水平和垂直分布,并与重金属Pb的分布进行了比较。表层沉积物中的¹⁰ Be,⁹ Be和Pb三者表现出完全不同的分布特征。¹⁰ Be的分布主要受黑潮及其支流黄海暖流所支配; ⁹ Be的分布受黄河陆源物质输入的影响,主要集中在南黄海泥质区; Pb则主要分布在长江口和琉球群岛附近,反映了人类活动的影响。冲绳海槽北部末次冰期和全新世时¹⁰ Be的沉积通量变化在整体上反映了¹⁰ Be大气生产率的变化,即地球磁场屏蔽效应的影响。03孔全新世时¹⁰ Be的沉积通量 (1.12×10⁹atoms/cm²ka)基本上等于¹⁰ Be的现代大气平均生产率,而在末次冰期时平均为4.06×10⁹atoms/cm²ka, 高于¹⁰ Be 的现代大气平均生产率3倍以上。在冲绳海槽由于黑潮的缘故,¹⁰ Be对气候的变化响应要比极地冰芯的¹⁰ Be变化响应灵敏的多,对气候变化信号起了放大的作用。冰期时冲绳海槽北部¹⁰ Be的沉积通量远远高于太平洋大洋海区,充分反映了黑潮的传送带作用和边缘海的聚焦沉积作用,并表明末次冰期时在千年尺度上黑潮仍流经冲绳海槽,且强度并未减弱。 ¹⁰ Be的通量在新仙女木时降到整个岩芯所跨时期的最低点,甚至低于¹⁰ Be的现代大气平均生产率,因此推测在新仙女木事件时,黑潮的变动特别大,有可能改向或断流。     

苏干湖沉积物粒度组成记录尘暴事件的初步研究*

文章通过分析苏干湖表层沉积物、流域表层沉积物、大气降尘以及湖泊冰面囚固碎屑颗粒等的粒度组成,比较了流域地表沉积与湖泊沉积物粒度组成的差异和苏干湖表层沉积粒度组成的空间变化。初步认为苏干湖沉积物粗颗粒组分(>63μm)主要由风力搬运入湖,>63μm组分的含量可以用来指示研究区尘暴事件的演化。结合湖泊沉积岩芯纹层计数年龄,重建的1000年来尘暴演化历史显示,在1210A.D.之前尘暴事件较弱,且变化幅度较小;1210A.D.以来则表现出高频率或者高强度,其中13世纪上半叶以及17世纪的高值段与东部降尘变化历史一致。就气候变化的特征时段(中世纪暖期、小冰期等)而言,尘暴事件主要与气候变冷情况下较强的盛行风场有关;而极端干旱区有效湿度的增加可能有利于地表粉尘的释放,助长了尘暴事件的发生。     

Sedimentological and petrographic evolution of a fluvio-lacustrine environment during the onset of volcanism: Volcanically-induced forcing of sedimentation and environmental responses

This work focuses on the transition from the Las Leoneras to Lonco Trapial Formations, in the lower part of the Early Jurassic succession of the incipient rift phase of the Cañadon Asfalto Basin (western part of Chubut Province – Patagonia, Argentina). Twenty lithofacies have been identified and grouped into seven facies associations on the basis of field characteristics (sedimentological and lithological) and optical microscope analysis, from two localities representing proximal and distal locations in the basin. The spatial relationship between all the lithofacies provided a four-dimensional reconstruction of the palaeoenvironmental evolution, showing how the original, clastic sedimentation in alluvial/fluvial and lake environments was modified by short-lived volcanic events during three volcanic cycles, and how the environment reacted after the input of huge amounts of volcaniclastics. Progradation of small deltas and subaqueous lobes, retrogradation caused by rising lake levels, and frequent erosion of valleys were typical processes in this environment. When explosive volcanism began, the original tectono-climatic control on sedimentation was replaced by the volcanic control, and the volcanically-forced sedimentation broke the equilibrium among production, delivery and accumulation of sediments. The nature of the volcanic eruptions and the different propensity of volcanic lithofacies to produce particles of different size and types (lithics, crystals and glass) are also analyzed. The role of volcanism in the production and transport of great volumes of sediments across sedimentary systems needs to be carefully re-examined, and the analysis on the variability in the composition of volcaniclastic deposits must take into account that volcaniclastic particle types may not simply reflect a linear deepening in the dissection of magmatic arcs through time but are often controlled by the style of the eruptions and the lithological variation of the volcanic products.     

