两种电离层模型对卫星导航定位精度的影响分析

北斗卫星导航系统及全球定位系统等全球卫星导航系统电磁波信号在大气中传播会受到电离层延迟的影响,为满足导航用户需求,我国北斗卫星导航系统和美国全球定位系统均采用Klobuchar 8参数模型进行电离层延迟改正。但是全球定位系统Klobuchar模型和北斗卫星导航系统Klobuchar模型的电离层参数并不相同,分析不同导航系统发布的电离层参数精度对这两种双模导航定位中电离层参数的选择具有重要的研究意义。分别采用北斗卫星导航系统和全球定位系统电离层模型进行伪距单点定位,通过比较最终的定位精度从而对这两种不同模型在全球范围内的改正精度进行评价。研究结果表明:在中国区域内,采用北斗卫星导航系统模型的伪距单点定位精度较全球定位系统模型有较大提高;采用北斗卫星导航系统电离层参数更利于中国区域的全球卫星导航系统的导航定位。     

北斗系统全球电离层建模理论与方法研究

电离层延迟是卫星导航系统的主要误差源.北斗卫星导航系统(BDS )已由区域系统(北斗二号系统,BDS-2 )发展为全球系统(北斗三号系统,BDS-3 ) ,BDS-3星座具有全球覆盖、区域异构的特点,卫星播发了S和L频段多个导航信号,向下兼容 BDS-2的 B1I和 B3I信号,增加B1C、B2a(兼容 GPSL1/L...     

北斗三号与北斗二号基本导航电文参数比较

针对北斗二号系统和北斗三号系统导航电文播发现状,该文从导航电文结构、导航电文内容和播发方式等方面对二者间的差异进行了比对分析,着重比较分析了卫星星历参数、卫星钟差钟差、数据有效性标识、设备群延迟参数、设备延迟参数、电离层改正、完好性等导航电文参数,并结合导航电文实际应用,给出了广播星历拟合精度、卫星钟差拟合精度、系统定位精度评估结果。结果表明:北斗卫星广播星历拟合残差为厘米级,18参数广播星历拟合精度略优于16参数的拟合精度;加入星间链路钟差后,MEO卫星的钟差测定精度虽与仅星地观测的钟差精度基本相当,但明显提高了卫星钟差预报精度;北斗二号与北斗三号联合定位精度较仅北斗二号卫星定位精度有所提升。     

北斗全球系统广播电离层模型性能初步评估

北斗三号系统于2017年正式启动建设,将采用新的北斗全球电离层延迟修正模型（BeiDou global ionospheric delay correction model,BDGIM）。使用高精度格网电离层数据和双频实测电离层延迟数据作为参考,对北斗试验卫星系统播发的BDGIM模型精度进行了相应分析和评估,并与北斗Klobuchar和GPS Klobuchar模型精度进行了比较。研究结果表明,在中国区域,BDGIM模型和北斗Klobuchar模型精度相当,优于GPS Klobuchar模型;在全球范围内,BDGIM模型精度优于北斗Klobuchar和GPS Klobuchar模型。采用不同电离层模型进行伪距单频单点定位,并对定位结果进行对比分析,结果显示,使用BDGIM模型比北斗Klobuchar模型的定位精度有13%的提高,比GPS Klobuchar模型有7%~10%的提高。     

GNSS全球广播电离层模型精度分析

单频用户主要采用全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)广播电离层模型来修正电离层延迟,GPS、Galileo和BDS-2均播发广播电离层参数。BDS-3试验卫星也播发了应用于全球电离层延迟修正的BDGIM(BeiDou global ionospheric delay correction model)模型参数。以国际GNSS服务(International GNSS Service,IGS) GIM (global ionosphere maps)产品和全球140余个GNSS观测站GPS双频观测量为基准,从全球范围、不同纬度、不同区域等系统分析了GPS、Galileo和BDS-3的全球广播电离层模型改正精度,并与IGS预报电离层产品(IGS P1和IGS P2)进行比较。分析认为,IGS P1和IGS P2产品的改正精度总体最优,BDGIM参数优于Gal NeQuick和GPS K8。对于BDS-3新发布的BDGIM参数,分析认为,在全球范围的改正精度(均方根)约为3.58 TECU,改正率约77.2%,在全球不同区域的改正精度相当。     

