Reef Fabrics, biotic crusts and syndepositional cements of the Latemar reef margin (Middle Triassic), northern Italy

The Latemar reef buildup of the central Dolomites (northern Italy) provides a rare opportunity to examine an in-place Middle Triassic (Upper Anisian to Lower Ladinian) platform margin that is not strongly deformed or dolomitized. The margin lies between the flat lying platform interior and steeply dipping foreslope clinoforms. Across this transition, the depositional profile relates directly to a consistent lateral facies pattern: (1) restricted-biota grainstone of the platform interior, (2) ‘Tubiphytes’-rich boundstone and (3) diverse-biota grainstone that grades into (4) foreslope breccia beds. The boundstone and diverse-biota grainstone facies comprise the platform margin. The boundstone facies consists of a framework of small (< 10 cm) skeletal remains (< 10% by volume) with associated biotic crusts, internal sediments and syndepositional cements. Crusts and cements constitute most of the rock volume and created the boundstone fabric. Biotic crusts exhibit gravity-defying geometries and range from a light grey, ‘structure grumeleuse’ rind to dark grey, micritic laminae. Both cements and biotic crusts occur as redeposited talus in the foreslope talus deposits, indicating a syndepositional origin. The diverse-biota grainstone facies primarily consists of skeletal-peloidal grainstone with a diverse open marine biotic assemblage, in contrast to the restricted biota grainstones of the platform interior that have a low diversity, restricted marine biota. Metre scale hexacoral boundstone and centimetre-scale sponge boundstone and microbial boundstone occur as isolated patches (tens to hundreds of metres apart) within the diverse-biota grainstone facies. The depositional profile, facies zonation and biotic constituents all indicate that the Latemar buildup had a shallow water reef margin, in contrast to previous interpretations that these were upper slope reefs. The syndepositional biotic crusts and inorganic cementation played key roles in stabilizing the boundstone fabric to form a wave-resistant reef fabric.     

贵阳花溪地区早-中三叠世碳酸盐角砾岩楔沉积特征

早-中三叠世贵阳花溪地区位于浅水碳酸盐台地向深水盆地的过渡带,各沉积体系域特征明显,特别是低水位期碳酸盐角砾岩楔发育。野外调查发现研究区共发育4期低水位碳酸盐角砾岩楔,说明该区在早-中三叠世至少经历了4次明显的海平面变化。碳酸盐角砾岩楔的位置迁移反应了台地边缘位置的迁移和海平面相对变化的大小,其中谷立角砾岩舌相对于其他角砾岩楔向台地方向延伸距离最远,代表了台地边缘位置向台地方向迁移的距离最远,张家湾角砾岩楔代表了安尼初期的海平面快速下降。通过角砾岩楔的沉积特征和各岩石地层单元的几何接触关系判断出该区碳酸盐台地前缘演化过程：缓斜坡型台缘→沉积型台缘→礁镶跌积型台缘。     

A steep-fronted Carboniferous carbonate platform: clinoformal geometry and lithofacies (Picos de Europa, NW Spain)

