UKST巡天第349号天区中4个星系团内不同颜色成员星系的分布

本利用Ｅｄｉｎｂｕｒｇｈ／Ｄｕｒｈａｍ南天星系表的资料，以及ＵＫＳＴ巡天第３４９号天区Ｒ片星像的ＣＯＳＭＯＳ机扫描参数，对４个星系团内不同颜色成员星系的分布作了统计分析。结果表明：在这些团的内区，蓝星系在成员星系总数中所占的比例ｆｂ小于团的外围部分；在场区中，ｆｂ之值大于团区的相应值。末简单讨论了ｆｂ的某些特征的可能含义。     

VIRGO星系团的视向速度成员研究

本文利用Virgo星系团天区572个星系的视向速度观测资料,按最大似然原理确定了434个成员星系。平均日心速度1247±37公里每秒,视向速度弥散度752±27公里·每秒。分析表明,尽管室女团是一个有次团结构的近距星系团,仍然可以合理地用正态分布来作为成员星系观测视向速度分布的一级近似。另外,团内不同类型的星系看来有着不同的分布,而晚型星系可能仍然处于内落阶段。     

Virgo星系团中星系与类星体成协

根据ＬＢＱＳ在Ｖｉｒｇｏ天区的类星体样品和ＢＳＴ的Ｖｉｒｇｏ星系团的星系样品，利用交叉相关函数的方法研究了类星体与星系成协的现象，发现在角间距５＇＜θ＜４０＇范围内成员星系与类星体有明显的成协性。而对背景星系不存在这种成协现象。本还讨论了成协与视星等的关系问题。     

超新星在旋涡星系中的径向分布

本文研究了在１９９３年３月２８日之前发现的８９９颗超新星（ＳＮｅ）的样本。其中２７７颗ＳＮｅ被用来研究超新星在其母星系中的径向分布。我们研究了四个星系样本中超新星在产生单个超新星（称为一般超新星）的星系及在产生多个超新星（称为多重超新星）的星系中的径向分布。这四个星系样本为：总旋涡星系样本，Ｓｂ￣Ｓｂｃ星系样本，Ｓｃ星系样本，Ｓｃ￣Ｓｄ星系样本。研究的结果表明：多重超新星比一般超新星在其母星系中具     

Virgo星系团中星系与类星体成协

根据ＬＢＱＳ在Ｖｉｒｇｏ天区的类星体样品和ＢＳＴ的Ｖｉｒｇｏ星系团的星系样品，利用交叉相关函数的方法研究了类星体与星系成协的现象，发现在角间距５＇＜θ＜４０＇范围内成员星系与类星体有明显的成协性。而对背景星系不存在这种成协现象。本文还讨论了成协与视星等的关系问题。     

Virgo星系团的光度函数和质量函数

本文对Ｖｉｒｇｏ星系团中央６°天区内的成员星系作了光度函数和质量函数的研究。成员星系是以视向速度作为判据并合理地考虑了密度分布因素后确定的。研究表明，该天区全部成员星系的光度函数为Ｓｃｈｅｃｈｔｅｒ型，而各类Ｓ星系的光度函数则为Ｇａｕｓｓ型，且峰值位置按Ｓａ→Ｓｄ序列向暗端移动，宽度亦逐渐变宽；Ｖｉｒｇｏ团质量函数与恒星质量函数一样可以用指数形式来描述，文中还利用光度函数和质量函数对该团的形态和质量分层进行了讨论，并计算了该天区团的总光度。     

8个富星系团天区中星系的视向速度成员概率

本给出了用改进后的视向速度成员确定方法对8个Abell星系团进行成员概率计算的具体结果。从团天区内场星系的分布情况来看，改进后的成员确定方法明显地改善了使用原方法所出现的场星系向团中心聚集的不合理现象，对有效性指数E的分析表明，方法改进后，星系团成员确定的有效性也有整体上的提高。     