中国区域电离层延迟改正模型建立方法的研究

电离层是影响卫星导航定位的主要误差源之一,建立电离层延迟改正模型对提高卫星导航定位的精度是十分必要的,本文采用球谐函数对中国区域电离层延迟改正模型的建立进行了研究,并分析了模型的精度。     

基于北斗GEO的电离层延迟修正方法比较与分析

电离层延迟是影响导航定位精度的最主要因素。北斗卫星导航系统采用Klobuchar模型修正单频接收机用户的电离层延迟误差,对于双频接收机,可以利用不同频率信号的伪距观测数据解算得到电离层延迟值。为比较两种方法在天津地区的电离层延迟修正效果,利用NovAtel GPStation6接收机(GNSS电离层闪烁和TEC监测接收机)采集到的卫星实测数据进行计算。以国际全球导航卫星系统服务组织(IGS)发布的全球电离层格网数据为参考,对两种方法的修正效果进行比较分析。结果表明,在天津地区,利用双频观测值解算电离层延迟比Klobuchar模型计算结果更加精确,且平均每天的修正值达到IGS发布数据的82.11％,比Klobuchar模型计算值高948％      

北斗卫星导航系统电离层模型应用评价

利用北斗接收机接收到的北斗系统K8电离层模型,与同时段欧洲定轨中心提供的电离层模型为基准进行对比,对北斗卫星导航系统在不同地区不同时段的改正效果进行分析;并以中纬度北京地区为例对不同电离层改正模型下的定位误差进行分析比较,从而对北斗系统K8电离层模型的改正效果进行评价。     

北斗系统硬件延迟解算及精度分析

差分码偏差(differential code bias,DCB)又称硬件延迟,是影响用户导航定位授时(pointing navigation timing,PNT)服务的主要误差源之一。GPS卫星的硬件延迟通常是在电离层建模过程中和电离层模型系数一起解得的,但是北斗系统目前仅是一个区域导航定位系统,无法通过单系统获得高精度的硬件延迟解。提出通过联合GPS和北斗卫星观测数据用低阶球谐模型建模的方式确定北斗卫星和接收机的DCB。实验数据表明在现有条件下采用该方式解算北斗卫星的DCB的精度在0.3ns左右,稳定性较好,且北斗地球静止轨道卫星(GEO)、倾斜同步轨道(IGSO)卫星DCB稳定性好于中轨道(MEO)卫星,北斗卫星DCB的稳定性要优于接收机。     

利用多模卫星系统仿真数据建立区域电离层模型

目前已有的全球卫星导航系统包括美国的全球定位系统系统,俄罗斯的格洛纳斯卫星导航系统,欧盟的伽利略卫星导航系统以及我国的北斗卫星导航系统。对于导航用户而言,采用多模全球卫星导航系统可以显著增加测站可视卫星、观测值的数量,并能改善卫星分布,更加有利于区域电离层模型的建立。因为目前全球导航卫星系统尚未全面建成,无法获得多模系统实测数据,本文使用卫星工具软件包仿真全球定位系统、格洛纳斯卫星导航系统、北斗卫星导航系统的双频观测值,采取多种策略构建中国区电离层球谐函数模型,并对区域模型结果进行分析。仿真结果表明:对于中国区域,利用全球卫星导航多系统观测值建立中国区域电离层球谐函数模型的平均精度要优于单一系统,我国北斗卫星导航系统单系统观测值的建模精度与全球卫星导航多系统建模精度相近,模型误差最大时仅有实际延迟量的14%,二者均优于全球定位系统单系统观测值的建模精度,其模型误差最大可达20%,而格洛纳斯卫星导航系统单系统观测值建模精度最差,模型误差最大时达实际延迟量的35%。     