A steep‐margined carbonate platform is developed in the Carboniferous synorogenic foreland basin of northern Spain. Dips of 60–90° produced during Late Carboniferous thrusting enable cross‐sections of a 4‐km‐wide portion of the marginal area of this platform (Las Llacerias outcrop) to be studied in aerial photographs at a seismic scale. Three stratal domains are observed: (1) a horizontal‐bedded platform; (2) a clinoformal‐bedded margin with a relief of up to 500 m; and (3) a low‐angle toe‐of‐slope, where slope beds interfinger with basin sediments. The slope shows well‐bedded sigmoidal clinoforms with depositional dips ranging from 15° to 32°. Based on lithology and stratal patterns, four facies groups have been recognized: (1) a flat‐topped platform, in which thick algal boundstone, skeletal packstone–grainstone and peloidal micrite wackestone with a poorly rhythmic character prevail; (2) the platform margin and upper slope, characterized by microbial boundstone spanning a bathymetric range of ≈150 m measured from the break of slope; (3) a slope, predominantly composed of margin‐derived rudstones and breccias; and (4) a toe‐of‐slope to basin zone, where a cyclic alternation of spiculitic siltstones, packstone to grainstone calciturbidites and rudstone/breccia is visible. Five successive stages of platform development are deduced: (1) Bashkirian: flooding of the pre‐existing Serpukhovian platform giving rise to the nucleation of a low‐angle ramp to the south‐east of the study area with microbial mud‐mound accumulations, and breccias and calciturbidites on the margins; (2) Early Moscovian: an influx of siliciclastic sediment buried part of the platform and reduced the area of carbonate sedimentation; (3) Moscovian: aggradation and progradation of the carbonate system produced an extensive steep‐margined and flat‐topped shallow‐water platform (shelf system); (4) Latest Moscovian–earliest Kasimovian: drowning of the platform; and (5) Kasimovian: covering of the platform by marly calcareous ramp sediments.     

贵州及邻区奥陶纪红花园期岩相古地理特征

笔者于1986至1988年期间,对贵州及邻区早奥陶世岩相古地理进行了大量的野外及室内研究。在前人工作的基础上,综合自己的观察研究,对贵州及邻区红花园期岩相古地理特征获得较系统的认识。一、地层概况贵州及邻区早奥陶世红花园期的地层主要为: 在三都一带的同高组下部,湖南吉首为桃花石组或马刀堉组,向西至四川南部及贵州大部称红花园组。靠近古陆边缘的滇东及川西南为红石崖组下部。     

Mid-Cretaceous basin margin carbonates, east-central Mexico

Isolated, high relief carbonate platforms developed in the intracratonic basin of east-central Mexico during Albian-Cenomanian time. Relief on the platforms was of the order of 1000 m and slopes were as steep as 20–43°. Basin-margin debris aprons adjacent to the platforms comprise the Tamabra Formation. In the Sierra Madre Oriental, at the eastern margin of the Valles-San Luis Potosi Platform, an exceptionally thick (1380m) progradational basin to platform sequence of the Tamabra Formation can be divided into six lithological units. Basinal carbonate deposition that preceded deposition of the Tamabra Formation was emphatically punctuated by an allochthonous reef block 1 km long by 0·5 km wide with a stratigraphic thickness of 95 m. It is encased in Tamabra Formation unit A, approximately 360 m of peloidal-skeletal wackestone and lithoclastic-skeletal packstone that includes some graded beds. Unit B is 73 m of massive dolomite with sparse skeletal fragments and intraclasts. Unit C, 114m thick, consists of structureless skeletal wackestone passing upward into graded skeletal packstone. Interlaminated lime mudstone and fine grained bioclastic packstone with prominent horizontal burrows are interspersed near the top. Unit D is 126 m of breccia with finely interbedded skeletal grainstone and burrowed or laminated mudstone. The breccias contain a spectrum of platform-derived lithoclasts and basinal intraclasts, up to 10 m in size. The breccias are typically grain supported (rudstone) with a matrix of lightly to completely dolomitized mudstone or skeletal debris. Beds are up to several metres thick. Unit E is 206 m of massive, sucrosic dolomite that replaced breccias. Unit F is approximately 500 m of thick bedded to massive skeletal packstone with abundant rudists and a few mudstone intraclasts. Metre scale laminated lime mudstone beds are interspersed. The section is capped by El Abra Formation platform margin limestone, consisting of massive beds of caprinid packstone and grainstone with many whole valves. Depositional processes within this sequence shift from basinal pelagic or peri-platform sedimentation to distal, platform-derived, muddy turbidity currents with a large slump block (Unit A); through more proximal (coarser and cleaner) turbidity currents (Unit B?, C); to debris flows incorporating platform margin and slope debris (Units D, E). Finally, a talus of coarse, reef-derived bioclasts (Unit F) accumulated as the platform margin prograded over the slope sequence. Interspersed basinal deposits evolved gradually from largely pelagic to include influxes of dilute turbidity currents. Units containing turbidites with platform-derived bioclasts reflect flooding of the adjacent platform. Breccia blocks and lithoclasts were probably generated by erosion and collapse of the platform during lowstands. Laminated, black, pelagic carbonates, locally cherty, are interbedded with both breccias and turbidites. At least those interbedded with turbidites may have been deposited within an expanded mid-water oxygen minimum zone during relative highstands of sea level. They are in part coeval with mid-Cretaceous black shales of the Atlantic Ocean.     

