塔里木西部白垩系-古近系沉积成岩演化特征

在塔里木盆地西部上白垩统-古近系中可识别出7种具典型成因意义的高频旋回层序,根据垂向上的有序叠加方式,可以建立起一个由5个Ⅳ级旋回层序、2个Ⅲ级旋回层序和一个Ⅱ级旋回层序组成的特征层序地层格架.它基本上控制着研究层位中不同沉积相和生储盖组合的时空展布特征.上白垩统在盆地西南缘形成了较厚的高水位体系域开阔台地相灰岩储层,但成岩特征受海水成岩环境控制,胶结作用强烈,致使储层呈低孔低渗特征.古近系在帕米尔山前主要为一套冲积平原-河流沉积体系产物,从中可划分出4种有利的沉积-成岩相带.由于该碎屑岩均处于早成岩阶段B期,成岩环境呈酸性,储集性能明显优于上白垩统灰岩储集层.     

Mesozoic deltaic system along the western margin of the Indian plate: lithofacies and depositional setting of Datta Formation,North Pakistan

Over 1 km thick Mesozoic sedimentary sequence is exposed over a wide area in the Upper Indus basin of north Pakistan along the western margin of the Indian Plate. The Mesozoic sequence is comprised of clastic facies in the lower part, while carbonate facies are dominant in the upper part. About 200 m thick mixed sequence of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, clay, and carbonaceous shale represents the lower Jurassic Datta Formation in the Salt and Trans Indus Ranges in North Pakistan. The Datta Formation constitutes important reservoir horizons in a number of oil fields in the western Himalayan foreland basins where it is encountered at a depth of about 4 km in various wells. The Datta Formation is described from different parts of the range front to understand the internal architecture of various sedimentary facies and their depositional system. The thickness and lithofacies assemblages of the Datta Formation change in different parts of the range front as well as in subsurface of the Upper Indus basin. The Datta Formation represents a coarsening upward deltaic sequence in most parts of the basin. On the basis of lithological variations and sedimentary structures, a number of depositional facies have been recognized which include channel belt facies, floodplain/abandoned channel facies, swamp facies, and lagoonal facies. Further north, in the Kalachitta and Hazara regions, the siliciclastic facies change to more complex assemblages of interbedded bauxite, silcrete, marl, and some limestone. These sediments represent deposition in a delta-plain setting of a fluvial-dominated delta with northwestward flowing channels.     

南海南、北陆缘中生代构造层序及其沉积环境

新生代海底扩张,使南海陆缘分为南、北两部分。南部礼乐地块与南海北缘在扩张之前构成了统一的活动陆缘。通过对南、北陆缘的钻井研究和井旁地震剖面解释,发现二者的中生界均具有4 个地震层序及3 个构造层。南北陆缘构造层序及物源分析表明,早白垩世礼乐地块与南海北缘曾发生碰撞拼贴。早白垩世的南海北缘地区沉积环境由海陆过渡相向陆相演化,相应的礼乐地区是由浅海相向滨海相演化,二者反映出相同的向上变浅旋回,说明在南、北陆缘拼贴之后,两者具有了统一的构造沉积背景。到晚白垩世末,两区均隆升为陆,且遭受剥蚀; 南海北缘地区上白垩统部分被剥蚀,而距俯冲边界更近的礼乐地区上白垩统则被剥蚀殆尽。     

Stratigraphy and Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic history of northern Sierra Los Ajos and adjacent areas,Sonora, Mexico

