森林生态系统服务价值的遥感估算——以杭州市余杭区为例

森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的主体,其服务功能价值的评估对于整个地球的生态系统都具有重要的现实意义。遥感技术的发展,为研究森林生态系统服务价值提供了有力的手段和支持。本文采用了以CASA模型为基础的光能利用率模型,基于MODIS数据,估算了2005年杭州市余杭区森林的净第一性生产力(NPP),并计算得出研究区森林生态系统六项服务功能的总价值为13.8467亿元,其中直接经济价值和间接经济价值分别为2.5215亿元和11.3252亿元,各项服务功能价值的贡献大小顺序依次为:固碳释氧>涵养水源>有机物质生产>营养物质循环>水土保持>净化作用。本文旨在探讨一个进行森林生态系统服务功能估算与评价的方法,为区域生态系统的和谐发展提供理论依据和数据支持。     

黄土高原土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响

深入研究黄土高原生态系统服务价值的时空变化过程、揭示该区域生态环境演变规律,对黄土高原生态环境治理和保护具有重要意义。首先,选取基于生态系统服务价值动态评估模型进行黄土高原生态系统服务价值评估;然后,引入生态系统服务价值变率指数和环境经济协调指数评估黄土高原土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响程度以及生态环境质量与社会经济发展的协调关系。结果表明,2000—2010年间,黄土高原的生态系统服务价值增加了48%,这主要得益于黄土高原综合治理使得区域植被覆盖度提高,生态系统服务功能相应增强;草地变化导致的生态系统服务价值变率最大,为13. 45;监测期间,黄土高原的环境经济协调度指数为0. 115 3,处于低度协调水平。本研究可为黄土高原生态环境治理和保护成效评估提供科学依据。     

生态安全视角下的生态保护红线成效评估研究

针对现有生态保护红线内生态保护成效动态评估案例较少,不利于及时掌握管控区域生态状况,对国家生态保护综合管理决策支撑不足的情况,该文围绕生态保护红线“功能不降低、面积不减少、性质不改变”的管控目标,以生态系统类型构成、生态系统服务功能、生态系统质量为主要评价内容,通过时空尺度拓展,耦合分析生态保护红线区内外、实施前后的生态状况变化,评估生态保护红线对保障区域生态安全、改善区域生态系统自我调节能力的贡献,评价相关政策实施对保护成效的影响。结果表明,生态保护红线的划定和实施,对保障京津冀地区自然生态空间、改善区域生态系统质量、提升区域生态系统服务功能,均发挥着重要的作用。     

安吉县生物多样性保护优先区域森林生态系统服务价值核算

森林生态系统为人类提供了生态系统服务,生物多样性是制约森林生态系统服务发挥的关键因素之一。本文以安吉县生物多样性保护优先区为试点区域,分析了现有国内外生态系统服务价值的内涵及核算体系,针对核算的关键难点和问题,以核算体系合理、模型可操作、数据可获取及参数设置科学为原则,构建适用于安吉县的森林生态系统服务价值核算理论技术方法,实现对安吉县生物多样性优先保护区域的生态系统服务价值的空间量化核算。结果显示,2018年安吉县生物多样性优先保护区域森林生态系统服务总价值为65.37亿元,每公顷森林生态系统服务价值在80 000元以上。     

基于“三调”数据的山区城市生态系统服务价值评估

生态系统服务价值在土地利用变化影响下的响应已被广泛关注。基于第三次全国国土调查数据,结合已有研究,收集区域粮食产量、价格等数据计算得到云岩区生态系统服务价值当量,评估了该区域生态系统服务价值并分析其空间分布特征,结果表明：云岩区生态系统服务总价值为107.89×10⁶元,其中调节服务占比较高,林地和水域是主要的生态系统服务提供地类,二者价值占比89.80%,应加强二者的保育和管护;云岩区生态系统服务高低值呈聚集性片状分布,黔灵山公园以北是典型的高值区,低值主要集中于已建成的城镇区域,城市与生态共建融合发展是云岩区未来可持续发展的重要路径。     