鄂西—湘西北地区二叠纪栖霞期岩相古地理

对鄂西—湘西北地区多个沉积剖面的地层及沉积相进行了详细分析,结果表明,该区二叠纪栖霞期至茅口初期主要为内克拉通碳酸盐岩缓坡环境,发育内缓坡相、中缓坡相、外缓坡相和盆地相.内缓坡相以厚层至块状生物碎屑石灰岩为主,生物颗粒以绿藻和底栖有孔虫为主,缺乏高能沉积的生物颗粒.中缓坡相以中厚层含生物碎屑颗粒石灰岩以及厚层灰泥石灰岩...     

Platform and off-platform carbonates of the Upper Cambrian of western Maryland, U.S.A.

Upper Cambrian carbonates in western Maryland are comprised of platform facies (Conococheague Limestone) west of South Mountain and basin facies (Frederick Limestone) east of South Mountain. Conocheague platform carbonates contain interbedded non-cyclic and cyclic facies. Non-cyclic facies consist of cross-stratified grainstones, thrombolitic bioherms, and graded, thin-bedded dolostones. These were deposited in shallow, subtidal shelf lagoons. Cyclic facies are composed of repeated sequences of cross-stratified grainstone; ribbon-rock; wavy, prism-cracked laminite; and planar laminated dolostone. The cyclic facies are shallowing-upward cycles produced by lateral progradation of tidal flats over shallow, nearshore subtidal environments. Cyclic and non-cyclic facies are interbedded in the Conococheague in a layer cake fashion, but no higher-order cyclicity can be found. The Frederick Limestone is dominated by monotonously thick sequences of graded, thin-bedded limestones, interbedded with massive peloidal grainstones and beds of breccia up to 10 m thick in the lower Frederick. The breccias contain transported megaclasts of Epiphyton-Girvanella boundstones. The basal Frederick was deposited in a slope-to-basinal setting east of a rimmed shelf. An Epiphyton-Girvanella marginal reef along the shelf edge was the source of the blocks in the breccias. The upper Frederick Limestone formed on a carbonate ramp.     

论古代海洋碳酸盐沉积环境基本模式

我国碳酸盐地层分布广泛,厚度巨大,类型复杂,从而为我国碳酸盐研究提供广阔前景。解放以后,我国首先在四川盆地的二、三叠系碳酸盐岩中获得高产气田,推动了碳酸盐岩的研究。     

塔中地良奥陶系地层格架与沉积演化

塔里木中部地区奥陶系大致以Ⅰ号断裂为界分东北和西南两个地层分区,自下而上分白云岩段、灰岩段、泥质灰岩段、泥岩夹灰岩段、泥岩夹砂岩段、砂砾岩段、泥岩夹砂岩段、泥岩灰岩互层段和砂岩段等9个岩性段。早奥陶世,塔中地区以碳酸盐岩台地相为主,自西向东为局限台地相、开阔台地相、台地边缘相和深水斜坡相。中——晚奥陶世,塔中地区西部以混积陆架相为主,东部以深水斜坡相为主。中—晚奥陶世,塔中东部及塔东地区在构造上具弧后前陆盆地性质。中—上奥陶统地层完整地记录了该盆地从形成发展到消亡的过程,即早期为深水斜坡相复理石活动沉积,晚期演化为浅海陆架相稳定沉积。     