Geologic mapping in the northern Sierra Los Ajos reveals new stratigraphic and structural data relevant to deciphering the Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the range. The northern Sierra Los Ajos is cored by Proterozoic, Cambrian, Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian strata, equivalent respectively to the Pinal Schist, Bolsa Quartzite and Abrigo Limestone, Martin Formation, Escabrosa Limestone, and Horquilla Limestone. The Proterozoic–Paleozoic sequence is mantled by Upper Cretaceous rocks partly equivalent to the Fort Crittenden and Salero Formations in Arizona, and the Cabullona Group in Sonora, Mexico.Absence of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Bisbee Group below the Upper Cretaceous rocks and above the Proterozoic–Paleozoic rocks indicates that the Sierra Los Ajos was part of the Cananea high, a topographic highland during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Deposition of Upper Cretaceous rocks directly on Paleozoic and Proterozoic rocks indicates that the Sierra Los Ajos area had subsided as part of the Laramide Cabullona basin during Late Cretaceous time. Basal beds of the Upper Cretaceous sequence are clast-supported conglomerate composed locally of basement (Paleozoic) clasts. The conglomerate represents erosion of Paleozoic basement in the Sierra Los Ajos area coincident with development of the Cabullona basin.The present-day Sierra Los Ajos reaches elevations of greater than 2600 m, and was uplifted during Tertiary basin-and-range extension. Upper Cretaceous rocks are exposed at higher elevations in the northern Sierra Los Ajos and represent an uplifted part of the inverted Cabullona basin. Tertiary uplift of the Sierra Los Ajos was largely accommodated by vertical movement along the north-to-northwest-striking Sierra Los Ajos fault zone flanking the west side of the range. This fault zone structurally controls the configuration of the headwaters of the San Pedro River basin, an important bi-national water resource in the US-Mexico border region.     

新疆塔里木盆地库车坳陷北缘白垩系储层沉积相研究

库车坳陷北缘白垩系储层主要分布在巴西盖组和巴什基奇克组。白垩纪时期,库车坳陷发育了不同类型的三角洲沉积体系,巴西盖期为湖泊三角洲沉积体系;巴什基奇克早期主要为扇三角洲沉积体系;巴什基奇克中晚期主要为湖泊-辫状三角洲沉积体系。垂向上,巴西盖组下部砂岩段总体表现为加积序列,上部泥岩段整体表现为向上砂质增多的进积序列;巴什基奇克组下部第Ⅲ岩性段表现为进积-加积演化序列特征;巴什基奇克组中上部Ⅱ-Ⅰ段总体上构成一个向上变粗的进积序列。平面上,从巴西盖期至巴什基奇克晚期,库车坳陷北缘沉积相总体上呈近东西向展布,南北相带变化明显的特点。在沉积相研究的基础上,结合构造活动和成岩作用分析认为,研究区内白垩系巴什基奇克组中上部辫状三角洲前缘砂体为优质储层,以克拉2井区最好,向西至克拉1井,向东至克拉3井储层均变差。     

A subtidal bar model for the eze-aku sandstones,Nigeria

“Coarsening upward” successions typical of subtidal sand bars have been recognised in the NE-trending linear sandstone bodies which occur within marine shale in the Eze-Aku Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of southeastern Nigeria.The ideal succession, 15–20 m thick, consists of the following units from bottom to top: (1) bioturbated grey siltstone (offshore mud); (2) wave-ripple-laminated, fine-grained well-sorted sandstone (offshore sands); (3) trough and tabular, cross-bedded medium-grained sandstone with channelled base (subtidal channel complex); (4) trough cross-bedded, medium-grained sandstone with bimodal-bipolar paleocurrent pattern (subtidal bar); (5) coarse, pebbly trough cross-bedded sandstone with wave-rippled top, rare burrows and a bimodal-bipolar paleocurrent pattern (subtidal bar). A sixth facies, not a part of the normal sequence, consists of coarse, carbonate-cemented pebbly sandstone grading into pure shell-limestone (bar margin).The sand bars seem to have grown on a shallow mud-bottomed, wave-worked inland sea inhabited by burrowers. A model for the stages of the vertical growth of the bar is presented.     

