组合桶形基础水平循环承载力模型试验

在一个大型土池中进行了软土中组合四桶基础在竖向静荷载与水平循环荷载共同作用下的承载力模型试验,研究了竖向静荷载与水平循环荷载对组合桶形基础破坏形式与承载力的影响。试验结果表明,组合四桶基础的变形主要包括水平循环变形与竖向循环累积沉降。基础的破坏形式取决于水平循环荷载与竖向静荷载。若竖向静荷载较小,过大的水平循环位移将导致基础破坏;随竖向静荷载增加,竖向循环累积沉降将变为导致基础破坏的主要原因。试验结果还表明,在不同竖向静荷载与水平循环荷载共同作用下,基础的水平循环承载力大约为水平静承载力的70%左右。     

端承型桩承载力离心模型试验中的粒径效应研究

利用modeling of models的方法研究端承型桩承载力离心模型试验中的粒径效应。在模拟同一原型时,不同桩径的模型桩,桩身压缩性及桩长均不同,导致侧摩阻力发挥机理及程度不同,本文分别探讨了桩端阻力,侧摩阻力及承载力(桩顶荷载)的粒径效应对承载机理和承载特性的影响。结果表明,桩端阻力的粒径效应作用规律与浅基础一致,可以借用浅基础的粒径效应定量评价方法评价端承桩承载力离心模型试验中的粒径效应。侧摩阻力的粒径效应比桩端阻力的粒径效应显著。由于侧摩阻力的影响,相同条件下承载力的粒径效应比桩端阻力有所增强。对于极限桩端阻力和极限承载力,粒径效应均随长径比的增加而减弱。     

软土中单桶基础竖向循环承载力的模型试验

利用真空预压法制备了一个大尺寸软土模型试验土池,针对两种不同直径桶型基础,进行了多组竖向静荷载与循环荷载共同作用下单桶基础承载力的模型试验,研究了软土中单桶基础循环承载力的变化。研究结果表明,如果基础受到的竖向总荷载比小于0.85,则循环荷载作用下基础的竖向累积沉降随循环次数的变化趋势是安定的;如果竖向总荷载比大于0.9,那么基础的竖向循环累积沉降将逐渐增加,并最终导致基础破坏;如果竖向总荷载比接近或大于1.0,基础的循环累积沉降发展加快,而且此时竖向静荷载越大,竖向循环累积沉降发展就越快。依据模型试验结果可以得出,竖向静荷载与循环荷载共同作用下,软土中单桶基础的循环承载力大约为静承载力的80%左右。     

滩海桶形基础极限水平承载力研究

桶形基础是90年代初期发展起来的一种新型海洋工程结构,与传统的海洋结构基础型式相比有很多优点。但是,目前尚无计算桶形基础的承载力的规范依据和简单实用的计算方法。文章在分析与研究室内、外模型试验结果的基础上,利用Winkler假定,按空间问题推出了一个形式简单的桶形基础水平极限承载力计算公式,并由试验结果验证了这一公式的合理性。     

均质地基上浅埋矩形基础极限承载力上限分析

基于土体塑性极限分析理论,推导一般黏性土地基上矩形基础承载力的上限解。为了证实上限解的合理性与适用性,采用大型通用有限元分析软件ABAQUS进行数值分析,并分别与Vesic理论解和Salgado et al理论解进行了对比。结果表明,推导的三维矩形基础上限解能较好地计算黏性土地基的极限承载力。     

考虑预载固结效应的海底浅基础承载力包络面演化规律研究

由于预载下土体固结,海底浅基础的承载力会随作业时间的增加而改变,其时变效应评估困难。基于修正剑桥模型,采用水土耦合有限元方法研究了预载作用下浅基础在正常固结黏土海床中承载力破坏包络面的时变规律。在验证数值模型准确性后,通过位移探针测试获取复合加载模式下浅基础的破坏包络面,揭示了预载和固结程度对基础承载力和破坏包络面的影响,给出了预载作用下浅基础承载力包络面计算方法。结果表明：随着预载比增加,固结单轴承载力呈现线性增长,固结承载力增幅在水平向最大;部分固结承载力相对增幅与预载比无关,而随固结度变化;破坏包络面形状由预载比控制,而包络面大小由预载比和固结度共同控制。研究结果可为海洋浅基础的时变承载力评估提供参考依据。     