大天区星系红移巡天

星系的红移巡天是观测宇宙学中最基本的工作,有关宇宙大尺度结构研究中的许多关键问题,例如宇宙中最大结构的尺度,宇宙中大尺度结构的拓扑特征,以及有关宇宙物质分布的密度场和速度场的许多基本性质的研究,都依赖于覆盖面积足够大、极限星等足够暗的完备的星系红移大样本。通过对巡天的覆盖天区、巡天深度、选择方法、巡产率等方面的分析,比较了最近已完成的一些红移巡天（ＩＲＡＳ、ＣｆＡ、ＳＳＲＳ、ＯＲＳ和ＬＣＲＳ等）并     

后发团盘星系自转轴方向的分布

本文对后发团中心２．６３°×２．６３°范围内１３８个盘星系（９４个Ｓ０星系，４４个Ｓ和Ｉｒ星系）的自转轴方向的分布作了分析，结果表明，后发团中盘星系自转轴方向的分布是非均匀的．相对于假设的均匀分布，有较多的Ｓ０星系的自转轴平行于团平面，并且Ｓ０星系的自转轴在团平面上的投影倾向于沿着偏离团中心方向约４５°的方向；对于Ｓ和Ｉｒｒ星系，自转轴倾向于平行或垂直于团平面，自转轴在团平面上的投影则倾向于平行团中心方向．本文证实了后发团中盘星系自转轴方向分布的非均匀性及其与星系形态类型的相关，而且可能与星系光度也有关．样本越深，自转轴指向的分布似乎越不均匀．本文结果说明后发团存在一个优势平面（可能的团平面），在各种星系团及星系形成理论中，有支持“薄饼”（ｐａｎｃａｋｅ）模型的迹象．     

后发团盘星系自转轴方向的分布

本对后发团中心２．６３°×２．６３°范围内１３８个盘星系的自转轴方向的分布作了分析，结果表明，后发团中盘星系自转轴方向的分布是非均匀的，相对于假设的均匀分布，有较多的Ｓ０星系的自转轴平行于团平面，并且Ｓ０星系的自转轴在团平面上的投影倾向于沿着偏离团中心方向约４５°的方向；对于Ｓ和Ｉｒｒ星纱，自转轴倾向于闰行或垂直于团平面，自转轴在轩秤面上的投影则倾向于平行团中心方向，本证实了后发团中盘星系自转     

Galaxy evolution in clusters

The galaxy populations in present-day clusters are distinctly different from those of the field, indicating that environment plays a strong role in galaxy evolution. This review discusses some of the recent observations of moderate to high redshift clusters. A consistent picture of galaxy evolution in clusters appears to be emerging, which includes a population of galaxies which formed early in the cluster history, as well as field galaxies which have had their star formation truncated upon falling into the cluster potential. Galaxy interactions probably play an important role in exhausting star formation in some of these galaxies. However, there is significant variation in the populations of different cluster samples, with substantial evidence that some galaxies have their star formation terminated more gradually. This suggests that different mechanisms may dominate in different clusters, perhaps because of the recent merging history of the clusters. We also present a recent analysis of population gradients in clusters which suggests that the observed evolution in cluster populations is consistent with a scenario where changing infall rates drive the fraction of star forming galaxies in clusters, rather than a changing physical mechanism within the cluster. Thus, galaxy populations may provide a fundamental measure of the growth of large scale structure. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

星系际弥散恒星成分研究进展

对于星系际弥散恒星的研究是分别从观测、数值模拟和半解析模型这三个方面进行的.现在已经在邻近星系团及中低红移处观测到弥散恒星,甚至在Virgo及Coma星系团中观测到了单个的弥散恒星.观测数据的积累使得人们能够从统计上了解星系际弥散恒星的性质.研究表明星系际弥散恒星围绕着星系团势阱中心呈椭球状对称分布,其在星系团恒星总质...     

星系团的分层效应

对星系团各类分层效应的有关问题做了概要的评述,包括成员星系在位置空间和(或)速度空间中的形态分层、光度(质量)分层和元素丰度分层的表现形式和探测途径,分层效应可能的形成机制及其对星系和星系团的结构和演化的影响。     