Use of Sedimentary Structures in the Recognition of Sequence Boundaries in Upper Jurassic–Upper Cretaceous Peritidal Carbonates of the Western Taurides,Turkey

Subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal carbonate facies are recognized in the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)-Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) peritidal carbonates of the Fele area (Western Taurides, Turkey). Vertical stacking patterns of these facies are of a cyclical character; shallowing upward is the trend of the cyclicity in these carbonate facies. In-situ karstic breccias, collapse breccias, caliche (laminar calcrete), “Microcodium” accretion, and root casts are structures commonly indicative of third-order sequence boundaries. However, mud cracks, solution pores or vugs, sheet cracks, loferites, and birds-eye structures are commonly delineated by parasequence boundaries. In-situ or collapse breccias can be genetically derived from sheet cracks, mud cracks, solution pores or vugs, and birds-eye structures with increasing exposure time. The use of such sedimentary structures in the recognition of sequence boundaries is highly practical in the ancient carbonate platforms of the world, inasmuch as the sequence boundaries, as demonstrated in this study, correlate with the eustatic sea level curves.     

松辽盆地白垩纪地层时代划分

松辽盆地经多年来地质生产和科研活动,已经建立了一套完整的地层层序,由下往上为：沙河子组、营城组、登娄库组、泉头组、青山口组、姚家组、嫩江组、四方台组、明水组等９组２７个岩性段。白垩系的上限在明水组和依安组之间,相当于马斯特里赫特阶的顶界,同位素年龄为６６Ｍａ。白垩系的下限在沙河子组和火石岭组之间,相当于贝利亚斯阶的底界,同位素年龄为１４４Ｍａ。松辽盆地白垩系属陆相地层,三分性明显,自然划分为下、中、上三统,这种划分方案正被更多的地质工作者所接受。     

尼日尔Termit盆地上白垩统Madama组地震相识别与沉积相演化分析

以层序地层学及沉积学理论为指导,综合运用测井、录井以及地震资料,将尼日尔Termit盆地上白垩统Madama组划分为一个三级层序(MS),并进一步识别出低位体系域、海侵体系域以及高位体系域。在等时层序地层格架内,识别出前积反射地震相、河道充填反射地震相、平行-亚平行反射地震相以及杂乱反射地震相等四种类型,并识别出辫状河三角洲的沉积相类型。认为层序MS的低位体系域主要发育辫状河三角洲前缘亚相,高位体系域则主要发育辫状河三角洲平原亚相。Madama组整体表现为一个海退的沉积演化过程。     

塔里木盆地西南地区白垩系沉积相特征

塔西南白垩系发育,可分为上、下两统。下白垩统克孜勒苏群可分4段,多以陆相沉积为主,富含棕红色砂砾岩夹少许砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩和砾岩。上白垩统英吉沙群为海陆相并存,库克拜组可分2段,常见泥岩、膏岩和海相化石;乌依塔格组多为红色泥岩、泥质粉砂岩夹砂岩;依格孜牙组多见灰岩、白云质灰岩,富含海相化石;吐依洛克组为棕红色泥岩、石膏和砂、砾岩,含海相化石。通过勾勒9个岩性单元的沉积相展布,分析昆仑山前白垩纪的沉积环境演化过程。克孜勒苏群西区多为陆相快速堆积,东区远离陆源为三角洲和滨岸沉积,具有宽泛的冲积扇—辫状河三角洲相分布。库克拜组总体显示为辫状河三角洲—潮坪相变的过程;乌依塔格组以潮坪为主;依格孜牙组表现为碳酸盐岩台地—台地边缘的演化;吐依洛克组为宽广潮坪。     

Taxonomic composition,paleoecology and biostratigraphy of Late Cretaceous diatoms from Devon Island,Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic

Upper Cretaceous sediments of the Kanguk Formation exposed in Eidsbotn and Viks Fiord grabens on Devon Island, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic, yielded 91 fossil marine diatom species and varieties (including indeterminate taxa), representing 41 genera. Excellent preservation of the assemblages was aided by shallow burial, protection in downfaulted linear grabens, and the presence of abundant volcanic material. Planktonic species and resting spores comprise nearly 70% of the diatom assemblage, and provided abundant food resources for the Late Cretaceous Arctic ecosystem. Deposition of the approximately 225 m-thick stratigraphic sequence was predominantly in a shallow marine neritic setting, with an upward progression to interbedded terrestrial deposits of the Expedition Fiord Formation, reflecting a regression and eventual persistence of terrestrial facies into the Early Cenozoic. The Kanguk Formation is widespread across the Canadian Arctic, and diatom biostratigraphy indicates a Santonian–Campanian age for the sequences reported herein, based on the presence of Gladius antiquus in the lowermost strata and occurrence of Costopyxis antiqua throughout the succession. However, Amblypyrgus sp. A and Archepyrgus sp. aff. A. melosiroides, encountered in the lower part of the succession, are known exclusively from the Lower Cretaceous. This may suggest a slightly older age. New information on shallow shelf diatom assemblages from this study is compared to reports on two other Late Cretacous Arctic diatom assemblages. These three sites represent an environmental transect from shallow to distal shelf settings and into the oceanic realm.     