全新世中期7 ka前后降温事件对中国北方植被生态的影响

大量研究表明,随着气候变暖,全球生态环境发生了巨大变化。然而,在相对温暖的气候条件下,假若发生重大降温事件,生态环境尤其是植被生态会如何响应,值得深入探讨。利用近年来发表的全新世高分辨率古气候记录以及孢粉记录的植被变化,对全新世中期7 ka（1 ka=1000 cal.a B.P.）前后的降温事件及其对植被生态的影响进行了综合分析。结果表明,7 ka前后降温事件在北半球很大范围都有记录,在季风边缘区伴随着气候的干旱,而在西风主导的区域总体表现为气候湿润。中国北方季风区山地以及高纬度地区表现为建群种的变化,如阔叶树种的减少以及针叶树种的增加;在季风边缘区总体表现为干旱气候下植被盖度的降低;而在西北内陆山地高山区域表现为林线的降低或树种的变化,低山地区森林下限表现为森林成分的增加以及耐旱树种的减少;在山前草原和盆地荒漠草原区域,植被的响应表现为植被盖度的增加和喜湿成分的增加。降温直接影响湿度较大的高山地区的森林成分和林线高度,而在低山干旱半干旱地区,降温则通过抑制蒸发、增加有效湿度影响植被盖度和组成。由于不同钻孔年代的不确定性、不同植被类型对气候变化的敏感性不同等,不同区域发生植被转型的时间不尽一致。全新世中期7 ka降温事件的触发机制有待深入研究,可能与大型火山喷发以及太阳活动变化有关,夏季太阳辐射的持续降低以及地球系统内部反馈也是共同的原因。

     

Late Miocene fluvial sediment transport from the southern Appalachian Mountains to southern Florida: An example of an old mountain belt sediment production surge

Past geomorphological models assume that erosion of sediments from old mountain belts occurred at a relatively constant rate, based on comparatively uniform isostatic adjustment caused by unloading. Late Miocene strata of the south‐eastern United States provide an example of pulsed tectonism resulting in a surge in siliciclastic sediment production and transport. Regional tectonism (uplift of the southern Appalachian Mountains) and climatic conditions during the Late Miocene resulted in the long‐distance (up to 1000 km) fluvial transport of coarse siliciclastic sediments onto a stable carbonate platform in southern Florida. The sediments are unusual in that they are significantly coarser than marine‐transported sands in southern Florida, with discoidal quartz and quartzite clasts up to 40 mm in diameter locally present, and have relatively high potassium feldspar contents (up to 16% in some sample fractions), whereas feldspar is rare in modern Florida beach sands. It is suggested that previously documented rejuvenation of the southern Appalachian Mountains during the Middle to Late Miocene time, coupled with the Messenian sea‐level low, generated the increased rate of sediment production and necessary hydraulic gradient to allow rapid transport of coarse sediments. Tectonic influence on the river pathway in Florida, as well as in the southern Appalachian Mountains, may have maintained the river on the narrow carbonate platform. The Florida Platform during the Late Miocene must also have had a sufficiently wet climate to cause episodic transport of the coarse sediments. Siliciclastic sediment transport on the Florida Platform during the Late Miocene greatly differed from Pleistocene to modern conditions, which are dominated by the transport of fine‐grained sands by longshore marine processes.     