生态系统遥感：内涵与挑战

生态系统遥感以生态系统为对象,研究生态系统类型、格局、功能、服务及其过程的遥感解析方法,发展遥感驱动的生态系统服务评估方法,揭示贯穿在生态系统类型、格局、功能、服务中的深层次生态系统过程与隐性表现。新一代卫星和传感器为生态系统遥感提供了全新的数据源。生态系统类型和格局辨识能力还有待提高,从而对智能信息提取提出了更高的要求。生态系统功能监测方面还需要充分挖掘遥感数据的深层隐含特征,发展出一些易于处理且能够反映生态系统功能特征的新指标。生态系统服务评估方面仍需,发展遥感驱动的新的生态系统评估模型。与云平台的结合是生态系统遥感的未来发展方向,为全民参与生态环境保护及监督提供了契机,也可为重大工程的生态效应评估提供更丰富的数据支撑。     

粤东山地丘陵区县域生态系统服务功能价值评估

基于Costanza等所提出的生态系统服务功能价值核算理论及方法体系和丰顺县现状土地利用数据,对丰顺县的生态服务功能总价值、价值强度、区位指数等进行测算分析.结果表明:(1)全县生态系统服务功能总价值为46.57亿元,在生态系统服务价值的构成中,林地和水域的贡献率最大;(2)全县平均生态系统服务功能价值强度为1.72万...     

基于生态系统服务功能价值理论的土地利用总体规划环境影响评价探讨——以湘乡市为例

在应用Costanza、谢高地等对生态系统服务功能价值研究成果的基础上,结合区域实际情况确定湘乡市各种土地利用生态系统的单位面积服务功能价值,根据湘乡市规划期内各种土地利用类型的面积变化,预测湘乡市新一轮土地利用总体规划实施前后土地生态系统服务功能价值的变化,评价规划实施后将产生的生态环境影响,引入弹性系数对生态价值的敏感性指数进行计算。实现了土地利用总体规划环境影响定性分析与定量分析的结合,对制定正确的土地利用决策具有重要而深远的意义。     

平原地区农用地整治生态系统服务价值演变研究

从生态系统服务价值的视角,研究土地整治工程对土地利用结构和类型产生的影响.通过借鉴生态系统服务价值的理论和方法,从供给服务、调节服务、支持服务、文化服务等维度,构建土地整治生态系统服务价值变化的理论框架,结合平原地区农用地整治的案例,分析土地整治前后生态系统服务价值的类型变化和结构特征.研究发现,平原地区的农用地整治对提升生态系统服务价值有正向的影响,主要得益于耕地面积的增加,与平原地区农业生产的主要功能相对应,供给服务价值占据了生态系统服务价值的主导地位.     

遥感技术在我国生态系统服务功能评估中的应用

经济的快速发展破坏了生态环境和生态系统的服务功能,如何准确评估生态环境和生态系统服务功能质量对于环境保护、经济的可持续发展以及政策制定等具有重要意义。传统评估方法需要消耗巨大人力、物力和财力,难以实时客观的评估,而遥感监测技术在生态环境监测应用中不断发展,为人们对生态环境及其生态系统的监测和评估提供了更加有效的手段。本文首先描述了生态系统服务功能概念的提出及发展,随后介绍了遥感技术的特点,着重阐述了遥感技术在当前我国生态系统服务功能评估中的应用及作用,最后,总结了遥感技术在我国当前服务功能评估中的问题和以后的发展方向。     

基于遥感生态指数的神府矿区生态环境评价

采用遥感技术对矿区生态环境进行监测与评价,对矿区生态环境的保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。本文首先提出了一种遥感生态指数（RSEI）改进方案,除了采用原模型的绿度指标、湿度指标、热度指标及干度指标4个生态指标外,引入植被净初级生产力（NPP）指标,并对矿区生态环境进行各单生态指标评价分析,然后采用改进后的遥感生态指数,对神府矿区2000—2016年的生态环境变化进行综合评价。评价结果表明,2000—2016年,神府矿区的遥感生态指数呈整体升高趋势,RSEI增幅约为0.1/10 a,大部分区域植被生产力逐渐增强,生态环境得到恢复,生态环境质量逐渐提升。     