基于CEL法的埋深海底管道受坠物撞击损伤分析

海底管道一旦受到坠物撞击损伤,会造成严重的环境污染及经济损失,为保证管道在运行期间的安全性,常对其进行埋深处理。对于有埋深的海底管道,坠物的撞击会造成管道上覆土体的大变形,在数值模拟中会导致网格畸变,甚至无法收敛。耦合欧拉-拉格朗日法(CEL法)可有效处理土体大变形问题,本文基于此方法建立了坠物-管道-土体有限元模型,分析了坠物撞击速度、质量、形状、海床土体性质(弹性模量、内摩擦角、黏聚力)、埋深对海底管道塑性变形的影响。结果表明,管道的凹痕深度随坠物撞击速度和质量的增加而增加;坠物与海床土体及管道接触面积越小,管道的凹痕深度越大;管道的埋置深度及海床土体的性质对吸收坠物的撞击能量有直接关系:海床土体的强度越高、埋深越大,管道所受到的损伤程度越小。分析结果可为管道的设计与防护工作提供科学依据,且与现行规范比较,本文方法更加经济、合理。     

浅基础地基荷载-变形特性的分析研究

在土体主应力方向的旋转过程中,主应力方向与塑性主应变增量方向之间存在着非共轴现象,非共轴现象对应力-应变关系具有显著的影响。通过有限元二次开发,将角点结构非共轴理论应用到有限元程序ABAQUS中;对密砂单剪试验进行数值模拟,研究了非共轴现象及其对应力-应变关系的影响;采用离心模型试验方法,对圆形浅基础作用下饱和密砂地基荷载-变形特性进行试验研究;对离心模型试验进行数值模拟,将试验结果与数值计算结果进行对比,对非共轴模型的计算结果的合理性进行验证。研究结果表明:非共轴现象对浅基础地基荷载-变形特性具有显著的影响;当选取合理的非共轴塑性模量时,非共轴模型的计算结果与离心模型试验结果比较接近。     

防波堤椭圆形桶式基础结构的贯入受力特性实验研究

某工程拟在深水软土地基上修筑防波堤,为了尽量减少地基处理充分利用天然地基,创新性设计出一种轻型薄壁的预制防波堤结构,其挡浪部分为直立薄壁圆筒,基础部分则为倒扣的薄壁椭圆形桶,并且椭圆形下桶为外壁和内隔板分成9个格室,防波堤结构浮运至指定位置后,拟采用负压工法施工安装就位。这种新型防波堤结构为国内外首次提出,其下沉施工设计尚无规范可循,为此开展了土工离心模型试验,在模型加速过程中模拟了椭圆形下桶基础在淤泥层中的自重下沉,之后利用新研发了一种大行程作动加载装置给椭圆形下桶施加下推力,让其继续向下贯入直至穿越整个淤泥层,以模拟负压工法的贯入下沉。试验测量了下桶贯入下沉过程中的推力与贯入位移,还尝试测量了桶壁和内隔板断面的压应变,由此分析了下桶基础的下沉总阻力、桶壁摩擦力以及截面压应变随贯入位移的变化。结果发现,这些曲线均出现了转折点,根据转折点对应的下沉总阻力确定了椭圆形下桶基础贯入过程所遭遇的临界下沉总阻力值,据此估算了负压工法中所需施加的压力差。     

基于跨航道抛锚作业的海底管道埋深研究

抛锚作业给跨航道海底管道带来的安全风险问题越来越引起人们的关注。为了加强海底管道防冲击能力、保障管道的安全运营,针对抛锚冲击作用下的管道埋深进行研究。通过建立小尺寸抛锚冲击管道实验平台,获得了冲击荷载作用下抛锚高度、管道埋深、堆石材质等参量对管道响应的影响。并基于正交实验原理,综合分析了不同参量对管道响应的敏感性。利用有限元法对抛锚冲击管道的过程进行瞬态动力分析,进一步研究了堆石材料力学特性对管道埋深的影响。结果表明:在冲击荷载作用下,堆石层的材料特性对冲击能量的耗散起着重要作用。通过将数值分析结果与实验数据作对比,并结合DNV规范中的能量计算方法,提出了抛锚冲击荷载作用下管道最小埋深的计算方法。研究成果为海底管道的安全铺设提供一定的理论指导。     

自升式钻井平台插桩深度探析

针时目前带桩靴的自升式桩基平台插桩深度计算中存在的问题,通过考虑插桩过程中桩靴对地层物理力学性质的影响,运用最小二乘法求得桩靴对地层承载力的影响系数,从而时Terzaghi和Peck公式进行修正,提高插桩深度预测的准确性.     

