顶管施工对相邻平行地下管线位移影响因素分析

顶管施工引起的管道周围土体移动会对相邻地下管线造成危害。采用三维有限元方法分析了顶管施工引起的相邻平行地下管线的位移,研究了注浆、纠偏、离顶管距离的远近、地下管线埋深、管线与土体弹性模量比及不同管材对地下管线位移的影响。计算结果表明,注浆与纠偏压力越大,地下管线的位移越大;地下管线距离顶管越远,引起的位移越小;地下管线弹性模量越小,产生的位移越大。     

砂土中隧道施工对相邻垂直连续管线位移影响的模型试验研究

隧道施工会对邻近管线造成危害,但目前对土体位移与管线位移两者之间的关系还没有清晰的认识。针对这一问题,设计砂土中考虑不同管线管径、埋深及抗弯刚度的3组隧道施工模型试验,分析垂直下穿隧道施工过程中砂土和管线位移规律。研究结果表明,Vorster修正高斯公式能较好地拟合砂土沉降分布,其控制参数?值在0.2～1.0之间变化,且与地层埋深成正比;土体沉降槽宽度系数i对管线变形有较大影响,埋深相同的条件下管线抗弯刚度与沉降值成反比;深埋管线的变形主要受上拱效应支配,且管径越大上拱效应越明显,而下拉效应主要支配着浅埋管线的位移;Smax /i为影响管土相对位移一个关键参数,在此基础上提出了修正的管土相对刚度计算公式。     

Use of targets to track 3D displacements in highly vegetated areas affected by landslides

Monitoring landslides with terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is currently a well-known technique. One problem often encountered is the vegetation that produces shadow areas on the scans. Indeed, the points behind a given obstacle are hidden and thus occluded on the point cloud. Thereby, locations monitored with terrestrial laser scanner are mostly rock instabilities and few vegetated landslides, being difficult or even impossible to survey vegetated slopes using this method with its classical non-full wave form. The Peney landslide (Geneva, Switzerland) is partially vegetated by bushes and trees, and in order to monitor its displacements during the drawdown of the Verbois reservoir located at its base, an alternative solution has been found. We combined LiDAR technique with 14 targets made of polystyrene placed at different locations inside and outside the landslide area. The obtained displacements were compared with classical measurement methods (total station and extensometer), showing good resemblance of results, indicating that the use of targets in highly vegetated areas could be an efficient alternative for mass movements monitoring.     

Automatic identification of rocks in thin sections using texture analysis

This paper presents a test of the automatic identification of photomicrographs of rocks in thin sections using digital image processing and texture analysis. Three sets of textural measures derived respectively from the cooccurrence matrix, texture space, and texture spectrum have been used to identify six rock types (mylonite, diorite porphyry, diorite. gabbro, granite, and peridotite). Exploring only the texture characteristics of images, the average correct recognition rate reaches 89% for 58 photographs belonging to the six types. The results also show the importance of using those more discriminating texture features in the classification algorithm. For the present study, the average rate of correct classification ranges from 46% to 89% depending on the set of texture measures used. The features extracted from the texture spectrum have more discriminating performance than the conventionally used Haralick measures derived from the cooccurrence matrix.     

Analytical solutions for stresses and displacements around tunnels driven in cross-anisotropic rocks

In this paper, closed-form solutions for the stresses and displacements around unlined circular tunnels excavated in an elastic, orthotropic (cross-anisotropic) medium are developed. The effect of both the elastic parameters characterizing the behaviour of the medium and the anisotropy of the initial stress system on the stresses and displacements induced are evaluated. An example of utilizing the theoretical solution for design analysis is given. For convenience of application, design charts are prepared for the determination of stresses and displacements for given values of initial stresses and the elastic parameters. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