Time series evaluation of landscape dynamics using annual Landsat imagery and spatial statistical modeling: Evidence from the Phoenix metropolitan region

Urbanization is a natural and social process involving simultaneous changes to the Earth’s land systems, energy flow, demographics, and the economy. Understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization is increasingly important for policy formulation, decision making, and natural resource management. A combination of satellite remote sensing and patch-based models has been widely adopted to characterize landscape changes at various spatial and temporal scales. Nevertheless, the validity of this type of framework in identifying long-term changes, especially subtle or gradual land modifications is seriously challenged. In this paper, we integrate annual image time series, continuous spatial indices, and non-parametric trend analysis into a spatiotemporal study of landscape dynamics over the Phoenix metropolitan area from 1991 to 2010. We harness local indicators of spatial dependence and modified Mann-Kendall test to describe the monotonic trends in the quantity and spatial arrangement of two important land use land cover types: vegetation and built-up areas. Results suggest that declines in vegetation and increases in built-up areas are the two prevalent types of changes across the region. Vegetation increases mostly occur at the outskirts where new residential areas are developed from natural desert. A sizable proportion of vegetation declines and built-up increases are seen in the central and southeast part. Extensive land conversion from agricultural fields into urban land use is one important driver of vegetation declines. The xeriscaping practice also contributes to part of vegetation loss and an increasingly heterogeneous landscape. The quantitative framework proposed in this study provides a pathway to effective landscape mapping and change monitoring from a spatial statistical perspective.     

皖江城市带植被NPP时空变化及其气候响应

针对现有植被净初级生产力研究对城市圈、城市带尺度缺乏关注的问题,基于MODIS遥感数据、地面气象资料等,利用改进的CASA模型,结合回归分析、相关分析等方法探究了2000—2013年皖江城市带植被NPP的时空变化及其对气候因子的响应,为区域生态环境质量评价提供参考。结果表明:近14年来,皖江城市带植被NPP总体呈增加趋势;不同土地利用类型NPP差异显著,林地草地耕地建设用地未利用土地水体;年NPP均值呈现由南部向西北部减少的空间分布特征;植被NPP年际变化率较小,介于±10gC·m-2·a-1范围内;温度是影响研究区植被NPP时空变化的主要气候因子。     

Land use change analysis for agricultural management — A case study of Tehsil Talwandi Sabo,Punjab

Remote sensing applications have been operationalised in most of the natural resources management themes and at present the trend is on integrated surveys to arrive at sustainable developmental packages. In accordance with the IMSD project, the Tehsil Talwandi Sabo in district Bathinda has been selected for integrated survey and resource management analysis. In the present study multidate remote sensing data has been analysed to map existing land use and temporal changes. The study in Talwandi Sabo suggests that land use pattern in the tehsil is not similar to that of general land use pattern prevailing in the State. The area under settlements show many fold increase while there is no increase in forest land. Sandy areas comprising sand dunes (levelled and unlevelled) require suitable management for proper ecosystem balance.     

Monitoring of forest fires in Bhadra wildlife sanctuary

The Western Ghats constitute one of the three biodiversity hot spots in India, which is under constant threat from various quarters. Among the several anthropogenic causes, fire is one of the important anthropogenic factor, which plays a pivotal role in vegetation succession and ecosystem processes. It is very important to understand the ecological changes due to fire and other anthropogenic factors for conservation and management of biodiversity. Because of its synoptic, multi-spectral and multi-temporal nature remote sensing data can be a good source for forest fire monitoring. In the present study, an effort has been made to monitor the burnt areas using March 2000 and 2004 IRS LISS — III data. The study revealed that an area of 2.15 km² and 4.46 km² was affected by fire in 2000 and 2004 respectively. Repeated drought, followed by mass flowering and dying of bamboo accelerated the spread of fire from ground to canopy in areas with high bamboo density.     