A preliminary evaluation of the performance of multiple ionospheric models in low- and mid-latitude regions of China in 2010–2011

Ionospheric delay is a dominant error source in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Single-frequency GNSS applications require ionospheric correction of signal delay caused by the charged particles in the earth’s ionosphere. The Chinese Beidou system is developing its own ionospheric model for single-frequency users. The number of single-frequency GNSS users and applications is expected to grow fast in the next years in China. Thus, developing an appropriate ionospheric model is crucially important for the Chinese Beidou system and worldwide single-frequency Beidou users. We study the performance of five globally accessible ionospheric models Global Ionospheric Map (GIM), International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), Parameterized Ionospheric Model (PIM), Klobuchar and NeQuick in low- and mid-latitude regions of China under mid-solar activity condition. Generally, all ionospheric models can reproduce the trend of diurnal ionosphere variations. It is found that all the models have better performances in mid-latitude than in low-latitude regions. When all the models are compared to the observed total electron content (TEC) data derived from GIM model, the IRI model (2012 version) has the best agreement with GIM model and the NeQuick has the poorest agreement. The RMS errors of the IRI model using the GIM TEC as reference truth are about 3.0–10.0 TECU in low-latitude regions and 3.0–8.0 TECU in mid-latitude regions, as observed during a period of 1 year with medium level of solar activity. When all the ionospheric models are ingested into single-frequency precise point positioning (PPP) to correct the ionospheric delays in GPS observations, the PIM model performs the best in both low and mid-latitudes in China. In mid-latitude, the daily single-frequency PPP accuracy using PIM model is ~10 cm in horizontal and ~20 cm in up direction. At low-latitude regions, the PPP error using PIM model is 10–20 cm in north, 30–40 cm in east and ~60 cm in up component. The single-frequency PPP solutions indicate that NeQuick model has the lowest accuracy among all the models in both low- and mid-latitude regions of China. This study suggests that the PIM model may be considered for single-frequency GNSS users in China to achieve a good positioning accuracy in both low- and mid-latitude regions.     

Klobuchar电离层模型精化进展

电离层延迟是卫星导航定位的重要误差源之一。采用合适的电离层延迟模型可以有效地减弱电离层延迟误差对定位结果的影响。目前在导航定位中运用最广泛的是Klobuchar模型,但Klobuchar模型的修正率只有50%~60%。为了满足日益增长的导航定位精度的需求,不同的精化模型被提出。本文介绍了Klobuchar模型在GPS和BDS系统中的应用,比较了在两个系统应用时的差异。回顾概括了文献在Klobuchar模型的参数精化和模型精化两个方面的研究,并对各种精化模型进行了对比总结。模型精化的结果优于参数精化,未来对于Klobuchar模型的精化更趋向于模型精化。     

Ionospheric correction using NTCM driven by GPS Klobuchar coefficients for GNSS applications

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) require mitigation of ionospheric propagation errors because the ionospheric range errors might be larger than tens of meters at the zenith direction. Taking advantage of the frequency-dispersive property of ionospheric refractivity, the ionospheric range errors can be mitigated in dual-frequency applications to a great extent by a linear combination of carrier phases or pseudoranges. However, single-frequency GNSS operations require additional ionospheric information to apply signal delay or range error corrections. To aid single-frequency operations, the global positioning system (GPS) broadcasts 8 coefficients as part of the navigation message to drive the ionospheric correction algorithm (ICA) also known as Klobuchar model. We presented here an ionospheric correction algorithm called Neustrelitz TEC model (NTCM) which can be used as complementary to the GPS ICA. Our investigation shows that the NTCM can be driven by Klobuchar model parameters to achieve a significantly better performance than obtained by the mother ICA algorithm. Our research, using post-processed reference total electron content (TEC) data from more than one solar cycle, shows that on average the RMS modeled TEC errors are up to 40% less for the proposed NTCM model compared to the Klobuchar model during high solar activity period, and about 10% less during low solar activity period. Such an approach does not require major technology changes for GPS users rather requires only introducing the NTCM approach a complement to the existing ICA algorithm while maintaining the simplicity of ionospheric range error mitigation with an improved model performance.     