碳酸盐岩白垩状结构成岩环境及成因

白垩状结构碳酸盐岩是一种白色或淡色疏松、酥脆、多微孔的灰岩。狭义白垩状结构灰岩是指深水盆地、陆棚斜坡及内台地局限海(如潟湖)相中形成的白垩状微孔隙灰泥岩及粒泥岩。广义白垩状结构灰岩指盆地相和陆棚相中包括生物礁、滩的各种沉积体内各种沉积组构产生的白垩状灰岩,也包括白垩状去白云化灰岩及(真)白垩。综合各国学者的有关研究资料,建议将白垩状结构化定义为:"碳酸盐沉积物和碳酸盐岩中的镁方解石和文石在不同成岩阶段通过新生变形而转变成低镁方解石微晶和微亮晶格架,并在其中产生和保存晶间孔喉网络的作用;强化白垩状结构化是指微晶和微亮晶格架受到进一步溶蚀和淋滤,从而形成次生溶蚀孔隙网络的作用"。论述了世界各地的地史中不同成岩阶段白垩状结构碳酸盐岩成岩环境的例证和白垩状结构化成因。     

Generation of the low-frequency branch of acoustic emission in affected rocks

As follows from data analysis of physical modeling, the reaction of acoustic background oscillations to an external impact is well-defined under triaxial loading of a dry sandstone core in the low-frequency range (1–100 Hz). This phenomenon is explained by the generation of a low-frequency constituent of acoustic emission. A high correlation of oscillation dynamics (Klimontovich S entropy) is observed at frequencies of tens of hertz and tens of kilohertz in the absence of such a correlation in the intermediate frequency range; a synchronous increase in the oscillation level is also observed at low and high frequencies.     

Comparison of neutron and X-ray diffraction in texture analysis of deformed carbonate rocks

The paper compares pole figure determinations with neutron diffraction and X-ray diffraction on experimentally deformed carbonate rocks, a coarse grained marble and fine grained limestone. Neutron diffraction enables determination of complete pole figures on a single spherical specimen and is advantageous for coarse grained materials. Results obtained with both diffraction techniques agree satisfactorily, although uncertainties introduced by counting statistics are more serious for neutrons than for X-rays. Continuous detectors add new possibilities which are still little explored.     

碳酸盐岩地区古风化壳岩溶储层

世界整装大油气田均以海相盆地为主,储集类型首推碳酸盐岩岩溶孔洞+裂缝。岩溶发育的程度除相控外,层序不整合界面与区域性地层不整合面的复合面,在表生成岩作用环境下可形成碳酸盐岩古风化壳型岩溶。塔里木盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系古喀斯特油气藏的重大突破,佐证了碳酸盐岩岩溶储层的特殊意义。我国海相盆地碳酸盐岩风化壳岩溶的形成和演化,均与加里东构造旋回中的幕次古隆起和海平面下降共耦,埋藏期和热水溶蚀的叠加可改善岩溶的储集性能。在大面积覆盖的油气田区预测古风化壳型的岩溶储层,可通过地震剖面追踪区域性地层不整合面和层序界面,圈出古岩溶的时空展布、推测古岩溶地貌以及与不同层位岩性相的关系。孔洞充填方解石与碳酸盐围岩的氧碳同位素有别,前者的Z值小于120,是反馈淡水岩溶环境的重要标志之一。     

The determination of chlorine in rocks and minerals by pyrohydrolytic method

In this paper a porcedute of pyrohydrolysis spectrophotometric determination has been established for chlorine in rocks and minerals. The selection of accelerator and its required quantity, the time and temperature of sample decomposition and the influence of interferring elements and other factors are also discussed in detail. Because samples are usually fused with alkalis, higher blank is an insurmountable problem. However, with our procedure, the above-mentioned drawback can be effectively overcome, and the determination of trace chlorine either in large or in minor quantities of samples also is rather ideal. The determined results indicate that the relative standard deviations are 8.7% in the former and 4.5% in the latter case. This procedure is simple, rapid and well reproduceable. The detection limit of the method is 10 ppm. The results obtained by our procedure are in good agreement with the proposed values from two reference samples in China (DZΣ-1 and DZΣ-2) and one international geochemical reference sample (RGM-1). This method has proved itself to be reliable.     