新疆塔里木盆地白垩—第三纪沉积相及储集体分析

根据沉积特征、岩石矿物特征、生物特征及地球化学特征的综合分析，将塔里木盆地白垩-第三系划分为3个沉积相组、12个沉积相、20个沉积亚相和若干个沉积微相，并首次在塔北发现海相沉积，塔里木盆地白垩-第三纪储集体包括碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩两种，东北坳陷区储层主要为碎屑岩，特别是下白垩统卡普沙良群亚格列木组是沙雅隆起上的重要储层，上白垩统巴什基奇克组是库车前陆盆地的重要储层，西南坳陷区储层包括碎屑岩储层和碳酸盐岩储层两种岩性，如下白垩统上部乌鲁克恰特组滨岸海滩硝砾岩及上白垩统依格孜牙组生物丘灰岩等也构成较好的储集层。     

Depositional facies,environments and sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the Middle Triassic–Lower Cretaceous (pre-Late Albian) succession in Arif El-Naga anticline,northeast Sinai,Egypt

The Middle Triassic–Lower Cretaceous (pre-Late Albian) succession of Arif El-Naga anticline comprises various distinctive facies and environments that are connected with eustatic relative sea-level changes, local/regional tectonism, variable sediment influx and base-level changes. It displays six unconformity-bounded depositional sequences. The Triassic deposits are divided into a lower clastic facies (early Middle Triassic sequence) and an upper carbonate unit (late Middle- and latest Middle/early Late Triassic sequences). The early Middle Triassic sequence consists of sandstone with shale/mudstone interbeds that formed under variable regimes, ranging from braided fluvial, lower shoreface to beach foreshore. The marine part of this sequence marks retrogradational and progradational parasequences of transgressive- and highstand systems tract deposits respectively. Deposition has taken place under warm semi-arid climate and a steady supply of clastics. The late Middle- and latest Middle/early Late Triassic sequences are carbonate facies developed on an extensive shallow marine shelf under dry-warm climate. The late Middle Triassic sequence includes retrogradational shallow subtidal oyster rudstone and progradational lower intertidal lime-mudstone parasequences that define the transgressive- and highstand systems tracts respectively. It terminates with upper intertidal oncolitic packstone with bored upper surface. The next latest Middle/early Late Triassic sequence is marked by lime-mudstone, packstone/grainstone and algal stromatolitic bindstone with minor shale/mudstone. These lower intertidal/shallow subtidal deposits of a transgressive-systems tract are followed upward by progradational highstand lower intertidal lime-mudstone deposits. The overlying Jurassic deposits encompass two different sequences. The Lower Jurassic sequence is made up of intercalating lower intertidal lime-mudstone and wave-dominated beach foreshore sandstone which formed during a short period of rising sea-level with a relative increase in clastic supply. The Middle-Upper Jurassic sequence is represented by cycles of cross-bedded sandstone topped with thin mudstone that accumulated by northerly flowing braided-streams accompanying regional uplift of the Arabo–Nubian shield. It is succeeded by another regressive fluvial sequence of Early Cretaceous age due to a major eustatic sea-level fall. The Lower Cretaceous sequence is dominated by sandy braided-river deposits with minor overbank fines and basal debris flow conglomerate.     