Performance evaluation of different ionospheric models in single-frequency code-based differential GPS positioning

Differential ionospheric slant delays are obtained from a quiet-time, three-dimensional ionospheric electron density model, called the TaiWan Ionosphere Model (TWIM), to be used in code-based differential GPS positioning. The code observations are acquired from nine continuously operating GPS stations around Taiwan whose baseline ranged from 19 to 340 km. Daily 24-hour epoch-per-epoch positioning obtained for 70 most geomagnetic quiet days (2008–2010) for each of the 72 baselines. The performance of TWIM has been compared with the standard operational Klobuchar model (KLB) used by typical single-frequency receivers and the IGS global ionospheric model (GIM). Generally, TWIM performed well in reducing the differential ionospheric delay especially for long baselines and different levels of low solar activity. It has a much better performance compared to the operational KLB model. TWIM also performed similarly with GIM, though GIM has the best performance overall. GIM has the best ionospheric gradient estimates among the three models whose differential ionospheric delay-to-horizontal error ratio is more than 0.25. This is followed closely by TWIM with about 0.20. KLB only has a ratio of <0.10. The similarity of the performance of TWIM and GIM demonstrates the feasibility of TWIM in correcting for differential ionospheric delays in the C/A code pseudorange that is caused by electron density gradients in the ionosphere. It can provide decimeter-to-centimeter level accuracy in differential GPS positioning for single-frequency receivers during geomagnetic quiet conditions across all seasons and different levels of low solar activities.     

BDS-3卫星对BDS全球定位性能提升分析

随着北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)建设与组网工作的不断推进,北斗3号（BDS-3）已开始提供全球定位服务,其定位性能是广大用户关注的主要问题之一. 为了评价BDS在全球各地区定位可用性与精度,本文选取了全球范围内可接收北斗2号（BDS-2）与BDS-3卫星播发信号的44个静态观测站,分别使用BDS-2卫星与北斗2/3号（BDS-2/3）卫星的B1I与B3I信号及其无电离层组合观测值进行标准单点定位解算,同时使用广播星历解算BDS在全球范围的可见卫星数与位置精度因子(PDOP)分布情况. 结果表明,相对于BDS-2卫星,BDS-3卫星可以在全球范围内增加2～4颗可见卫星,同时减小了PDOP值和定位结果噪声,将BDS服务范围从亚太地区进一步扩展至全球. 另外,全球参考站双频无电离层组合可实现水平方向1.5 m、高程方向3 m的定位精度,单频定位也可实现水平2.5 m,高程4 m的定位精度. 本文还进行了手持动态实验,结果表明,BDS-2/3动态条件下可实现水平方向约2 m、高程方向约4 m的定位精度. 总的来说,目前BDS可以实现全球水平方向优于2 m,垂直方向优于4 m的伪距单点定位,满足绝大部分全球用户的定位需求.      

适用于不同尺度区域的Klobuchar-like电离层模型

导航定位中运用最广泛的电离层修正模型是Klobuchar模型,但经典的Klobuchar模型不能满足日益增长的导航定位精度的需求,因此不同的精化模型被提出。本文利用GIMs分析了夜间电离层随地方时的变化和电离层电子总含量随纬度的变化情况,在对各种适用范围较广的模型精化方案进行归纳总结的基础上,提出了一种适用于不同尺度区域的Klobuchar-like模型,并利用不同太阳活动时期不同季节的GIMs建立了适用于单站、大区域和全球的Klobuchar-like模型、14参数Klobuchar模型和8参数Klobuchar模型。Klobuchar-like模型单站、区域、全球的修正率分别达到了92.96%、91.55%、72.67%,均高于14参数、8参数Klobuchar模型和GPS Klobuchar模型,表明了该模型的有效性与实用性。     