渤海湾西岸全新世沉积速率对河流供给的响应

渤海湾西岸由北向南获取了3个钻孔,以全新世海相岩心为研究对象,采用AMS14C(Accelerator Mass Spectrometry14C,加速器质谱14C)测年方法建立年代框架并计算平均沉积速率,结合沉积物粒度组成及沿岸古河流三角洲发育历史,探讨了沉积速率对沿岸河流供给变化的时空响应。结果表明,早全新世—中全新世初期(11~6ka),渤海湾西岸整体沉积速率偏低,仅0.03~0.07cm/a,沉积物粒度较粗;中全新世6.43~4.97ka cal BP期间,NP3孔平均沉积速率为0.60~0.93cm/a,高于同期沿岸南部的CH110孔和BT113孔。沉积物组成以粉砂为主,粘土含量低,向上逐渐变粗,具三角洲反粒序特征。该时段的高沉积速率系渤海湾西北岸对潮白河、永定河及滦河沉积物供给的响应;中全新世晚期3.68~2.67ka cal BP期间,BT113孔沉积速率为0.27~1.4cm/a,高于同期沿岸北部CH110孔和NP3孔,沉积物组成以粉砂为主,粘土含量较NP3孔高,向上逐渐变粗,具三角洲反粒序特征。该时段的高沉积速率系渤海湾西岸南部对黄河沉积物供给的响应;晚全新世2.29~0.24ka cal BP期间,沿岸中部CH110孔沉积速率为0.55~0.91cm/a,高于同期沿岸南部的BT113孔和北部的NP3孔,该高沉积速率为渤海湾西岸中部对黄河和海河供给沉积的先后响应。     

陆相盐湖盆地层序地层学研究综述

陆相盐湖盆地层序地层学的研究，是层序地层学研究中的前缘课题。通常应用盐湖发育的环境变化参数、旋回年代学、古地磁反转和生物地层等方法，来研究盐湖沉积形成的条件、盐湖层序成因模式、盐湖演变与全球变化。目前在研究中存在的主要问题是陆相盐湖盆地的层序地层解释至今缺乏一个比较适用的模式或研究方法，其中的关键是如何解释盐岩沉积在层序发育中的地位和作用。     

The Sis palaeovalley: a record of proximal fluvial sedimentation and drainage basin development in response to Pyrenean mountain building

The Sis conglomerate body represents the Middle Eocene to Oligocene transfer‐zone trunk palaeovalley fill of the Sis fluvial system, a drainage system established within the Pyrenees during Late Palaeocene times. The spatial stability of the fluvial transfer zone (active for at least 38 My), and hence the longevity of its aggradational palaeovalley component (>19·5 My), was controlled by its location between long‐lived pre‐existing structures. Coarse‐grained fluvial facies dominate the palaeovalley fill, with alluvial fan facies shed from its defining marginal structures. The detailed sedimentology of very proximal fluvial facies deposited within the dominantly erosional realm of an active mountain belt has rarely been documented before because of their poor preservation potential. The Sis conglomerate body contains a robust internal stratigraphy with stratigraphic units defined by distinct bounding surfaces, across which there are pronounced changes in facies and provenance. These mark the reorganization of the headward portions of the Sis fluvial system during the evolution of the Pyrenean Axial Zone antiformal stack. Major changes in discharge resulted, demonstrating the highly variable nature of even mountain belt‐scale fluvial systems when viewed on timescales of several to tens of millions of years. Provenance details indicate that initial unroofing of Hercynian granitoids, situated within the Pyrenean Axial Zone, occurred around 54·5 Ma (early Ypresian) immediately before the first significant exhumation event within the drainage basin of the Sis fluvial system. This is earlier than previously constrained by apatite fission track studies. Rock uplift accelerated in the Lutetian and Bartonian with the initial aggradation of the palaeovalley fill (the Cajigar and Cornudella Formations and Sis One and Two Members). This became marked in the Priabonian (Sis Three and Four Members), with significant activity on local structures including the Morreres backthrust. An increase in basement‐derived clasts and a headwater decapitation event also indicate pronounced Axial Zone antiformal stack development at this time. Axial Zone development intensified further in the Oligocene with the deposition of the Collegats Formation and the switch in the main depositional loci of the system from the Tremp‐Graus thrust‐sheet‐top basin to the Ebro Basin to the south.     