The Precambrian rocks

Bauxite deposits in Gippsland are small, low in grade, and buried under a thick cover of Tertiary sands. Occurring at various stratigraphic levels in the Thorpdale volcanic sequence, they are also texturally and compositionally primitive and hence now presumably fossilised. Although broadly comparable with deposits in Tasmania and New England, they show few obvious analogies with other Australian bauxites. Profile studies reveal a somewhat erratic vertical mineralogical zonation which can, at least in part, be accounted for by assuming a degree of post‐bauxitisation planation so that some profiles are now truncated. Some profiles show gibbsite increasing with depth and at least in the Boolarra profile this has significant genetic implications. Here, during submergence of the lateritic surface, rising carbonated connate waters precipitated scarbroite and this, with subsequent renewed leaching, decomposed initially to form nordstrandite, and finally gibbsite.     

连拱隧道施工引起的地层位移分析

采用三维有限元法,对连拱隧道软弱围岩洞口段进行了施工全过程数值模拟分析,得出了施工全过程地层位移的大小与分布规律,并用几何比1/20的相似模拟试验进行验证和补充,提出了该类隧道施工全过程的地层位移规律和施工中应重点关注的区域,对实际工程进行直接指导,并为同类工程提供参考。     

The application of satellite differential SAR interferometry-derived ground displacements in hydrogeology

The application of satellite differential synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry, principally coherent (InSAR) and to a lesser extent, persistent-scatterer (PSI) techniques to hydrogeologic studies has improved capabilities to map, monitor, analyze, and simulate groundwater flow, aquifer-system compaction and land subsidence. A number of investigations over the previous decade show how the spatially detailed images of ground displacements measured with InSAR have advanced hydrogeologic understanding, especially when a time series of images is used in conjunction with histories of changes in water levels and management practices. Important advances include: (1) identifying structural or lithostratigraphic boundaries (e.g. faults or transitional facies) of groundwater flow and deformation; (2) defining the material and hydraulic heterogeneity of deforming aquifer-systems; (3) estimating system properties (e.g. storage coefficients and hydraulic conductivities); and (4) constraining numerical models of groundwater flow, aquifer-system compaction, and land subsidence. As a component of an integrated approach to hydrogeologic monitoring and characterization of unconsolidated alluvial groundwater basins differential SAR interferometry contributes unique information that can facilitate improved management of groundwater resources. Future satellite SAR missions specifically designed for differential interferometry will enhance these contributions.     

Wave-induced displacements in seafloor sands

The stability and deformation of the seafloor in response to storm wave loading is an important consideration in the design of pipelines, anchors, and offshore structures such as gravity-and pile-supported platforms. Two quite different approaches have been proposed for investigating the effects of storm waves on seafloor sands. These approaches derive from quite different considerations of soil-water interaction. In one of these approaches (exemplified by Yamamoto and Madsen) the seafloor is visualized to be a porous elastic or Coulomb-damped porous nonlinear medium. In this approach, the response of the seafloor, i.e. the displacements, stresses and porewater pressures, are computed for a given wave. The response is transient and is, therefore, related to the largest wave in the storm wave group. On the other hand, in the approach proposed by Seed and Rahman, only the development of residual porewater pressures (for estimating liquefaction potential) due to the storm wave group are considered. The effects of transient porewater pressures and stresses on the seafloor sands are ignored. The residual porewater pressures are computed using properties based on initial effective stresses through a porewater generation-dissipation model. The application of these techniques to problems of offshore structures such as pile-supported platforms has led to considerable uncertainty and confusion. In this paper, both of these approaches are combined to investigate seafloor response to a storm wave group. For typical storm wave conditions that exist in the North Sea, it appears that the inclusion of damping, inertia and anisotropic permeabilities in the study is not important relative to ocean sands. Parametric studies show that, for a given wave, the thickness and the stiffness properties of the soil deposit dictate the response of the deposit. The displacements in the deposit are, therefore, affected by the generation of residual porewater pressures.     

The sedimentary rocks of macaronesia

In all the archipelagos forming Macaronesia, volcanis predominate, but pre-Quaternary sediments are also present, though playing a humble role.Calcareous deposits have by far the greatest significance throughout the known stratigraphic record. Tertiary occurrences tend to be thin, show more gentle dips, whereas the Mesozoics attain thicknesses of 400 m (certain), attitudes steeper, often vertical.To date, Mesozoics are recognized only in Maio (Cape Verde), are possible in S. Nicolau (Cape Verde) and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands). Whether strata as old as Jurassic is present in these three islands is a moot point. Ample arguments, pro and con, have been presented for Maio; there is meagre evidence in S. Nicolau; pure conjecture in Fuerteventura.Beginning with the Neogene, the stratigraphic record for Macaronesia is more substantial, the Vindobonian being present or then strongly suspected in all archipelagos.The sedimentary rocks in these islands have not aroused the same interests as the volcanics, and undeniably they are of far less importance as regards rock constitution. The status of investigations varies widely within the different islands, and as of the present, we must frankly recognize that our knowledge of the sedimentaries is only of reconnaissance standard.