氧分压对Ni-Cr-Fe合金氧化成膜特性影响的研究

以铸态Ni-Cr-Fe合金为试样,于1 050℃湿氢气氛下恒温氧化20 h。通过氧化增重、SEM/EDS以及薄膜X-射线衍射等方法研究了氧分压对该合金在弱氧化性气氛下氧化成膜特性的影响。结果表明:表面氧化膜从外到内氧化物组成依次为:MnCr2O4、Cr2O3以及SiO2。氧化膜的厚度、组成及形貌与体系的氧分压密切相关,中等氧分压(15.9×10-18atm)有利于表面尖晶石的形成;较低氧分压有利于形成厚而多孔的氧化膜,而高氧分压则趋向于形成薄而致密的氧化膜。     

A Method for Reinforcing the Ground Adjacent to the Footing Using Micropiles

The in-situ application of micropiles has gradually increased in limited spaces of downtown areas because the micropile has various advantages, such as low vibration and noise and compact machine size. In this study, model tests were carried out to understand the reinforcement effect induced by the mechanical interaction between the micropile and soil. The micropiles were installed in the soil adjacent to footings. Factors such as reinforced range (W) with piles, spacing (S) between piles, the installed angle (θ) of piles, and pile length (L) were considered variables in the tests. The reinforced angle (θ) was a more critical factor than the others for restraining the settlement and increasing soil stiffness in the model test results. The reinforcement effect rapidly increased around the reinforced range (W) of 2B (B: the width of a footing), the reinforced angle (θ) of 45 ～ 75°, and the pile length (L) of 3B. Based on the results of the experimental analyses, the purpose of this study is to improve the reinforcement efficiency of micropiles by recommending the most effective pattern and design method for installing them.     

基于锥形破坏面的桩靴式钻井平台插桩阻力分析

在分析桩靴式钻井平台插桩过程中地基土的破坏形式的基础上,将桩靴下土体破坏面假定为锥形面,根据极限平衡理论,推导出了均匀、双层地基土中基于被动土压力的插桩阻力计算公式。通过插桩实例对所推导的公式进行了验证,分析比较了极限承载力与插桩阻力的异同,讨论了插桩阻力计算公式推导过程中土体假设为锥形破坏面的合理性,认为本文推导的插桩阻力计算公式作为桩靴式钻井平台插桩深度预测方法更接近实际插桩结果。     

自升式平台桩脚在含硬壳层地基中的插深分析

存在硬壳层的层状地基承载能力分析是自升式钻井平台桩脚插深分析的关键,但是目前对硬壳层承载能力的确定还没有成熟可行的理论计算方法。一般的针对非均质层状地基的承载力计算方法,因参数较多,计算步骤繁琐,很难广泛应用于实际的平台桩脚入泥深度分析中。文中主要介绍了存在硬壳层的层状地基承载力的分析方法与过程,根据应力扩散原理推导并做适当的简化得到硬壳层承载力修正方法。简化后的修正方法能满足一般硬壳层承载力分析的需要,并使平台插桩深度分析计算过程变得简便。通过在实际工程的应用,得到的实测结果与理论计算值也较为一致,说明了用此方法分析硬壳层地基的平台插桩是合理、实用的。     

Study on Failure Mechanism and Bearing Capacity of Three-Dimensional Rectangular Footing Subjected to Combined Loading

This paper presents two kinematic failure mechanisms of threc-dimensional rectangular footing resting on homogeneous undrained clay foundation under uniaxial vertical loading and uniaxial moment loading. The failure mechanism under vertical loading comprises a plane strain Prandti-type mechanism over the central part of the longer side, and the size of the mechanism gradually reduces at the ends of the longer side and over the shorter side as the corner of rectangular footing is being approached where the direction of soil motion remains normal to each corresponding side respectively. The failure mechanism under moment loading comprises a plane strain scoop sliding mechanism over the central part of the longer side, and the radius of scoop sliding mechanism increases linearly at the ends of the longer side. On the basis of the kinematic failure mechanisms mentioned above, the vertical ultimate bearing capacity and the ultimate bearing capacity against moment or moment ultimate bearing capacity are obtained by use of upper bound limit analysis theory. At the same time, numerical analysis results, Skempton＇ s results and Salgado et al. ＇s results are compared with this upper bound solution. It shows that the presented failure mechanisms and plastic limit analysis predictions are validated. In order to investigate the behaviors of undrained clay foundation beneath the rectangular footing subjected to the combined loadings, numerical analysis is adopted by virtue of the general-purpose FEM software ABAQUS, where the clay is assumed to obey the Mohr-Coulomb yielding criterion. The failure envelope and the ultimate bearing capacity are achieved by the numerical analysis results with the varying aspect ratios from length L to breadth B of the rectangular footing. The failure mechanisms of rectangular footing which are subjected to the combined vertical loading V and horizontal loading H （Vertical loading V and moment loading M, and horizontal loading H and moment loading M respectively are observed in the finite e     