北斗不同电离层模型精度分析

目前北斗系统播发多种电离层模型参数,用户使用时容易产生以下问题:①同一历元不同卫星播发同一电离层模型,其值不完全相同;②北斗二号、北斗三号分别播发的Klobuchar电离层模型参数值存在差异;③对于能同时接收到3种电离层模型(BDS-2Klobuchar、BDS-3 Klobuchar及北斗全球电离层延迟修正模型(BDGIM))的基本导航用户如何选取合适的电离层模型。针对以上问题,本文首先提出采用最大投票法策略,对同一历元相同电离层模型但值不同的参数进行合理合并,然后以IGS分析中心的电离层产品为基准,对以上3种北斗电离层模型进行了精度分析和对比,最后基于等效距离误差进行了验证分析。试验结果表明,BDS-2 Klobuchar、BDS-3 Klobuchar虽然模型值差异较大但模型精度十分接近,而BDGIM模型精度最高,相对于前两者在中低纬地区平均提升10%,在两极地区的提升更加明显,平均提升61%。     

几种电离层模型对单频单点定位的影响分析

针对实时GNSS单频定位中电离层延迟改正问题,本文采用可用于实时GNSS单频定位的几种电离层模型对电离层延迟进行改正并分析其对GNSS单频单点定位性能的影响。其中,对单频SPP的电离层延迟采用模型直接进行改正,采用Klobuchar模型、CODE的预报产品c1pg、原国家测绘地理信息局的实时球谐电离层产品cosong和CODE事后产品codg计算的电离层精度依次提高;采用不同电离层模型作为电离层估计的先验约束进行单频PPP定位。结果表明:采用精度较好的电离层产品作为先验约束可加快单频PPP收敛。     

Application of the TaiWan Ionospheric Model to single-frequency ionospheric delay corrections for GPS positioning

The performance of a three-dimensional ionospheric electron density model derived from FormoSat3/COSMIC GPS Radio Occultation measurements, called the TaiWan Ionosphere Model (TWIM), in removing the ionospheric delays in single-frequency pseudorange observations is presented. Positioning results using TWIM have been compared with positioning results using other ionospheric models, such as the Klobuchar (KLOB) and the global ionospheric model (GIM). C/A code pseudoranges have been observed at three International GPS Service reference stations that are representative of mid-latitude (BOR1 and IRKJ) and low-latitude (TWTF) regions of the ionosphere. The observations took place during 27 geomagnetically quiet days from April 2010 to October 2011. We perform separate solutions using the TWIM, KLOB, GIM ionospheric models and carry out a solution applying no ionospheric correction at all. We compute the daily mean horizontal errors (DMEAN) and the daily RMS (DRMS) for these solutions with respect to the published reference station coordinates. It has demonstrated that TEC maps generate using the TWIM exhibit a detailed structure of the ionosphere, particularly at low-latitude region, whereas the Klobuchar and the GIM only provide the basic diurnal and geographic features of the ionosphere. Also, it is shown that even for lower satellite elevations, the TWIM provides better positioning than the Klobuchar and GIM models. Specifically, using TWIM, the difference of the uncorrected solution (no ionospheric correction), and the other solutions, relative to the uncorrected solution, is 45 % for the mean horizontal error (DMEAN) and 42 % for the horizontal root-mean-square error (DRMS). Using Klobuchar and GIM, the percent for DMEAN only reaches to about 12 % and 3 %, while the values for the DRMS are only 12 and 4 %, respectively. In the vertical direction, all models have a percentage of about 99 and 70 % for the mean vertical error (VMEAN) and vertical root-mean-square error (VRMS), respectively. These percentages show the greater impact of TWIM on the ionospheric correction compared to the other models. In at least 40 % of the observed days and across all stations, TWIM has the smallest DMEAN, VMEAN, DRMS, and VRMS daily values. These values reach 100 % at station TWTF. This shows the overall performance of TWIM is better than the Klobuchar and GIM.