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Zusammenfassung Auf allen Inselgruppen, die man als Makaronesen zusammenfaßt, überwiegen vulkanische Gesteine; prä-quartäre Sedimente gibt es — in geringem Umfang — ebenfalls.Kalkablagerungen haben, nach den bekannten stratigraphischen Zeugnissen zu urteilen, die größte Bedeutung. Tertiär ist in geringer Mächtigkeit und schwach geneigt vertreten, während das Mesozoikum bis zu 400 m nachgewiesene Mächtigkeit erreicht und verstellt, oft vertikal auftritt.Bisher ist Mesozoikum nur in Maio (Kapverden) bekannt, möglicherweise auch in S. Nicolau (Kapverden) und Fuerteventura (Kanarische Inseln). Ob Schichten jurassischen Alters und den drei Inseln vorkommen, ist umstritten. Argumente dafür und dagegen sind für Maio reichlich zusammengetragen worden; für S. Nicolau gibt es magere Hinweise, für Fuerteventura nur Vermutungen.Seit dem Neogen sind die stratigraphischen Zeugnisse auf den makaronesischen Inseln umfangreicher; so ist Vindobon auf allen Inselgruppen vorhanden oder sein Vorkommen mindestens sehr wahrscheinlich gemacht.Die sedimentären Gesteine haben auf den Inseln nicht das gleiche Interesse gefunden wie die vulkanischen, und sie sind auch ganz sicher von geringerer Bedeutung, soweit es sich um ihren Gesteinscharakter handelt. Der Forschungsstand ist innerhalb der Inseln sehr unterschiedlich, und wir müssen eingestehen, daß zur Zeit unser Wissen über die sedimentären Gesteine sieh noch im Anfangsstadium befindet.

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Résumé Le matériel volcanique domine dans les îles de l'archipel des Macaronesia. Les sédiments pré-quaternaires sont aussi présents, bien que jouant un rôle plus modeste.Les formations calcaires sont de loin les plus représentatives des dépôts reconnus de la colonne stratigraphique. Les dépôts cénozoiques sont généralement peu épais et présentent de faibles pendages, tandis que ceux du Mésozoique atteignent des épaisseurs de 400 m (démontrées), et des pendages importants, atteignant souvent la verticale.Jusqu'à présent, les dépôts mésozoiques ont été reconnus uniquement à Maio (Cap Vert), sont possibles à S. Nicolau (Cap Vert) et Fuerteventura (Iles des Canaries). La présence de Jurassique dans ces trois îles est encore un sujet de controverse. De nombreux arguments, positifs ou négatifs, ont été présentés concernant l'île de Maio; les arguments positifs sont légèrement dominants à S. Nicolau; le problème est à l'état de pure hypothèse à Fuerteventura.On peut faire débuter sans ambiguité la colonne stratigraphique des îles de l'archipel Macaronesia au Néogène, le Vindobonien étant présent ou fortement suspecté dans toutes les archipels.Les roches sédimentaires dans ces îles n'ont pas suscité le même intérêt que les roches volcaniques, et indéniablement leur importance est moindre. L'état d'avancement de ces travaux varie largement d'une île à l'autre, mais à l'heure actuelle, nous devons reconnaître qu'ils en sont seulement au stade de la reconnaissance.