河南省平顶山煤田晚石炭世太原组沉积环境和聚煤沉积特征

平顶山煤田的太原组属于混合型的碳酸盐浅海和陆源碎屑海岸沉积。下部和上部灰岩段主要形成于滨海潮间带和浅海中,并在其中发育行风暴浊流沉积。中部碎屑岩段为障壁岛-泻湖-潮坪体系沉积。太原组煤的显微组分为微镜惰煤,煤质属于低灰高硫煤。     

兰州盆地下白垩统碎屑岩层序地层序列：祁连山早白垩世隆升的沉积学响应

青藏高原东北缘的祁连山,在早白垩世期间发生明显隆升,受区域性构造运动和白垩纪特殊行星风系的影响,在山前盆地中沉积了一套特殊的碎屑岩序列。兰州盆地下白垩统发育完整,虽然局部被第四系覆盖,但总体出露良好,其特殊的相序单元构成的非常规体系域概念框架下的陆相层序地层学模式,对研究祁连山隆升的沉积学响应及环境效应具有重要意义。兰州盆地下白垩统为河口群,可以识别出5个三级层序(S.1—S.5),包括LAST和HAST两个非常规体系域,冲积扇和河流相粗碎屑沉积构成三级层序的LAST单元,HAST单元由湖泊相细碎屑地层组成。河口群上部地层发育的风成砂岩序列,在一定程度上可以解释为祁连山隆升造成的"焚风效应"产物,对研究祁连山的阶段性隆升特征具有重要的意义。早、晚白垩世之交,祁连山开始快速强烈隆升,兰州盆地整体抬升为剥蚀区,导致研究区缺失上白垩统。因此,兰州盆地下白垩统特殊的层序地层序列,不仅是早白垩世祁连山隆升的物质记录,还为研究早白垩世东亚大气环流格局变化提供了物质基础。     

Tectonic controls on the development of a semi-arid alluvial basin as reflected in the stratigraphy of the Purilactis Group (upper cretaceous-eocene), northern Chile

The Upper Cretaceous-Eocene Purilactis Group of the north Chilean Precordillera consists of over 4100 meters of continental strata deposited in a retro-arc extensional basin. Deposited in an arid/semi-arid climate with no marine influence, the group comprises alluvial fan (51%), playa (35%), aeolian (8%), and lacustrine (6%) facies associations locally interbedded with volcaniclastic material. The basin-fill has an overall coarsening-upward profile and shows an increase in proximal fan facies up section, indicating basinward (eastward) fan progradation. Within the coarsening-upward profile, fan and playa facies are organized into: 1) large-scale (50–700 m thick) coarsening- (CU) and fining- (FU) upward cycles extending tens of kilometers, in which CU cycles represent tectonically induced (allocyclic) fan progradation during periods of decreased accomodation space (FU cycles reflect vertical aggradation and fan retreat during periods of increased accomodation space); 2) medium-scale cycles (15–50 m thick) extending up to 9 km, also representing tectonically induced fan progradation and retreat but superimposed on the larger scale cycles; and 3) small-scale, predominantly FU cycles (up to 15 m thick) extending only a few hundred meters and reflecting minor, autocyclically induced changes in sedimentation. Purilactis Group sediments were derived from a westerly (footwall) source of: 1) Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous sediments and volcanics (back-arc basin-fill), and 2) an andesite-dominated Upper Cretaceous volcanic arc sequence, unroofing of which is indicated by a systematic provenance change in the upper 500 meters of the group from dominantly andesitic to granodioritic detritus. Localized development of volcaniclastics in the uppermost part of the group — together with evidence of arc unroofing — indicates that arc activity, although synchronous, did not contribute significantly to the overall Purilactis basin-fill. Basin subsidence may have been influenced by thermal contraction related to cooling of the Late Cretaceous arc and/or isostatic uplift following arc unroofing, processes likely to result in relatively localized extension. A larger scale cause of extension may have resulted from the relatively slow convergence rates along the Andean margin during Late Cretaceous to Eocene times (< 55 mm/yr), which would have promoted subduction roll-back and, together with the slab pull force active at the subduction zone, resulted in the development of an extensional tectonic regime across the Andean margin.     