礁滩复合型气藏物质聚集分布及储层特征研究——以川东北地区普光气田长兴组—飞仙关组为例

四川盆地普光气田在近期获得重大突破,普光气田礁滩复合型气藏物质聚集模式及储层特征的深入研究对于川东北地区乃至整个四川盆地的碳酸盐岩有利勘探区的预测具有一定的指导意义。受开江—梁平台盆(inter-platform basin)的控制,普光地区长兴组—飞仙关组在台盆东侧发育了类似于威尔逊相模式的碳酸盐岩沉积体系,主要发育台地蒸发岩、局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘礁滩、斜坡和台盆沉积相,但陆棚相不甚发育。古地理的分异主要围绕开江—梁平台盆的发育、发展及填平补齐的过程而演化。储层沉积微相及微观地质特征研究表明,台地边缘礁滩相为该区储层发育最有利的相带,海绵障积白云岩、海绵骨架礁灰岩、鲕粒白云岩及残余鲕粒白云岩等为最主要的储集岩类型。优质储层的发育主要受沉积相带展布,后期的白云石化、溶蚀作用以及构造作用的控制。     

Giant sector-collapse structures (scalloped margins) of the Yangtze Platform and Great Bank of Guizhou,China: Implications for genesis of collapsed carbonate platform margin systems

Sector-collapse structures ranging up to 27 km wide with up to 7.7 km bankward erosion (scalloped margins) and linear escarpments occur along the east-north-east-trending, south-facing margins of the Yangtze Platform and Great Bank of Guizhou. Exposure of one of the structures on the rotated limb of a syncline displays the geometry in profile view. Declivities range from 65° to 90° in the upper wall and decrease asymptotically to the toe. Catastrophic collapses of the margins in both platforms occurred during the late Ladinian as constrained by the ages of strata truncated along the margins and the siliciclastic turbidites that onlap collapse structures. Middle Triassic Anisian and Ladinian platform-edge reef facies and platform-interior facies were truncated along both the Yangtze and Great Bank of Guizhou margins. Lower Triassic facies were also truncated along the Great Bank of Guizhou margin. Gravity transport during the main episodes of collapse occurred as mud-rich debris-flows and as mud-free hyper-concentrated flows. Clasts, several to tens of metres and, exceptionally, hundreds of metres across, were transported to the basin. Following collapse, talus, carbonate turbidites and periplatform-mud accumulated at the toe of slope. Shedding of skeletal grains and carbonate mud indicates active carbonate factories at the margin. Preserved sections of the margins demonstrate that the platforms evolved high-relief, accretionary escarpments prior to collapse. High-relief, without buttressing by basin-filling sediments, predisposed the margins to collapse by development of tensile strain and fracturing within the margin due to the lack of confining stress. The linear geometry of margins and active tectonics in the region supports tectonic activity triggering the collapse. Collapse is thus interpreted to have been triggered by fault movement and seismic shock. Comparison with other systems indicates that evolution from high-relief accretion to tectonic collapse of largely lithified margins resulted in large sector-collapse structures and deposition of a coarse, generally mud-poor breccia apron.     

川北下三叠统飞仙关组“槽台”沉积体系及演化

川北地区下三叠统飞仙关组沉积主要受开江梁平海槽控制,短期存在的海槽在其两侧形成了较为对称的类似于威尔逊相模式的碳酸盐岩沉积体系。通过详细的钻井、露头等岩石学资料的研究,认为飞仙关组主要发育蒸发台地、局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘滩、斜坡和盆地相共六类沉积相。其盆地相较深海盆地相浅,主要发育深色泥灰岩和灰质泥岩;斜坡沉积特征明显,见浊流、碎屑流沉积,但陆棚相不发育,可能是海槽深度小、面积小引起的;随着海槽的关闭,海水变浅,海槽内部的沉积由盆地相向斜坡、台地边缘滩、开阔台地、局限台地、蒸发台地相演化特征明显;到飞四段顶部,整个川北地区均一化为局限台地相或蒸发台地相沉积。由于海槽存在时间短,沉积相在平面上和纵向上的演化过程十分清晰。随着海槽的关闭,海水向广海方向退却,台缘鲕滩也向海槽边界,即向广海方向发生了迁移,而且其发育层位逐渐变高。     