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大兴安岭中生代双峰式火山岩的地球化学特征

大兴安岭中生代火山岩的主要活动时期为晚侏罗世至早白垩世，由碱性系列玄武岩和亚碱性系列玄武岩以及伴生的中酸性火山岩组成。它们与邻区俄罗斯和蒙古同时期火山岩构成面形展布的巨型火山岩带。碱性系列玄武岩高度富集不相容元素，其富集程度类似于板内碱性系列玄武岩，但明显亏损Nb和Ta等高场强元素这一点又类似于活动大陆边缘火山弧或岛弧钙碱性玄武岩。亚碱性系列玄武岩适度富集不相容元素而强烈亏损高场强元素的特征类似于活动大陆边缘火山弧或岛弧火山岩，其中低钾玄武岩类似于拉斑玄武岩。大兴安岭酸性火山岩根据地球化学特征可划分为高Sr流纹岩类和低Sr流纹岩类。前者富集Ti、Ba、Sr、Co和Ni而贫Rb、Zr和Th等强不相容元素，类似于大陆溢流玄武岩省分异作用形成的流纹岩；后者明显富集不相容元素Rb、Zr和Th而亏损Ti、Ba、Sr和Co，它们与碱性系列玄武岩之间形成类似于大陆裂谷环境的双峰式火山岩组合。亚碱性系列玄武岩与高Sr流纹岩的成因关系类似于大陆伸张环境的双峰式火山岩，但前者形成从基性到酸性的连续演化系列，并没有形成Daly成分间断。这表明大兴安岭火山岩在源区及其原始岩浆的性质上明显区别于世界大陆溢流玄武岩省。也就是说，大陆溢流玄武岩省的双峰模式起源于干岩浆体系，这种岩浆分异形成的中性岩浆由于其教度大于玄武岩、挥发分含量低于流纹岩而未能喷出地表。大兴安岭富含水的原始岩浆使分异形成的中性熔岩被挥发分过饱和，导致中性熔岩的爆炸性喷发。     

甘肃酒西盆地青西凹陷下白垩统下沟组湖相喷流岩物质组分与结构构造*

甘肃酒西盆地青西凹陷下白垩统下沟组广泛发育的暗色纹层状细粒岩,以其富含铁白云石、钠长石、重晶石、方沸石、黄铁矿和有机质,局部含有微量萤石、透闪石、石盐和呈碎屑状、浸染状产出的微量闪锌矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿等矿物组分吸引着众多沉积地质学家和石油地质学家的高度关注。在以往的研究中,大多数研究者认为此类细粒岩的成因与火山活动有关,将其确定为火山物质蚀变作用的产物。通过地质背景、物质组分、岩石结构构造、包裹体和地球化学特征的研究,提出此类细粒岩属于新型的湖相“白烟型”喷流岩,可识别出6种热水矿物组合、3种主要结构类型和4种常见的原生沉积构造。6种热水矿物组合包括: Ⅰ钠长石—铁白云石(或铁白云石—钠长石)组合,Ⅱ重晶石—钠长石—铁白云石组合,Ⅲ石英—重晶石—钠长石—铁白云石组合,Ⅳ石英—方沸石—钠长石—铁白云石组合,Ⅴ地开石—铁白云石组合,Ⅵ单一铁白云石组合。3种主要结构类型包括: ①泥晶—微晶结构,②内碎屑结构,③石盐假晶结构。4种常见的原生沉积构造包括: ⅰ纹层状和条带状构造,ⅱ网脉状充填构造,ⅲ旋涡状喷管结构,ⅳ同生变形层理结构。在物质组分和岩石结构分析的基础上,划分出网脉状充填型、水爆型、盆地沉积型和区域扩散型4种喷流岩产状类型,建立了下沟组湖相喷流岩分带性沉积模式,探讨了喷流岩研究意义。     

The measurement of small soil displacements on a dutch hillslope

A number of flat hollow cylinders equal in weight to the replaced soil have been installed at different depths below the surface of a 47% slope. The slope was developed over Maestrichtian chalk overlain by a poorly sorted but rather homogeneous Upper Pleistocene cover. The displacements of the cylinders have been recorded for three years.

The design of the geodetical method of measurement and the results are discussed. The estimated error (twice the standard deviation) of the measurements regarding the horizontal component of the displacements appears to be less than 0.4 mm; the error regarding the vertical component less than 0.3 mm.

Significant displacements have been recorded so far only from the upper 20 cm. The measured movements are spasmodic and parallel to the slope. The mean velocity of the top soil amounts to 1 mm/year. The collected data are insufficient to investigate the applicability of viscous creep models.