光合作用的起源:一个引人入胜的重大科学命题

光合作用的起源是一个非常古老的事件,对这个事件的证据,包括基本生物学过程的开启和发展之类的问题,如地球早期光合作用生物的属性以及光合作用生物如何获取光合作用装置等,可能已经消失在时间的长河之中;因此,光合作用起源就成为一个引人入胜的重大科学命题。尽管如此,地质学、生物地球化学、比较生物化学和分子进化分析,为光合作用起源及其复杂的进化历史,提供一些新认识和新线索,主要涉及到以下3个方面:(1)光合作用生命的起源;(2)光合作用装置的起源;(3)光合作用催化剂的起源。追索科学家们对这一重大科学命题的持续研究与艰苦努力,以及所取得的一些重要而且富有智慧的认识,将为今后的深入研究提供一些重要的思考途径和研究线索。同时,追逐光合作用起源的研究进展,对于深入了解早期地球复杂的圈层耦合过程也具有重要意义。这些作用过程主要包括:(1)从不生氧光合作用到生氧光合作用的转变;(2)大气圈与生物圈之间复杂的相互作用和协同进化;(3)生氧光合作用起源与进化所造成的、从一个缺氧的大气圈到今天含氧大气圈的复杂演变过程;(4)大气圈和水圈的渐进氧化作用对地球表面环境以及生命的起源和发育所造成的一个长时间影响;(5)早期地球表层古地理面貌的成型等。更为重要的是,对光合作用起源的地质学尤其是沉积学思考所得出的一些重要认识,尽管不是结论,但是拓宽了沉积学的研究范畴,开阔了沉积学家的研究视眼,同时也成为一个多学科协同作战的范例。     

Role of vegetation in shaping Early Pennsylvanian braided rivers: Architecture of the Boss Point Formation,Atlantic Canada

Vegetation is a major driver of fluvial dynamics in modern rivers, but few facies models incorporate its influence. This article partially fills that gap by documenting the stratigraphy, architecture and palaeobotany of the Lower Pennsylvanian Boss Point Formation of Atlantic Canada, which contains some of the Earth's earliest accumulations of large woody debris. Braided‐fluvial systems occupied channel belts of varied scale within valleys several tens of metres deep and more than 12 km wide, and their deposits predominantly consist of sandy and gravelly bedforms with subordinate accretionary macroforms, high flow‐strength sand sheets and rippled abandonment facies. Discrete accumulations of clastic detritus and woody debris are up to 6 m thick and constitute at least 18% of the in‐channel deposits; they represent lags at the base of large and small channels, fills of minor channels and sandy macroforms that developed in central positions in the upper parts of channel fills. Sandstones with roots and other remnants of in situ vegetation demonstrate that vegetated islands were present, and the abundance of discrete channel fills suggests that the formation represents an anabranching, island‐braided sandbed river, the earliest example documented to date. Although some sphenopsid and lycopsid remains are present, most woody fragments are derived from cordaitalean trees, and the evolution of this group late in the Mississippian is inferred to have exerted a significant influence on fluvial morphodynamic patterns. The formation records a landscape in which active channel belts alternated with well‐drained floodplains colonized by dense, mature forests and local patches of pioneering, disturbance‐tolerant vegetation. Lakes and poorly drained floodplains dominated by carbonate and organic deposition, respectively, were also present. A large supply of woody debris triggered channel blockage and avulsion, and active channel margins and islands within the channel belts were initially colonized by pioneer vegetation and subsequently stabilized by large trees. A similar alternation of stable and unstable conditions is observed in modern braided rivers actively influenced by vegetation.