Evolution of an early Proterozoic foreland basin carbonate platform, lower Pethei Group, Great Slave Lake, north-west Canada

The Taltheilei, Utsingi, McLean and Blanchet formations form a 175–390 m thick carbonate platform-to-basin succession in the lower part of the PaleoProterozoic Pethei Group, preserved in the eastern arm of Great Slave Lake. Carbonates accumulated along the south-east margin of the Slave Craton within a foredeep formed during the collision of the Slave and Churchill Cratons. The rocks include eight, predominantly microbial, carbonate facies that comprise five facies associations representing (1) shallow-water rimmed shelf, (2) shallow-water open shelf, (3) shallow-water ramp, (4) upper slope and deep ramp, and (5) lower slope and basin plain environments. Microbialite facies grew by organically mediated precipitation of spar and micritic cement and trapping and binding of lime mud. These wholly subtidal facies typically reflect progressive shallowing and changing geometry of the lower Pethei sea floor, from ramp, to open shelf, to shallow rimmed shelf, with associated slope and basin plain deposition. Repeated relative sea-level changes influenced platform growth. This resulted in five shallowing upward packages; each separated by an incipient drowning event of varying magnitude. Antecedent topography and the size of the preceding drowning event strongly influenced the initial growth of each interval. This repeated pattern is attributed to interaction between (a) the inherent tendency of microbial carbonates to aggrade vertically, (b) changing sedimentation rates and (c) readjustments of relative base level. The lower Pethei succession is one of few PaleoProterozoic examples of carbonate platform growth within a foreland basin. It has (1) a low gradient profile, (2) extensive slope and basin plain carbonate production and sedimentation, (3) no ooids, (4) minor terrigenous clastic sediments, and (4) a mobile, submergent shelf rim lacking substantial carbonate sand shoals.     

鄂尔多斯西部地区中—晚奥陶世克里摩里期—乌拉力克期岩相古地理

中奥陶世克里摩里期,鄂尔多斯西部地区为镶边陆架的碳酸盐岩台地,自东向西依次发育开阔台地、台地边缘浅滩、台缘斜坡—斜坡脚、广海陆棚和深水海槽相带,从浅水区经由碎屑流搬运来的块状钙质角砾岩在台缘斜坡—斜坡脚相带集中堆积,形成厚度不等的透镜体夹于正常深水灰泥石灰岩和泥岩中。乌拉力克期发生较大规模构造运动,盆地东部整体抬升,西部边缘发生裂陷,沉积范围以同生正断层为界,随着海平面的上升沉积环境演变为相对闭塞的深水斜坡—盆地,沉积一套富含笔石的泥页岩地层,并不时有陆源克里摩里组垮塌的石灰岩沉积物被带入盆地,形成数量不等的多套角砾岩夹层。     