边界条件对北太平洋海盆尺度环流模式的影响

采用Stevens开边界条件,将一个闭边界海盆尺度环流模式改造成开边界模式,对20°S以北太平洋大尺度环流进行了系统模拟。考察了开边界和不同等密面扩散系数对北太平洋环流和温盐结构的影响。模式较好地再现了太平洋大尺度环流特征,模拟出了表层赤道流系(包括北赤道流、黑潮和北太平流)以及对应的顺时针环流,同时还较好地反映了温盐场的基本分布特征。从年平均的纬向平均温度和盐度的断面分布可以看出,温跃层深度呈“W”型分布,在亚极地海区有一个梯度比较大的盐度锋区。南边界打开后使得模拟的北太平洋中层水温度和盐度更低,低盐水舌加深和向南延伸加强,更加接近观测值。增加沿等密面扩散系数后得到的中层水强度更大,尤其是34.6等盐线更接近观测资料。质量输运流函数分布表明,赤道两边各有一个翻转区,亚极地地区也存在一个浅的翻转区,打开南边界可以消除因为闭边界存在产生的假的下沉流,这些都为将来进行示踪物模拟打下基础。     

Influence of Turbulence Intensity and Turbulence Length Scale on the Drag, Lift and Heat Transfer of A Circular Cylinder

Influence of the turbulence intensity and turbulence length scale on the hydrodynamic characteristics and heat transfer of a circular cylinder, streamlined by a viscous fluid flow, is numerically studied. We take the Reynolds number of the oncoming flow equal to 4×10⁴, the turbulence intensity Tu_f and the dimensionless turbulence length scale L_f varying from 1.0% to 40% and from 0.25 to 4.0, respectively. We confirmed that the increase of Tu_f leads to the suppression of the periodic vortex shedding from the cylinder surface, and as a result the stationary mode of streamlining is formed. Consequently, with the increasing turbulence intensity directly in front of the cylinder Tu^*, the amplitude of the lift coefficient decreases monotonically. Nevertheless, the time-averaged drag coefficient of the streamlined cylinder decreases at Tu^*<6.0%, and increases at Tu^*>9.0%. The dependence of the average Nusselt number on Tu^* is near-linear, and with the increasing turbulence intensity, the Nusselt number rises. However, the change of the average Nusselt number depending on L_f is non-monotonic and at L_f=1.0, the value reaches its maximum.     

Physical Modeling of a Footing on Soft Soil Ground with Deep Cement Mixed Soil Columns under Vertical Loading

Deep cement mixing (DCM) technique is a deep in-situ stabilization technique by mixing cement powder or slurry with soft soils below the ground surface to improve their properties and behavior. Some of DCM treated soft soil grounds are approximately in a plane-strain condition; for example, a fill embankment on DCM improved ground. In this study, a plane-strain physical model was created with instrumentation and used to investigate the bearing capacity and failure mode of a soft soil improved by an end-bearing DCM column group. This study focuses on the observed wedge-shaped shear failure of the model ground and attempts to give an account of the failure. Two different methods are used to calculate the bearing capacity of the model ground, and the computed values are compared with the measured ones. It is found that the simple Brom's method gives a better estimate of the bearing capacity of the present model ground. It is also found that measured data of pore water pressures at different locations in the soft soil indicate coupling between failure of columns and consolidation of the soft soil. This study has presented the first time that a wedge-shaped block failure was observed for pattern of DCM treated soil ground.     

前墙结构对OWC气室捕能效果影响的数值研究

基于不可压缩黏性流体理论和VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法建立了二维数值波浪水槽模型,将模拟波形与波浪理论值进行对比,分析了模型可靠性,并利用该模型研究了5种不同前墙结构OWC气室在不同波高、周期时的出气口速度和气室内空气压强。基于模拟结果,从波能-动能转换效率和气室内空气压强角度分析了前墙结构对OWC气室的捕能效果的影响。结果表明:对于传统的直立型OWC气室,采用合适的前墙结构可有效提高OWC气室的捕能效果;相比三角截面(20D型,30D型)和矩形(Y型)截面前墙,采用椭圆截面(20TY型,30TY型)的前墙结构的捕能效果更优,且在周期较大(1.6和1.8 s)时其作用更显著,其波能-动能转换率相对Y型前墙结构气室平均提升37%;5种前墙结构不同的气室中,20TY型和30TY型前墙结构气室的捕能效果最优。