Spatiotemporal analysis of vegetation variability and its relationship with climate change in China

This paper investigated spatiotemporal dynamic pattern of vegetation, climate factor, and their complex relationships from seasonal to inter-annual scale in China during the period 1982–1998 through wavelet transform method based on GIMMS data-sets. First, most vegetation canopies demonstrated obvious seasonality, increasing with latitudinal gradient. Second, obvious dynamic trends were observed in both vegetation and climate change, especially the positive trends. Over 70% areas were observed with obvious vegetation greening up, with vegetation degradation principally in the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, and desert. Overall warming trend was observed across the whole country (>98% area), stronger in Northern China. Although over half of area (58.2%) obtained increasing rainfall trend, around a quarter of area (24.5%), especially the Central China and most northern portion of China, exhibited significantly negative rainfall trend. Third, significantly positive normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)–climate relationship was generally observed on the de-noised time series in most vegetated regions, corresponding to their synchronous stronger seasonal pattern. Finally, at inter-annual level, the NDVI–climate relationship differed with climatic regions and their long-term trends: in humid regions, positive coefficients were observed except in regions with vegetation degradation; in arid, semiarid, and semihumid regions, positive relationships would be examined on the condition that increasing rainfall could compensate the increasing water requirement along with increasing temperature. This study provided valuable insights into the long-term vegetation–climate relationship in China with consideration of their spatiotemporal variability and overall trend in the global change process.     

利用地学信息图谱的江西省生态服务价值结构研究

提出了生态服务价值结构的概念,并引入地学信息图谱,以江西省为研究区,利用HJ卫星数据,获得了江西省各县的土地利用类型面积;以修正的生态服务价值估算方法,计算得到了各县6种不同土地利用类型的生态服务价值;利用Weaver组合指数,对江西省县域生态服务价值进行类型划分;将生态服务价值类型与地学信息图谱相结合,使江西省生态服务价值谱系化,依此分析了江西省生态服务价值图谱结构类型特征与组合类型特征,为区域生态环境的可持续发展和构建低碳江西提供了参考建议,为生态经济研究提供了参考。     

光谱指数趋势面的城市地表温度降尺度转换

针对城市及周边区域建造区和自然地表交织分布的特点,探讨了利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化建造指数(NDBI)构造趋势面的地表温度(LST)降尺度方法,以北京市市区及周边较平坦区域为例实现了LST自960 m向120 m的降尺度转换。分析了LST空间分布特征及NDVI、NDBI对地物的指示性特征;以北京市四至六环为界分析NDVI、NDBI趋势面对地表温度的拟合程度及各自的适用区域;在120 m、240 m、480 m和960 m 4个尺度上评价了NDVI、NDBI和NDVI+NDBI趋势面对LST的拟合程度和趋势面转换函数的尺度效应;对NDVI、NDBI和NDVI NDBI等3种方法的降尺度结果分覆盖类型、分区域对比评价。实验结果表明结合两种光谱指数的NDVI NDBI方法降尺度转换精度有所改善,改善程度取决于地表覆盖类型组合。     

Application of Remote Sensing in Monitoring Unsustainable Wetlands: Case Study Hamun Wetland

Monitoring wetland as one of the important parts of the global ecosystem is necessary for conservational programs. But, usually, collecting in situ data is restricted in these areas because of their remote locations, vast area and dynamic conditions. Remote sensing provides a cost effective tool to investigate hydrological patterns and the seasonal trend of changes in wetlands. In this paper, Land-use/land-cover change during water inundation period of Hamun wetland was investigated in order to determine change trend during this period. Hamun wetland is an unsustainable ecosystem, and monitoring this wetland is essential for conservation goals. This trend is critical for decision makers in order to plan the conservational scheme in all unsustainable ecosystems. To reach this objective, the land-use/land-cover maps during inundation period of Hamun were produced using Landsat 8 time series images. The results of accuracy assessment showed the classification of water and vegetation have the highest accuracy (94% and 93%, respectively). And the accuracy of plants in the water classes was the lowest (water–veg?=?89.9%, veg–water 1?=?88.8%, veg–water 2?=?87.6%). This means the higher misclassification is in determining the vegetation in the water. Then, the changes in the land-cover classes in relation to wetland inundation were investigated. Results of land-use/land-cover change illustrate the regions that were suitable for water birds but lost their suitability when the wetland dried out. These areas are crucial for water bird’s conservation. Satellite data determined these areas with acceptable accuracy.