贵州沫阳剖面二叠纪末浅水沉积特征及其古环境意义

处于大贵州滩南缘的罗甸沫阳剖面在晚二叠世时发育典型的浅水相沉积组构,包括长兴期生物礁、生物灭绝事件界面附近的不连续面以及可能的古岩溶堆积物。其中长兴组为典型的钙质海绵礁,造礁生物主要包括古石孔藻、Tubiphytes和纤维海绵,同时大量的栉壳状胶结物填充礁体孔隙并具有世代性。在沫阳剖面的不连续面,可识别标志包括缝合线和侵蚀面两种,分布于上二叠统顶部泥粒岩-颗粒岩（〖XCTT.TIF〗类、海绵、钙藻以及Tubiphytes为主）与鲕粒灰岩之间。在部分露头上还可见一类特殊的角砾岩:角砾类型既包括生屑团块和泥晶团块,还包括硅质岩碎块,数量众多,大小不一且磨圆很差。大量含巨鲕的鲕粒灰岩直接上覆于角砾岩,以及角砾岩顶部的裂隙之中。除此之外,包括垮塌角砾岩和洞穴堆积物等特征的发现,都指示了沫阳剖面在当时岩溶发育。这类沉积物产生的原因可能是由于晚二叠世时,沫阳地区持续发育的生物礁形成了突出的古地貌单元,随着相对海平面的下降晚二叠世沉积物发生暴露。在大气淡水-渗流成岩作用影响下,暴露地表的突出地形上岩溶作用发育;非突出地形受风化剥蚀及随后海侵过程的双重影响,与上覆地层之间显示侵蚀面或缝合线接触的特征。从野外露头情况来看,沫阳剖面并没有像其他浅水台地一样在生物灭绝事件之后发育微生物岩,而是直接出露一套含核形石和巨鲕的鲕粒灰岩。以鲕粒灰岩为主的“灾难沉积物”紧邻长兴组生物碎屑灰岩的情况在华南比较少见,这对于进一步了解生物灭绝事件起因以及当时特殊的海洋环境状况具有重要意义。     

Palaeoenvironments, palaeogeography, and physiography of a large, shallow, muddy ramp: Late Cenomanian-Turonian Kaskapau Formation, Western Canada foreland basin

The Kaskapau Formation spans Late Cenomanian to Middle Turonian time and was deposited on a low‐gradient, shallow, storm‐dominated muddy ramp. Dense well log control, coupled with exposure on both proximal and distal margins of the basin allows mapping of sedimentary facies over about 35 000 km². The studied portion of the Kaskapau Formation is a mudstone‐dominated wedge that thins from 700 m in the proximal foredeep to 50 m near the forebulge about 300 km distant. Regional flooding surfaces permit mapping of 28 allomembers, each of which represent an average of ca 125 kyr. More than 200 km from shore, calcareous silty claystone predominates, whereas 100 to 200 km offshore, mudstone and siltstone predominate. From about 30 to 100 km offshore, centimetre‐bedded very fine sandstone and mudstone record along‐shelf (SSE)‐directed storm‐generated geostrophic flows. Five to thirty kilometres from shore, decimetre‐bedded hummocky cross‐stratified fine sandstone and mudstone record strongly oscillatory, wave‐dominated flows whereas some gutter casts indicate shore‐oblique, apparently mostly unidirectional geostrophic flows. Nearshore facies are dominated by swaley cross‐stratified or intensely bioturbated clean fine sandstone, interpreted as recording, respectively, areas strongly and weakly affected by discharge from distributary mouths. Shoreface sandstones grade locally into river‐mouth conglomerates and sandstones, including conglomerate channel‐fills up to 15 m thick. Locally, brackish lagoonal shelly mudstones are present on the extreme western margin of the basin. There is no evidence for clinoform stratification, which indicates that the Kaskapau sea floor had extremely low relief, lacked a shelf‐slope break, and was probably nowhere more than a few tens of metres deep. The absence of clinoforms probably indicates a long‐term balance between rates of accommodation and sediment supply. Mud is interpreted to have been transported >250 km offshore in a sea‐bed nepheloid layer, repeatedly re‐suspended by storms. Fine‐grained sediment accumulated up to a ‘mud accommodation envelope’, perhaps only 20 to 40 m deep. Continuous re‐working of the sea floor by storms ensured that excess sediment was redistributed away from areas that had filled to the ‘accommodation envelope’, being deposited in areas of higher accommodation further down the transport path. The facies distributions and stratal geometry of the Kaskapau shelf strongly suggest that sedimentary facies, especially grain‐size, were related to distance from shore, not to water depth. As a result, the ‘100 to >300 m’ depth interpreted from calcareous claystone facies for the more central parts of the Interior Seaway, might be a significant overestimate.     