Probing the Formation and Evolution of early-type galaxies: the SAURON project

We are conducting a systematic study of a carefully selected sampleof nearby E/S0 galaxies and Sa bulges using the unique panoramic integral-fieldspectrograph SAURON, mounted at the WHT. The goal of the SAURON projectis to fully map the gaseous/stellar kinematics and the stellar populations of a representative sample of 80 early-type galaxies up to 1 Re,probing different environments (clusters, field). These data, used in combination with existing ground-based and HST observations, and fed to the theoretical machinery we have developed, will allow to determine theintrinsic dynamical structure of the galaxies. We will also measure the masses of central black holes, relate the internal dynamics to the ageand metallicity of the stellar populations, and establish the historyof metal enrichment as a function of Hubble type and environment. Some brief results on two targets observed during the SAURON campaign will serve as an illustration of the unique and high quality data we are currently gathering. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

星系团的光学研究(Ⅰ):星系团表、大尺度分布、团的一般性质

星系团研究涉及面极广，此处仅简介光学研究的若干方面。全文分为两篇，本篇中介绍星系团表、星系团的大尺度分布、星系团的一般性质；第二篇中将介绍团星系的演化、环境与星系形态，并作简要的展望。     

Observational evidence for the evolution of cD galaxies

We consider current problems connected with the formation of cD galaxies. The subject of this paper is to compare internal properties of cD galaxies such as radial colour distribution, envelope luminosity, and peculiar velocity with mass segregation effects in their parent clusters. This consideration is a forthcoming attempt to find commonly valid essential correlations between peculiarities of brightest cluster members and global cluster properties. We find tight correlations between the discussed properties and conclude that merger processes seem to play an important roll in the formation process of cD galaxies.     

The Global, Local and Cluster Galaxy Luminosity Function

We review selected measurements of the galaxy luminosity function including the field, the local group, the local sphere, nearby clusters (Virgo, Coma and Fornax) and clusters in general. We conclude that, excluding the super-luminous cD and D galaxies, the overall cluster luminosity function is fully consistent with the field luminosity function over the magnitude range in common (–22 ≤ M _B –5log _{h 0.68} ≤ –17). We find that only in the core regions of clusters (r ≤ 300 kpc) does the overall form of the luminosity function show significant variation. However when the luminosity function is subdivided by spectral type some further variations are seen. We argue that these results imply: substantial late infall, efficient star-formation suppression, and the confinement of mass-changing evolutionary processes to the core regions only. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The evolution of disk galaxies in clusters

We are carrying out a programme to measure the evolution of the stellar and dynamical masses and M/L ratios for a sizeable sample of morphologically-classified disk galaxies in rich galaxy clusters at 0.2 < z < 0.9. Using FORS2 at the VLT we are obtaining rotation curves for the cluster spirals so that their Tully-Fisher relation can be studied as a function of redshift and compared with that of field spirals. We already have rotation curves for ∼ 10 cluster spirals at z = 0.83, and 25 field spirals at lower redshifts and we plan to increase this sample by one order of magnitude. We present here the first results of our study, and discuss the implications of our data in the context of current ideas and models of galaxy formation and evolution. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Optical and X-ray structures of galaxy clusters. I

The differences between optical and X-ray structures of galaxy clusters are discussed. We analyse in detail 7 Abell clusters. There is an increasing number of arguments in favour of different distributions of galaxies, gas, and dark matter in many clusters. We argue that most clusters present sub-structures at least in the gaseous and galactic components and, moreover, the subclustering of different components does not always coincide. Such arguments strongly support the idea that most galaxy clusters are by far more complex systems than accepted until now and are usually not in an hydrostatic isothermal equilibrium.     

Morphology and Luminosity Segregations in Galaxy Groups

We study morphology and luminosity segregation of galaxies in groups. We analyze the two catalogs of (∼2×400) groups which have been identified in the Nearby Optical Galaxy sample, by means of hierarchical and percolation `friends-of-friends' methods. We find that earlier-type (brighter) galaxies are more clustered and lie closer to the group centers, both in position and in velocity, than later-type (fainter) galaxies. Spatial segregations are stronger than kinematical segregations. These effects are generally detected at the ≳3-sigma level, with the exception of morphological segregation in velocity, which is the weakest effect. Our main results are confirmed by the analysis of statistically more reliable groups (with at least five members), and are strengthened by the detection of segregation in both hierarchical and percolation catalogs. Luminosity segregation is shown to be independent of morphology segregation. Our conclusions agree with a continuum of segregation properties of galaxies in systems, from low-mass groups to massive clusters. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.