Architecture and formation of transgressive–regressive cycles in marginal marine strata of the John Henry Member,Straight Cliffs Formation,Upper Cretaceous of Southern Utah,USA

Marginal marine deposits of the John Henry Member, Upper Cretaceous Straight Cliffs Formation, were deposited within a moderately high accommodation and high sediment supply setting that facilitated preservation of both transgressive and regressive marginal marine deposits. Complete transgressive–regressive cycles, comprising barrier island lagoonal transgressive deposits interfingered with regressive shoreface facies, are distinguished based on their internal facies architecture and bounding surfaces. Two main types of boundaries occur between the transgressive and regressive portions of each cycle: (i) surfaces that record the maximum regression and onset of transgression (bounding surface A); and (ii) surfaces that place deeper facies on top of shallower facies (bounding surface B). The base of a transgressive facies (bounding surface A) is defined by a process change from wave‐dominated to tide‐dominated facies, or a coaly/shelly interval indicating a shift from a regressive to a transgressive regime. The surface recording such a process change can be erosional or non‐erosive and conformable. A shift to deeper facies occurs at the base of regressive shoreface deposits along both flooding surfaces and wave ravinement surfaces (bounding surface B). These two main bounding surfaces and their subtypes generate three distinct transgressive – regressive cycle architectures: (i) tabular, shoaling‐upward marine parasequences that are bounded by flooding surfaces; (ii) transgressive and regressive unit wedges that thin basinward and landward, respectively; and (iii) tabular, transgressive lagoonal shales with intervening regressive coaly intervals. The preservation of transgressive facies under moderately high accommodation and sediment supply conditions greatly affects stratigraphic architecture of transgressive–regressive cycles. Acknowledging variation in transgressive–regressive cycles, and recognizing transgressive successions that correlate to flooding surfaces basinward, are both critical to achieving an accurate sequence stratigraphic interpretation of high‐frequency cycles.     

西藏班公湖地区竟柱山组时代及其构造意义

上白垩统竟柱山组呈近EW向分布于班公湖–怒江缝合带内,该组以陆相磨拉石建造为特征,角度不整合在蛇绿岩及老的海相地层之上,从早到晚由河流相向湖泊相演化。本文以班公湖–怒江缝合带西段的班公湖地区出露的竟柱山组为主要研究对象,对其岩性特征、沉积环境及形成时代进行了分析,认为竟柱山组为班公湖–怒江特提斯洋全面闭合后的陆相山间盆地沉积,是洋陆转换全面完成之后的陆相沉积。本文首次对班公湖地区竟柱山组进行了ESR年代学、磁性地层学研究,得出了研究区竟柱山组底部砾岩的ESR年龄为92.0±9.0 Ma,古地磁测年显示该组的底界年龄约为96 Ma。班公湖地区在96 Ma左右全面完成了由洋到陆的转换,进入了陆内环境。     

准噶尔盆地中生代演化的地层学和沉积学证据

准噶尔盆地是一个构造演化复杂、由多个含油气凹陷构成的盆地。根据盆地中生界地层发育特征、地震资料及前人研究成果,探讨了准噶尔盆地中生代的沉积特征、沉积范围、沉积中心迁移特征及断裂对沉积的控制作用,将中生代准噶尔盆地划分为三叠纪—侏罗纪断—拗盆地和白垩纪陆内坳陷盆地两个发育阶段,其中晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期可能是盆地由张性背景向挤压背景转化的重要时期。     

对西藏岗巴上白垩统的新认识

在前人研究的基础上对岗巴地区上白垩统的划分做了厘定 ,进一步建立了晚白垩世的 1 2个浮游有孔虫化石带。根据岩性特征及化石带的研究 ,上白垩统被划分为赛诺曼期至土仑早期的冷青热组 ;土仑中期至三冬期的岗巴村口组和康潘期至马斯特里赫特期的宗山组。该区赛诺曼期与土仑期的界线位于冷青热组上部 ,以 H elvetoglobotruncana praehelvetica的初现为标志。