西秦岭造山带泥盆纪沉积地质学和动力沉积学研究:西秦岭南带泥盆纪裂陷槽盆地、摩天岭地体沉积特征和盆地格局

南秦岭裂陷槽位于中秦岭微板块和摩天岭地体之间．本文根据裂陷槽盆地三河回群和摩天岭地体泥盆系沉积学研究，结合火山作用和生物古地理的研究，探讨该区泥盆纪的盆地格局．三河口群以深水盆地和陆棚沉积为主，内夹拉斑玄武岩和硷性玄武岩，岩石化学和稀土元素的分配型式都反映其处于裂陷槽盆地背景。生物古地理分异也指示型陷槽盆地的存在．摩天岭地体泥盆系为滨岸－陆棚碎屑岩和陆棚－缓坡碳酸盐沉积，其为扬子板块北部大陆边缘的一部分．     

中扬子台地及其南缘早奥陶世道保湾期生态地层

通过对中扬子台地及其南缘早奥陶世道保湾期生态地层的研究，划分出了7个生态相域，即：Batostoma-Calathium群落台地生物礁生态相域、Calathium-Archaeoscyphia群落台地生物礁生态相域、Sinorthis群落内陆棚生态相域、Cameroceras群落中一外陆棚生态相域、Endoceras群落深水斜坡生态相域、Tatragraptus群落盆地边缘生态相域、Didymograptus群落深水盆地生态相域。根据生态相域的组合特征，建立了4个生态相区和1个生态相体系。生态地层研究的结果揭示了中扬子台地及其南缘道保湾期的生态特征、古生物地理和古构造及沉积古地理等特征。     

Three-dimensional sequence analysis of a subsurface carbonate ramp, Mississippian Appalachian foreland basin, West Virginia, USA

Well‐cuttings, wireline logs and limited core and outcrop data were used to generate a regional, three‐dimensional sequence framework for Upper Mississippian (Chesterian), Greenbrier Group carbonates in the Appalachian foreland basin, West Virginia, USA. The resulting maps were used to document the stratigraphic response of the basin to tectonics and to glacio‐eustasy during the transition into ice‐house conditions. The ramp facies include inner ramp red beds and aeolianites, lagoonal muddy carbonates, mid‐ramp ooid and skeletal grainstone shoal complexes, and outer ramp wackestone–mudstone, that grades downslope into laminated silty lime mudstone. The facies make up fourth‐order sequences, a few metres to over 90 m (300 ft) thick. The sequences are bounded along the ramp margin by lowstand sandstones and calcareous siltstones. On the ramp, sequence boundaries are overlain by thin transgressive siliciclastics and aeolianites, and only a few are calichified. Maximum flooding surfaces on the outer ramp lie beneath deeper water facies that overlie lowstand to transgressive siliciclastic or carbonate units. On the shallow ramp, maximum flooding surfaces overlie siliciclastic‐prone transgressive systems tracts, that are overlain by highstand carbonates with significant grainstone units interlayered with lagoonal lime mudstones. The fourth‐order sequences are the major mappable subsurface units; they are bundled into weak composite sequences which are bounded by red beds. In spite of differential subsidence rates across the foreland basin (1 to 3 cm/k.y. up to 25 cm/k.y.), eustatic sea‐level changes controlled regional sequence development. Thrust‐load induced differential subsidence of fault‐blocks, coupled with in‐plane stress, controlled the rapid basinward thickening of the depositional wedge, whose thickness and facies were influenced by subtle structures such as arches trending at high angles as well as parallel to the margin.     

陕西富平中-上奥陶统深水碳酸盐重力流沉积模式

陕西富平地区,在中-晚奥陶世位于华北地台南侧的弧后盆地的大陆边缘。其中完好地保存了一套以半远洋的泥晶灰岩夹重力流的角砾灰岩和砂屑灰岩为特征的深水沉积岩系。一般认为,与半远洋的石灰岩共生的碳酸盐重力流沉积的复杂岩相,是大陆坡的标志,而相应的陆源碎屑沉积,则被作为海底扇的产物。然而,富平地区的碳酸盐重力流沉积,却是在弧后盆地伸进浅水台地之间的深海前槽中,沿海槽轴向呈席状流搬运、沉积的。